Abstract: A process for providing a surface of aluminum containing materials with a chromate-free protective coating includes degreasing a surface of an aluminum containing material to produce a degreased surface, treating the degreased surface in a high alkaline treatment immediately subsequent to the degreasing to produce an alkaline treated surface having smut on the surface, and treating the alkaline treated smut surface with a hydrothermal treatment immediately subsequent to the high alkaline treatment.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a device and method for manufacturing a coated welding rod. The device for manufacturing a coated welding rod includes a grabbing device, a heating device, and a flux storage device. The heating device is configured to heat a welding rod in the grabbing device. A flux in granular form is stored in the flux storage device, the grabbing device is configured to transport the heated welding rod into the flux storage device, and the heated welding rod is configured to heat the flux surrounding the welding rod into a viscous glassy state so that the flux in the viscous glassy state adheres to the surface of the welding rod. The heated welding rod enables the granular flux to be formed into a viscous glassy state so that the flux can be adhered directly to the surface of the welding rod.

Abstract: The present invention is directed towards an aqueous alkaline cleaner composition comprising: an iron cation, a molybdenum cation, a cobalt cation, or combinations thereof; and an alkaline component; wherein the pH of the aqueous alkaline composition is at least 10, and the aqueous alkaline composition includes no more than 50 ppm of phosphate. Also disclosed are treatment systems comprising an aqueous alkaline composition for treating at least a portion of a substrate, and a pretreatment composition for treating at least a portion of a substrate. Also disclosed are substrates treated according to the disclosed treatment systems.

Abstract: A method for the production of metal sheet including a substrate having two faces, at least one of which is coated with a metal coating including between 0.1 and 10% by weight of Mg and optionally between 0.1 and 20% by weight of Al, the remainder of the metal coating being Zn. The method includes at least the steps of providing a steel substrate having two faces, depositing a metal coating on at least one face hot dipping of the substrate, solidifying the metal coating, applying onto the outer surfaces of the metal coating an aqueous solution having a pH of 7 to 13 and including a magnesium ion complexing agent, for which the dissociation constant pKd of the complexing reaction of the agent with the magnesium is greater than or equal to 2, and to the metal sheet obtainable with this method.

Abstract: A method of treating a surface of an aluminum busbar includes pre-conditioning the surface of the busbar, anodizing one portion of the surface of the busbar, and plating another portion of the surface of the busbar with at least one metal. A fixture used to secure a busbar for a treatment process is also disclosed.

Abstract: An inorganic chromium-free metal surface treatment agent contains a compound X containing a metal X1, ionic species of which containing the metal X1 become cations in an aqueous solution, and a compound Y containing a metal Y1, ionic species of which containing the metal Y1 become anions in an aqueous solution, a total content of the compound X being from 0.01 to 10% by mass, a total content of the compound Y being from 0.01 to 10% by mass, a molar ratio of the metal X1 in the cation and the metal Y1 in the anion being from 0.1 to 5, the metal X1 being at least one member selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr and Al, the metal Y1 being at least one member selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, Si, B and Al, and the metal surface treatment agent containing substantially no organic resin.

Abstract: To provide a bath for surface treatment capable of forming a surface-treating film having excellent corrosion resistance by a high-speed electrolytic treatment, and a method of producing a surface-treated steel plate having excellent corrosion resistance and closely adhering property to the coating maintaining good productivity. A bath for surface treatment used for forming a surface-treating film on the surface of a steel plate by cathodic electrolysis, the bath for surface treatment containing Zr and/or Ti, and a polycarboxylic acid.

Abstract: A method for checking a connection seal between two elements of a part, includes dipping the part to be checked in a penetrant having a compound suitable for reacting to light excitation; cutting the part at the connection to be checked; and checking for the presence of penetrant under a light capable of exciting the penetrant.

Abstract: A method of improving corrosion resistance of a metal substrate comprising a zinc surface coated with zirconium oxide conversion coating by, prior to conversion coating, contacting the zinc surface with a composition comprising: a) iron(III) ions, b) a source of hydroxide ion; c) at least one complexing agent selected from organic compounds which have at least one functional group —COOX, wherein X represents either a H or an alkali and/or alkaline earth metal; d) 0.0 to about 4 g/l cobalt (II) ions; and optionally e) a source of silicate: wherein the composition has a pH of at least 10.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods and compositions for coating aluminum substrates. In an embodiment, the invention includes a method of applying a coating on an aluminum substrate including contacting the aluminum substrate with a first solution. The first solution can include a zinc metal salt, a sugar acid or alkali metal salt thereof, and an alkali metal hydroxide. The method can also include contacting the aluminum substrate with a second solution. The second solution can include a molybdate salt, an alkanolamine, and a fluorine acid. Other embodiments are also included herein.

Abstract: Provided is a black resin steel plate having superior drawing ability and glossiness and particularly to a black resin steel plate in which the coefficient of friction of a black resin film is adjusted so as to block the transfer of a resin layer due to a reduction in thickness of the resin layer, thereby improving blackness and drawing ability, and to a method of manufacturing the same.

Abstract: A method for surface treatment of a part made of aluminum, magnesium, or one of the alloys thereof, to protect the part from corrosion. The method comprises consecutively immersing the part in a first aqueous bath containing a corrosion-inhibiting metal salt and an oxidizing compound, and a second aqueous bath containing an oxidizing compound and a corrosion-inhibiting rare-earth salt. The method can be carried out for the chemical conversion of aluminum or the alloys thereof, and of magnesium or the alloys thereof, on parts that have not been previously treated, or after anodizing the part to seal the anodic layer.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for the application of an aqueous treatment solution onto the surface of a steel strip that is moved, at a prespecified strip speed, in a direction of movement of the strip, with the following steps: drying of the moving steel strip with a gas flow; application of the aqueous solution on at least one surface of the steel strip with a rotary sprayer with several spray rotors that are situated next to one another, transverse to the direction of movement of the strip, to which the aqueous treatment solution is supplied and which are rotated by a drive, so as to spray the treatment solution, as a result of centrifugal force, in the form of a spray jet, onto the surface of the steel strip and, there, to form a wet film of the aqueous treatment solution; equalization of the applied wet film of the aqueous treatment solution by driven smoothing rollers; and drying of the applied wet film of the aqueous treatment solution.

Abstract: A process for passivation of strip steel plate, having the following steps: electrochemical treatment of the black plate by passing the black plate through an electrolyte to form an inert steel surface; rinsing the black plate; and application of an aqueous chromium-free treatment solution to at least one surface of the black plate to form a conversion layer that protects against corrosion and an adhesion layer for paints and organic coating materials. The black plate treated in accordance with this process is characterized by high corrosion resistance and has good bonding capacity for paints and organic coatings and therefore is very suitable as a substitute for tin-free steel (TFS or ECCS) and tinplate for the production of packagings, in particular cans. In contrast to the traditional manufacturing and passivation processes for tin-free steel and tinplate, no chromium VI, which is environmentally hazardous and hazardous to health, is used in this process.

Abstract: Provided is a black resin steel plate having superior drawing ability and glossiness and particularly to a black resin steel plate in which the coefficient of friction of a black resin film is adjusted so as to block the transfer of a resin layer due to a reduction in thickness of the resin layer, thereby improving blackness and drawing ability, and to a method of manufacturing the same.

Abstract: A workpiece including aluminum or an aluminum alloy on a surface thereof is subjected to surface treatment including the steps of immersing in an acidic or alkaline aluminum oxide film-removing solution containing a salt or oxide of a metal capable of substitution with aluminum and forming a substituted metal layer and contained in the removing solution on a surface of the aluminum or aluminum alloy while removing an aluminum oxide film on aluminum or aluminum alloy surface, forming a substituted zinc film by zinc substitution treatment without removing the substituted metal layer, removing the substituted metal layer and substituted zinc film with an oxidizing liquid, and subjecting again to zinc substitution treatment, forming a substituted zinc film.

Abstract: Provided is a chromium-free chemical conversion treatment technique that makes it possible to form a conversion layer excellent in corrosion resistance and appearance without using fluorine and hydrogen peroxide. The chemical conversion treatment liquid is for forming a conversion layer on zinc or zinc alloy and free of chromium, hydrogen peroxide and fluorine, includes 0.5 g/L to 38 g/L of magnesium, 0.5 g/L to 3.5 g/L of silicon, and 0.36 g/L or more of nitrate ion, contains the silicon as a water-soluble silicate, optionally further includes cobalt at a concentration of 5 g/L or less, and has an aluminum content of 0.08 g/L or less.

Abstract: Improved compositions and processes for zincating magnesium and magnesium alloy substrates. An aqueous zincating composition having a pH of from about 8 to about 11 and including zinc ions, a complexing agent, fluoride ions and a reducing agent. A non-electrolytic process for zincating a magnesium or magnesium alloy substrate, including immersing the substrate in the non-electrolytic aqueous zincating composition for a time sufficient to deposit a zincate on the substrate. A non-electrolytic process for zincating a magnesium or magnesium alloy substrate, including preparing a aqueous non-electrolytic composition comprising zinc ions, a complexing agent, fluoride ions and a pH in the range from about 8 to about 11; adding to the composition an amount of a reducing agent sufficient to improve deposition of zincate on the magnesium or magnesium alloy substrate; and immersing the substrate in a composition for a time sufficient to deposit the zincate on the substrate.

Abstract: A composition for surface treatment of aluminium, aluminum alloys, magnesium or magnesium alloys and the treating solutions being diluted to the desired concentration are defined. The composition contains (1) compound A containing at least one metal element selected from the group consisting of Hf(IV), Ti(IV) and Zr(IV), (2) a fluorine-containing compound of sufficient amount to make fluorine exist in the composition in an amount of at least 5 times the molarity of the total molarity of the metal contained in the above-mentioned compound A, (3) at least one metal ion B selected from the group of alkaline earth metals, (4) at least one metal ion C selected from the group consisting of Al, Zn, Mg, Mn and Cu, and (5) nitric ion and the mol concentration of compound A is 0.1-50 mmol/L as the metal element of Hf(IV), Ti(IV) and Zr(IV). A metal treated with the treating method of the present invention solution has an excellent resistance to various corrosive environments.

Abstract: A capacitor electrode forming method includes chemisorbing a layer of at least one metal precursor at least one monolayer thick on a substrate, the layer including non-metal components from the precursor. The chemisorbed layer can be treated with an oxidant and the non-metal components removed to form a treated layer of metal. A capacitor electrode can be formed including the treated layer and, optionally, additional treated layers. Preferably, treating the layer does not substantially oxidize the metal and the treated layers exhibit the property of inhibiting oxygen diffusion. The chemisorbing and the treating can be performed at a temperature below about 450° C. or preferably below about 350° C.

Abstract: A conversion coating composition for coating a metal substrate is provided which imparts corrosion resistance to the underlying metal substrate. The conversion coating composition comprises an aqueous carrier and first and second rare earth element salts. A complete coating system employing the conversion coating composition is also provided as well as methods for conversion coating a metal substrate with the rare earth element conversion coating compositions of the present invention.

Abstract: A method for passivating sulfidic iron-containing rock comprising: contacting sulfidic iron-containing rock with a magnesium-containing substance, a manganese-containing substance, and a calcium-containing substance; and adjusting the pH of the system to below about 11, is provided. The method can be used to prevent acid rock drainage of metal-bearing rocks or to produce a pretreated ore or rock which can be contacted with a lixiviating agent to extract metals from the pretreated ore or rock.

Abstract: Conversion coatings based on cobalt are described for substrate metals such as aluminum, zinc, magnesium, titanium, cadmium, silver, copper, tin, lead, cobalt, zirconium, beryllium, or indium, their alloys, or items coated with these metals. The conversion coating contains a trivalent or tetravalent cobalt/valence stabilizer complex. The coating bath may also contain a preparative agent or solubility control agent. The oxidized cobalt is present in the coating in a “sparingly soluble” form. The valence stabilizers can be either inorganic or organic in nature. Cobalt/valence stabilizer combinations are chosen based on the well-founded principles of cobalt coordination chemistry. A number of cobalt/valence stabilizer combinations that match the performance of conventional hexavalent chromium systems are presented.

Abstract: Rinsing or sealing solutions based on cobalt are described for barrier films such as anodic coatings, phosphate coatings, or “black oxide” coatings. The treated films contain a trivalent or tetravalent cobalt/valence stabilizer complex. The rinsing or sealing bath may also contain an optional preparative agent or an optional solubility control agent. The oxidized cobalt is present in the coating in a “sparingly soluble” form. The valence stabilizers can be either inorganic or organic in nature. Cobalt/valence stabilizer combinations are chosen based on the well-founded principles of cobalt coordination chemistry. A number of cobalt/valence stabilizer combinations that match the performance of conventional hexavalent chromium systems are presented.

Abstract: A capacitor electrode forming method includes chemisorbing a layer of at least one metal precursor at least one monolayer thick on a substrate, the layer including non-metal components from the precursor. The chemisorbed layer can be treated with an oxidant and the non-metal components removed to form a treated layer of metal. A capacitor electrode can be formed including the treated layer and, optionally, additional treated layers. Preferably, treating the layer does not substantially oxidize the metal and the treated layers exhibit the property of inhibiting oxygen diffusion. The chemisorbing and the treating can be performed at a temperature below about 450° C. or preferably below about 350° C.

Abstract: A cerium-based coating for corrosion resistance is applied by exposing a cleaned aluminum-based component to a corrosion-inhibiting cerium solution containing cerium ions in the presence of an oxidizing agent. The coating deposits spontaneously without an external source of electrons.

Abstract: A method employing oxide film conversion coatings prepared using ferrate (VI) as the oxidizing agent is disclosed. Metal substrates or surfaces, such as aluminum, aluminum alloys or other metals, are contacted with an aqueous solution comprising ferrate (VI) anions to form a corrosion resistant conversion coating on the surface thereof. The ferrate anion concentration is preferably between about 0.0166% and about 1.66% by weight. The coating process is carried out by dipping, spraying, or painting at temperatures ranging from 25° C. to 100° C. for a period of time ranging from about 1 second to about 5 minutes.

Abstract: A plating solution containing zinc, an electrically conductive salt, an adsorbent, and at least one of mono- to hexavalent metal ions. A treatment using either a solution which contains, all per liter, 2–60 g Zn, 40–300 g caustic alkali, 0.01–50 g adsorbent, 0.002–10 g Fe, 0.002–10 g Co, 0.05–30 g Mn, 0.001–2 g Cu, 0.005–10 g Ni, 0.002–3 g of at least one chosen from among Mo, W, V, Ti, Al, Ca, Ba, and Sn, and 0.01–30 g aliphatic amine or aliphatic amine polymer or a solution which contains, all per liter, 2–40 g Zn, 40–170 g caustic alkali, 0.01–50 g adsorbent, either 0.001–3 g Fe and 0.001–3 g Co or 0.005–5 g Fe and 0.005–5 g Ni, and 0.01–30 g aliphatic amine or aliphatic amine polymer.

Abstract: A method is provided for passivating sulfidic iron-containing rock comprising contacting sulfidic iron-containing rock with one or more members of the group consisting of magnesium oxide, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium chloride, magnesium nitrate and magnesium carbonate, thereby reducing the acid generation potential of rock.

Abstract: A method for forming a zinc oxalate coating on the surface of a strip or sheet of metal covered with a zinc or zinc alloy coating other than zinc/iron coatings, with the aid of an aqueous solution consisting of oxalic acid having a concentration of between 5.10?3 and 0.1 mole/l, and at least one compound and/or ion of an oxidant zinc metal having a concentration of between 10?6 and 10?2 mole/l, and possibly a wetting agent. The inventive method enables sheet metal to be treated at very high speeds without using large amounts of oxidant. It facilitates management of treatment baths. The invention can be used in the lubrication of sheet metal, especially for die stamping.

Abstract: This invention relates to a surface treatment method comprising the steps of providing a treating solution containing a specific ammonium compound or aqueous ammonia, and magnesium silicofluoride, heating the treating solution to a temperature of 70 to 100° C., and soaking aluminum or an aluminum alloy in the treating solution; a piston having a surface coated with a film consisting of a mixture of NH4MgAlF6 and MgAlF5.1.5H2O or a mixture of NH4MgAlF6 and MgAl2F8.2H2O; and a sliding member made of aluminum or the like wherein the whole surface of the sliding member or the sliding surface thereof is coated with a film which consists of either of the aforesaid mixtures, has a cubic crystal structure, and shows no crystalline orientation.

Abstract: A chromium(VI)-free, chromium(III)-containing and substantially coherent conversion layer on zinc or zinc alloys presenting, even in the absence of further components such as silicate, cerium, aluminum and borate, a corrosion protection of approx. 100 to 1000 h in the salt spray test according to DIN 50021 SS or ASTM B 117-73 until first attack according to DIN 50961 Chapter 10; being clear, transparent and substantially colorless and presenting multi colored iridescence; having a layer thickness of approx. 100 nm to 1000 nm; and being hard, adhering well and being resistant to wiping.

Abstract: The chemical conversion film containing, at least as the constituent components thereof, (a) at least one of the metals selected from molybdenum, zirconium, vanadium, and tungsten; (b) a rare earth metal constituting the magnet; and (c) oxygen, which is formed on the surface of a rare earth metal-based permanent magnet according to the present invention, contains a composite metal oxide provided on the surface of the R-rich phase having a lower oxidation-reduction potential through a preferential reaction of the metallic ions that are present in the form of complex ions or oxide ions, such as of molybdenum, contained in the treatment solution, with the rare earth metals that elute from the magnet. Thus formed composite metal oxide reduces the difference in corrosion potential as to realize a uniform surface potential, and effectively suppresses the corrosion based on potential difference.

Abstract: The present invention provides a conversion coating solution containing polymetalates and/or heteropolymetalates to oxidize the surface of various metal substrates. The polymetalates have the general formula MxOyn?, where M is selected from the group comprising Mo, V and W. The heteropolymetalates have the general formula BMxOyn?, where B is a heteroatom selected from P, Si, Ce, Mn or Co, and M is again selected from Mo, V, W or combinations thereof. The concentration of polymetalates and/or heteropolymetalates anions is preferably between about 1% and about 5% by weight. Examples of typical anions used include, but are not limited to, (PMo12O40)3?, (PMo10V2O40)5?, (MnPW11O39)5?, (PW12O40)3?, (SiMo12O40)4?, (SiW12O40)4?, (Mo7O24)6?, (CeMo12O42)8? and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: Disclosed is a reaction vessel used for oxidizing and decomposing equipment suitable for processing with supercritical water, and methods of manufacturing the reaction vessel. The reaction vessel comprises an oxide film containing a platinum group metal oxide for example having a fine crystalline structure, and a high corrosion resistance in both oxidizing and reducing atmosphere. The film is formed on a surface of the vessel by performing a pyrolysis reaction in an atmosphere containing water vapor. The oxide film is comprised of at least one platinum group metal oxide selected from Ir, Ru or Rh oxide, and at least one oxide of a metal selected from Ti and Ta.

Abstract: In at least one aspect, the invention relates to an entirely or substantially chromium-free conversion coating composition and process for conversion coating metal surfaces that provides corrosion resistance. In at least another aspect, the present invention relates to an article having a metal surface that is at least partially coated with an entirely or substantially chromium-free conversion coating that provides corrosion resistance. In certain embodiments, the conversion coating composition comprises water and (A) dissolved fluorometallate anions selected from the group consisting of TiF6−2, ZrF6−2, HfF6−2, SiF6−2, AlF6−3, GeF6−2, SnF6−2, BF4−, and mixtures thereof and (B) a water-soluble polymer which is a Mannich adduct of poly(4-vinyl phenol) and N-methyl ethanolamine. In other embodiments, the composition also comprises (C) a water-soluble polymer which is a Mannich adduct of poly(4-vinyl phenol) and N-methyl glucamine.

Abstract: An aluminum-containing material deposition method includes depositing a first precursor on a substrate in the substantial absence of a second precursor. The first precursor can contain a chelate of Al(NR1R2)x(NR3(CH2)zNR4R5)y or Al(NR1R2)x(NR3(CH2)zOR4)y; where x is 0, 1, or 2; y is 3−x; z is an integer 2 to 8; and R1 to R5 are independently selected from among hydrocarbyl groups containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms with silicon optionally substituted for one or more carbon atoms. The method includes depositing the second precursor on the first deposited precursor, the second precursor containing a nitrogen source or an oxidant. A deposition product of the first and second precursors includes at least one of an aluminum nitride or an aluminum oxide. The deposition method can be atomic layer deposition where the first and second precursors are chemisorbed or reacted as monolayers. The first precursor can further be non-pyrophoric.

Abstract: An article made of magnesium or its alloys, some or all of whose surface has a conversion coating, the conversion coating comprising MgO, Mn2O3 and MnO2 plus at least one oxide from the group consisting of vanadium, molybdenum and tungsten; and also a process for producing such an article, and its use.

Abstract: An aqueous acidic solution for forming a rare earth element containing conversion coating on the surface of a metal, said solution being chromate-free and including effective quantities of at least one rare earth element (as herein defined) containing species, an oxidant and at least one accelerator, comprising a metal selected from Groups VA and VIA of the Periodic Table.

Abstract: Corrosion resistant, hydrophilic coatings on the surface of aluminum and aluminum alloys may be formed using aqueous compositions containing fluorometallates such as H2TiF6 or H2ZrF6 and vanadium compounds such as decavanadates. To minimize the odor evolved from the conversion coatings it is preferred for a specified oxide, hydroxide, carbonate, or alkoxide to also be present in or added to the aqueous composition.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a method for treating magnesium alloys by chemical conversion. This method can improve corrosion resistance and paint adhesion of magnesium alloys, and produces an admirable appearance. Additionally, the method of the present invention is more environmentally friendly than conventional processes, because non-chromate chemicals are used in acid pickling and chemical conversion. Furthermore, the method of the present invention can be widely applied to the magnesium alloys manufactured by casting and rolling.

Abstract: An aqueous acidic solution for forming a conversion coating on the surface of a metallic material, said solution containing at least one rare earth element (as herein defined) containing species, an accelerator additive selected from the group consisting of metals of Group IB, IIB, IVA, VA, VIA and VIII of the Periodic Table, a peroxidic species and at least one acid selected from the group of mineral acids, carboxylic acids, sulphonic acids and phosphonic acids, wherein said solution contains no more than 20 mg/liter each of fluoride and of phosphate, and the solution is essentially free of chromate.

Abstract: The aim of the present invention is to provide a phosphate treated zinc coated steel sheet with excellent workability. A steel sheet coated with a zinc based alloy has a phosphate treated coating on the surface thereof. The phosphate treated coating comprises mainly granulated crystals, specifically, crystals in which the average ratio of the major axis to the minor axis is not less than 1.00 and not more than 2.90. Moreover, the method for producing the phosphate treated coating uses a phosphate treatment solution in which the amount of Mg ions is ≧6 g/l and the amount of Zn ions is ≧0.5 g/l, or a phosphate treatment solution in which the amount of Mg ions is ≧10 g/l, the amount of Zn ions is 0≦ and <0.5 g/l, and the amount of nitric acid ions is ≧40 g/l.

Abstract: An aqueous composition for pretreating and depositing a coating on metal substrates is provided. The coating composition includes from about 1,500 to about 55,000 ppm based on the aqueous composition of a Group IIA dissolved metal ion, from about 100 to about 200,000 ppm based on the aqueous composition of a dissolved complex metal fluoride ion wherein the metal atom is selected from Group IIIA, Group IVA, Group IVB metals, Group VA, Group VB metals; and water. The composition is substantially free of Group IIA metal fluoride precipitate. This is desirably achieved by including in the aqueous composition a complex metal salt which is different than the salt associated with the complex metal fluoride ion, with the complex metal salt being capable of complexing free fluoride ions to prevent a precipitation reaction with the Group IIA metal ion. A method of preparing such an aqueous coating composition is further provided.

Abstract: The invention features and methods and compositions for oxide production on a Copper substrate, e.g., a Copper or Copper alloy substrate, to provide for improved adhesion of Copper substrate to polymeric material, e.g., such as used in manufacture of printed circuit boards. The oxide-producing compositions of the invention, which may be either acidic or ammoniacal, comprise 1) a source of Cu++ (Cupric) ions; 2) a source of a primary electrolyte that is non-interactive with Copper ions; 3) a Cuprous ligand, e.g., a halide ion, preferably chloride, which also serves as a secondary electrolyte; and 4) an optional organic. Acidic oxide-producing compositions comprise a strong acid as the primary electrolyte. The primary electrolyte of ammoniacal oxide-producing compositions is a non-interactive, ammonium salt of acid, which provides a highly soluble Cupric ammonium salt. The secondary electrolyte of the oxide-producing compositions is selected so as to be compatible with the primary electrolyte.

Abstract: A processing solution for forming a hexavalent chromium free, corrosion resistant trivalent chromate conversion film on zinc or zinc alloy plating layers comprises a silicon compound; trivalent chromium and oxalic acid in a molar ratio ranging from 0.5 to 1.5, wherein the trivalent chromium is present in the form of a water-soluble complex with oxalic acid; and cobalt ions, which form a hardly soluble metal salt with oxalic acid and are stably present in the processing solution without causing any precipitation, wherein the solution reacts with zinc when bringing it into contact with the zinc or zinc alloy plating to form a hexavalent chromium free, corrosion resistant, trivalent chromate conversion film containing zinc, chromium, cobalt, oxalic acid and silicon on the plating. This solution can provide a corrosion resistant trivalent chromate conversion film excellent in the corrosion resistance after heating.

Abstract: A conversion coating composition and a method of applying the conversion coating composition to magnesium and magnesium alloy articles prior to painting to prevent corrosion. The conversion coating composition comprises a source of vanadate ions, a material comprising phosphorus, and nitric acid or a source of nitrate ions. In addition, the composition may also contain boric acid or a source of borate ions and a source of fluoride ions or a source of fluoroborate ions.

Abstract: A protective coating is formed on a metallic surface by contacting the surface with an aqueous solution of fluoromet-allate followed by an aqueous solution containing vanadate ions. The process does not require the use of any organic substances, but provides a corrosion resistant surface having good heat conductivity.

Abstract: Conversion coatings comprising a rare earth element and a valence stabilizer combined to form a rare earth/valence stabilizer complex are described for substrate metals. The rare earth element is selected from cerium, praseodymium, terbium, or combinations thereof, and at least one rare earth element is in the tetravalent oxidation state. The coating bath may also contain a preparative or solubility control agent. The oxidized cerium, praseodymium or terbium is present in the coating in a “sparingly soluble” form. The valence stabilizers can be either inorganic or organic in nature. A number of cerium, praseodymium, or terbium/valence stabilizer combinations are presented that can equal the performance of conventional hexavalent chromium systems.

Abstract: A conversion coating solution comprises at least one precursor agent, at least one activator agent, and water solvent, wherein on provision to a solution suitable for the deposition of a substantially metallic coating, provides an in-situ conversion coating to the surface of the substantially metallic coating.