Abstract: A heat exchanger of the shell and tube type particularly suitable as an intercooler between compression stages of a compressor is disclosed. The heat exchanger includes a generally cylindrical shell having first and second coil banks disposed therein. The banks are spaced from each other and from the wall of the shell. The incoming fluid flows between the heat exchange coil banks and outwardly therethrough, passing in heat exchange relationship with a fluid flowing through the coils. The fluid velocity is reduced, substantially minimizing carryover of liquid in the fluid, and directional changes in the fluid flow causes disentrainment of liquid. A sump is provided in the bottom of the heat exchanger for removing the condensed liquids, and separate demistors or separators are not required. Access to the coils for cleaning and/or servicing may be had through a manway disposed in the shell, or through an openable end of the shell.

Abstract: An apparatus for measuring the melting and boiling points of gas has a heat insulating tank, an inner tank within the insulating tank, a sample cell within the inner tank with a sample gas temperature measuring system. A piping system is provided having a heating route and a cooling route. The heating route has a heating flow rate control valve and a heating heat exchanged heated by a heating source connected in series with the control valve. The cooling route has a cooling flow rate control valve and a cooling heat exchanger connected in series with the cooling flow rate contorl valve. The heating and cooling routes are in parallel. The heating source for heating the heat exchanger has a Joule-Thomson expansion valve while the cooling part for cooling the cooling heat exchanger is coupled to a compressor for compressing and supplying a refrigerant such as Freon.

Abstract: A flowcell for containing sample solutions is surrounded by an electric heater which is then surrounded by an isothermal frame having a large heat capacity, and a Peltier element serving as a cooling source is coupled with the isothermal frame. A heat delaying plate is arranged between the flowcell and heater and a temperature sensor is arranged between the flowcell and the heat delaying plate. The Peltier element is controlled in such a manner that the temperature of the isothermal frame is maintained substantially at a constant temperature lower than a predetermined temperature at which the sample solution is to be kept. The heater is controlled in accordance with a difference between the temperature of the sample solution and the predetermined temperature.

Abstract: Condensable fractions of a saturated gaseous stream condense onto the outer surfaces of horizontally-declined tubes of a heat exchanger. The upper wick portion of one or more elongate absorbent wicks are longitudinally disposed adjacent the lower outer surface of each horizontally-declined tube, while the lower wick appendage of each wick extends to a lower point away from the tubular heating surface. Condensate runs down the outer surfaces of the horizontally-declined tubes into interstitial passages of the absorbent wicks, and flows to their lower discharge ends. Absorbed condensate is confined to the wick drainage conduits by capillary action. Condensate flow through each wick drainage conduit is substantially accelerated by hydrostatic pressure over the average wicking distance.

Abstract: Upon heat being liberated, a latent heat storage material is kept in indirect contact with a heat transfer medium through a heat liberation or output accelerating material. Thus, the heat of fusion of the storage material is taken out with high efficiency. Since a heat input accelerating material is taken into a solid phase of the storage material, the heat input velocity at which heat is transferred to the storage material is greatly increased when heat is transferred or stored thereinto. Thus, a practical latent heat storage device having excellent heat input and output characteristic has been materialized.

Abstract: Exhaust gas treatment method and apparatus extract heat from an exhaust gas by operating in a water-condensing mode which allows more heat to be recovered, removes particulate matter and condensed acid from the exhaust gas, and washes heat exchange surfaces to keep them clean and wet to improve heat transfer. Systems for heating water, air, and both water and air are disclosed. Methods of constructing and assembling improved heat exchangers are disclosed.

Abstract: In a tub vapor condenser for brewing tubs two condenser stages are arranged above one another in the vapor vent of the tub, the lower condenser stage being constructed as a tube condenser and the upper condenser stage being constructed as a spray arrangement for water and other materials, so that on the one hand it is possible to obtain clean usable water at a high temperature and on the other hand odor-generating substances are largely eliminated from the vapor.

Abstract: Apparatus for the extraction of vapor from a brewing tub enables the vapor to be guided selectively under the control of a valve either via a tub vapor condenser or a vapor vent pipe arranged as a bypass to the tub vapor condenser. A particularly space-saving construction which enables retrofitting an existing plant comprises a helical tube condenser arranged around the vapor vent pipe having the control valve in the region of its lower end.

Abstract: There is disclosed a mechanical draft, vacuum steam condenser for use in steam turbine power plant service which permits the operator to turn selected air moving fans on or off in order to control the quantity of air flow over the tubes of the tube bundles without interfering with the removal of non-condensible gases from the bundles serviced by the other fans.

Abstract: In an air-cooled steam condenser (2, 2'), each tube of a bundle (8, 8') of finned heat exchange tubes, arranged parallel to each other and horizontally, and connecting a steam dispensing manifold (4, 4') to an outlet manifold (5, 5'), is in the form of a coil including three finned elements (12, 13, 14) which are arranged horizontally and parallel to each other in consecutive rows relative to the direction of the cooling air flow (11, 11'), and which are connected together by two elbow fittings (15, 16) positioned at an angle with a positive slope so as to facilitate the drainage of the condensate.

Abstract: A process and system for simultaneously cooling shale ash fines and flue gas produced during the combustion of spent shale. The flue gas and fine solids are introduced into a heat exchange zone for contact with conventional heat exchange tubes. Heat transfer particles are introduced into the heat exchange zone for mixing with the flue gas to provide increased heat transfer rates between the flue gas and heat exchange equipment. The heat transfer solids are also of a sufficient size to provide continual scrubbing of the heat exchanger surfaces to prevent the build up of an insulating layer of fine dust particles. A staged cooling system and process is also disclosed.

Abstract: Desublimator for isolating sublimation products from reaction gases, which consists of a closed housing and a plurality of rows of finned tubes accommodated horizontally and superposedly therein, successive superposed finned tubes being supported, and mutually spaced, with limited adjustability, by means of cage-like perforated sliding shoes surrounding them in a box-like manner, the sliding shoes of the individual finned tubes being directly stacked one above the other and resting loosely on common supporting girders anchored to the housing, and the supporting girders having, in cross-section, the outline of a triangle with its apex pointing downward.

Abstract: Exhaust gas treatment method and apparatus extract heat from an exhaust gas by operating in a water-condensing mode which allows more heat to be recovered, removes particulate matter and condensed acid from the exhaust gas, and washes heat exchange surfaces to keep them clean and wet to improve heat transfer. Systems for heating water, air, and both water and air are disclosed. Methods of constructing and assembling improved heat exchangers are disclosed.

Abstract: An improved process and apparatus for the removal of ammonium carbamate from an aqueous urea solution wherein the aqueous urea solution is introduced into a stripping zone and caused to flow down a heat exchange wall as a thin film while being heated and contacted in counter-current relation with a gaseous stripping agent. The aqueous urea solution, while being stripped, is heated for at most 5 seconds at a temperature in the range of from 180.degree.-195.degree. C. and thereafter cooled to a temperature of from 155.degree.-170.degree. C.

Abstract: An air-based solar collector panel has a single glazing for a front wall. A first channel is defined by a sheet-like translucent member spaced apart rearwardly from the single glazing. A second channel is defined by a sheet-like absorber member spaced apart rearwardly from the translucent member. A third channel is defined by a wall member spaced apart rearwardly from the absorber member. Baffle members are disposed in the third channel to provide a circuitous gas flow path therein. Inflowing air enters and flows through the first channel and then enters and flows through the second channel where it first acquires significant heat from the absorber. The flowing air enters the circuitous path of the third channel where it is intensely heated by the absorber and very-hot-air exits the panel.The heat contained in the very-hot-air may be stored by water contained in a tank. The very-hot-air is discharged through a bubbling means positioned at the bottom of the water tank.

Abstract: A method of recovering heat from furnace flue gas which comprises passing the hot gases into contact with high specific heat media and the media into contact successively, with combustion gases and glass batch.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for drying or heating a particulate material by means of heat transfer media which is brought into direct contact with the particulate material within a continuously rotating cylindrical drum. The particulate material flows in one general overall direction through the drum and the heat transfer media flows in a generally opposite direction through the drum. The particulate material is subjected to heat treatment by repeatedly coming into direct and immediate physical contact with the heat transfer media in the course of flowing through the drum while it is subsequently separated from the heat transfer media per revolution of the drum.

Abstract: A vent condenser that includes an inner tube, an outer shell mounted on and surrounding the inner tube, a middle shell having an annular body and a closed upper end mounted with the body thereof radially spaced between the inner tube and the outer shell, and a helical heat exchange tube mounted in the space between the inner tube and the middle shell in engagement with the body of the middle shell and with the inner tube. A helical channel is formed between the middle shell, the inner tube, and spaced convolutions of the helical tube. Cooling fluid is directed through the helical tube. Discharge from the deaerator vent passes up the inner tube to return along the helical channel to be cooled in indirect heat exchange relation with the cooling fluid in the helical tube to condense water therefrom and to separate the water from noncondensable gases.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and apparatus for storing heat in a heat-of-fusion storage medium, e.g. a salt hydrate, and the heat exchange and mixing in conjunction with the taking of heat from the storage medium. In a closed system including a vapor chamber (5) and a chamber for a solid/liquid phase, the storage medium (2, 4) is brought into direct contact with a substance, i.e., a heat transfer medium (3) having the capacity of taking up heat from the storage medium by being vaporized. The vapor travels to the vapor chamber (5), and when heat is removed from the vapor, the vapor is caused to condense and the condensate returns to the storage medium. The substance has insignificant solubility in the storage medium and a density which is higher, or equal to the density of the storage medium in its liquid phase. Suitable combinations of storage medium and substance include calcium chloride hexahydrate and trifluorotrichloroethane or Clauber's salt and octafluorocyclobutane.

Abstract: A multiple-chamber cooling device particularly useful in a dilution refrigerator in which a working liquid is passed successively through a plurality of chambers in each of which a fraction of the working liquid is allowed to evaporate to cool the remaining working liquid. The cooling device comprises a common body member of low thermal conductivity formed with a plurality of spaced bores each defining one of the chambers, the outlet end of each chamber bore being connected by a passageway to the inlet end of the adjacent bore for passing the working liquid from one to the next chamber bore as a fraction of the working liquid is evaporated to cool the remainder.

Abstract: A high temperature heat exchanger with a closed loop and a heat transfer liquid within the loop, the closed loop having a first horizontal channel with inlet and outlet means for providing direct contact of a first fluid at a first temperature with the heat transfer liquid, a second horizontal channel with inlet and outlet means for providing direct contact of a second fluid at a second temperature with the heat transfer liquid, and means for circulating the heat transfer liquid.

Abstract: The invention discloses a process and apparatus for the heating or cooling of light solid particles having a low free-fall speed, by means of flowing gas-solid exchangers. The process makes it possible to heat or cool light solid particles dispersed in a gas flow by contacting them with a countercurrent flow of heavy solid particles having a greater final free-fall speed and that are hot or cool in relation to the light particles, thus effecting a heat transfer between the particles.

Abstract: A method for preheating glass batch is disclosed. Media heated with furnace exhaust gases is used to preheat the glass batch. This invention includes a way to clean furnace exhaust gas condensate from the surface of the media.

Abstract: A shell and tube heat exchanger module which can be easily combined with other such modules to effect a close packed arrangement and which allows condensation of a vapor stream containing a non-condensible fraction without allowing a vapor buildup. The heat exchanger is particularly suitable as a main condenser in a cryogenic air separation process.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for preheating particulate glass batch comprises a rotatable drum for mixing the batch with particulate heat transfer media in a heat transfer relationship where the batch is separated from the media in a media exit vestibule having a screen through which the batch passes and having compartments mounted for rotation about the axis of the drum for lifting the separated batch to the batch inlet conduit where it is directed back into the drum.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for extracting potable water are disclosed in preferred form as extracting drinking water from moisture-laden air at atmospheric temperature through the use of a heat exchanger at or near subsurface temperature which is in air communication with the atmosphere for allowing atmospheric moisture-laden air to enter, pass through, cool, arrive at its dew point, allow the moisture in the air to precipitate out, and allow the air to pass outward to the atmosphere again. Suitable apparatus may be provided to restrict air flow and allow sufficient residence time of the air in the heat exchanger to allow sufficient precipitation. Further, filtration may be provided on the air input and a means for creating a movement pressure, in the preferred form of a turbine, may be provided on the output. The water from the system of the present invention may then be collected and provided for human consumption in conventional manner.

Abstract: A heat exchanger assembly has an elongated shell provided with fluid inlet and fluid outlet openings. An elongated bundle assembly is received within the shell. The bundle assembly has a plurality of elongated tubes extending generally longitudinally and a plurality of generally parallel fin plates which are transversely oriented. The bundle assembly has a top sheet and a bottom sheet. The bundle assembly support is interposed between the bottom sheet and the shell. A baffle is provided in the form of an elongated plate extending generally diagonally between the top sheet of the bundle assembly and the shell. In a preferred form, the baffle plate is provided with an underlying seal which is interposed between the baffle plate and the top sheet and has an upper edge which is of generally complementary curvature with respect to the adjacent portions of the shell and may take the form of a portion of a sine wave.

Abstract: In a glass melting operation, cullet is employed as a particulate emissions collector. Cullet of a selected size is contacted with exhaust gases in a gas/solid contact vessel wherein particulates are deposited onto the cullet. Double screening of cullet is employed to avoid introducing cullet dust to the gas stream. Electrostatic means may be employed to enhance particulate collection in the bed of cullet.

Abstract: The invention relates to a novel vapor condensor apparatus and method for continuously stripping condensate from a supply of compressed gas using the cold weather approach. One or more condensing assemblies are employed, each one of which includes spaced apart inner and outer tubular sections which extend between the top and bottom of the assembly ends. The inner tubular section defines a first passageway for the passage of a heat-exchange cooling fluid therethrough. A second passageway through which the compressed gas passes is defined by the spacing between the inner and outer tubular sections. Condensate discharge means is located at the bottom end of the assembly for exhausting the condensate which forms in the second passageway.

Abstract: A latent heat accumulator is disclosed including an upright container hav, in a major volume first section, a latent heat storage medium, and a passage for a heat exchange medium extending through the charge in the first section. The passage is of the type of a conduit provided with intake openings at different levels. The flow of heat exchange medium through the conduit generates low pressure at the intake openings with the result that a part of the surrounding charge of the heat storage medium is drawn into the conduit for thorough intermixing and heat transfer. The intake openings are preferably protected to prevent large solidified particles of the heat storage medium from blocking the openings or from entering the conduit. The invention improves the heat transfer capacity and reduces the charge of the heat storage medium entering the associated heat exchange circulation system while retaining a relatively simple structure of the accumulator.

Abstract: In latent-heat storage accumulators in which a liquid heat exchange medium is directly contacted with a eutectic mixture which is immiscible therewith one often encounters the problem that the exchange liquid entrains droplets and crystals of eutectic mixture and these droplets then freeze and accumulate in coolers outside the accumulator, interrupting proper operation.According to the invention these droplets and crystals are retained by means of a coalescer. Attempts to filter them out by common filtering methods failed.

Abstract: A system is disclosed for removing electrolyte from a fuel cell gas stream. The gas stream containing electrolyte vapor is supercooled utilizing conventional heat exchangers and the thus supercooled gas stream is passed over high surface area passive condensers. The condensed electrolyte is then drained from the condenser and the remainder of the gas stream passed on. The system is particularly useful for electrolytes such as phosphoric acid and molten carbonate, but can be used for other electrolyte cells and simple vapor separation as well.

Abstract: A latent heat accumulator is disclosed including a vessel for receiving a tent heat storage medium and a circuit for a heat exchanger medium. The heat exchanger medium is immiscible with the latent heat storage medium, has a different density than the heat storage medium and is openly conveyed through the heat storage medium. The vessel contains a collecting chamber for the heat exchanger medium and has a heat exchanger arranged therein. An external heat carrier medium flows through the heat exchanger for transfer of heat between the heat carrier medium and the heat exchange medium. The accumulator is characterized in that a first heat carrier medium for adding heat and a second heat carrier medium for withdrawing heat are conveyed in the heat exchanger in separate conduit systems which are in heat-conductive contact with each other and with the surrounding heat exchanger medium.

Abstract: In a heat storage device comprising a container (40) which contains a salt hydrate, the heat of fusion of which is utilized to provide high heat capacity in relation to the volume, oil is circulated by a pump (50) through a number of channels (62, 65) leading to outlet openings (55) distributed in the salt hydrate. A slide valve (58, 69), the sliding valve body (58) of which is influenced by the pressure on the delivery side of the pump, automatically controls the distribution of oil to the channels in such a manner that solidification of the salt hydrate during heat discharge from the storage takes place in a regular progressive way so that the oil can always find non-blocked outlet openings to flow through.

Abstract: A heat storage unit is disclosed having a vertically cylindrical container accommodating a latent-heat storage medium and a conduit introducing a heat carrier liquid not miscible with the medium at the bottom of the container. The conduit has an exit nozzle which is located outside the axial center of the cylinder and nearly perpendicular to the radius of the cylinder so that the heat carrier liquid enters the cylinder at the bottom in a direction to cause the heat storage melt to be set into a rotary motion.

Abstract: The present invention relates to method and apparatus for preheating pulverous materials, such as glass batch constituents, prior to their introduction into a melting furnace to increase the efficiency and output of the melting installation. The pulverous materials are passed downwardly by gravity through a shell and tube preheater including an interior exhaust chamber to vent the contained moisture from the heated pulverous material. The venting prevents moisture condensation and build-up of the pulverous material within the tubes and batch materials, especially in cooler areas, which can cause tube pluggage. The subject invention is of particular utility to the glass industry and especially glass melting furnaces, but is also applicable to other types of furnaces.

Abstract: A refrigerant evaporator in a refrigerating cycle, especially in an automotive air conditioner of the type comprising a flat tube which is provided with refrigerant passages therein and formed to weave up and down, and a plurality of corrugated fin units each of which is interposed between the adjacent upright portions of the flat tube and fixed thereto so as to enhance heat exchange between refrigerant flowing within the flat tube and air flowing horizontally between the upright portions. In the evaporator of the above type, in order to prevent the water condensed over the surfaces of the flat tube and the corrugated fin units from being entrained by air into the compartment of the automobile, the portion of the flat tube on the downstream side of air flow is spaced apart from each corrugated fin unit to provide a non-contact space therebetween so as to force the condensed water to drop through the non-contact space.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for recycling scrap glass is disclosed. Removing the binder and preheating the scrap are carried out in one operation. The resulting cleaned, preheated scrap then may be fed directly into a conventional glass melting furnace.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for extracting potable water are disclosed in preferred form as extracting drinking water from moisture-laden air at atmospheric temperature through the use of a heat exchanger at or near subsurface temperature which is in air communication with the atmosphere for allowing atmospheric moisture-laden air to enter, pass through, cool, arrive at its dew point, allow the moisture in the air to precipitate out, and allow the air to pass outward to the atmosphere again. Suitable apparatus may be provided to restrict air flow and allow sufficient residence time of the air in the heat exchanger to allow sufficient precipitation. Further, filtration may be provided on the air input and a means for creating a movement pressure, in the preferred form of a turbine, may be provided on the output. The water from the system of the present invention may then be collected and provided for human consumption in conventional manner.

Abstract: In a glass melting operation, cullet is employed as a waste heat collector and/or particulate emissions collector. Cullet is contacted with exhaust gases in a gas/solid contact vessel wherein the cullet is heated and particulates are deposited onto the cullet. The heated cullet is preferably sent directly to the melting furnace. Electrostatic means may be employed to enhance particulate collection in the bed of cullet.

Abstract: Granular heat exchange medium is employed to recover waste heat from a combustion furnace, particularly a glass melting furnace, and the heated medium is then employed to pre-heat combustion air entering the furnace. A bed of granular heat exchange medium also may remove particulate emissions from the exhaust gas.

Abstract: A process for preheating glass batch ingredients is disclosed. The invention uses a heat exchange method that employs furnace exhaust gases. The exhaust gases are electrically charged and passed through an electrified bed of heat transfer media to remove particulate from the gases. The gases heat the media while the media scrubs the gases. The heated media then is used to preheat glass batch which is fed to a glass melting furnace.

Abstract: A process for the manufacture of glass is disclosed. Dried glass batch agglomerates are used as the media in an electrified filter bed, preheated with furnace exhaust gases, and then fed to a glass melting furnace. Exhaust gases from the preheating are electrically charged and passed through the electrified bed of agglomerates to remove glass batch particulate from the spent gases.

Abstract: Disclosed is a novel apparatus for use in the rapid refluxing of low boiling liquids. The apparatus comprises a central chamber for the reception of hot gases from a reaction vessel, the chamber being surrounded by a cooling jacket. The central chamber comprises a lower primary condenser of 2 or more bulbous portions connected to and in fluid communication with each other and with a curvilinear column serving as a secondary condenser.

Abstract: An apparatus for recovering energy that can be incorporated in the flue gas discharge duct of a gas or oil fired heating installation which uses a liquid circuit to transfer heat. The apparatus is comprised of supply and discharge connections for the flue gas, a heat exchanger to be incorporated in the liquid circuit, a condensate collection and discharge device, and a fan to force the flue gas flow past the heat exchanger.

Abstract: Energy is extracted from geothermal brines by direct contact with a working fluid such as isobutane which is immiscible with the brine in a geothermal boiler. The geothermal boiler provides a distributor arrangement which efficiently contacts geothermal brine with the isobutane in order to prevent the entrainment of geothermal brine in the isobutane vapor which is directed to a turbine. Accordingly the problem of brine carry-over through the turbine causes corrosion and scaling thereof is eliminated. Additionally the heat exchanger includes straightening vanes for preventing startup and other temporary fluctuations in the transitional zone of the boiler from causing brine carryover into the turbine. Also a screen is provided in the heat exchanger to coalesce the working fluid and to assist in defining the location of the transitional zone where the geothermal brine and the isobutane are initially mixed.

Abstract: A process for the transfer of heat between solids is described in which a particulate solid is allowed to fall at a substantially uniform rate through a dilute phase fluidized bed of another particulate solid.

Abstract: A system for drying humid air to be used for ventilating a space defined by an enclosing covering, wherein said covering contains a first conduit system for circulating a cooling fluid, and a second conduit system for circulating humid air to be dried. At least part of said first system is in heat exchanging contact with said second system so as to cause condensation of water vapor contained in the humid air flowing in said second conduit system. Means are preferably provided for collecting the condensed water.

Abstract: The present invention relates to method and apparatus for preheating pulverous materials, such as glass batch constituents, prior to their introduction into a melting furnace to increase the efficiency and output of the melting installation. The pulverous materials are passed downwardly through a shell and tube preheater with sub-atmospheric pressure over the pulverous material to remove the contained moisture in vapor form from an upper region of the preheater. The decreased atmospheric pressure prevents moisture condensation and build-up on the pulverous material within the tubes, especially in cooler areas, which can cause tube pluggage. The subject invention is of particular utility to the glass industry, and especially glass melting furnaces, but is also applicable to other types of shell and tube heat-exchange applications.

Abstract: The present invention relates to method and apparatus for preheating pulverous materials, such as glass batch constituents, prior to their introduction into a melting furnace to increase the efficiency and output of the melting installation. The pulverous materials are passed downwardly through a shell and tube preheater with super-atmospheric gas pressure over the pulverous material to force the contained moisture downwardly to be vented from a lower region of the preheater. The increased gas pressure prevents moisture condensation and build-up on the pulverous material within the tubes, especially in cooler areas, which can cause tube pluggage. The subject invention is of particular utility to the glass industry and especially glass melting furnaces, but is also applicable to other types of furnaces.