Abstract: A fluidized bed reactor for the pyrolysis of pieces of rubber or the like, especially old tires the reactor comprising a container at the lower part of which there is discharge device for non-volatile pyrolysis products; gas blowing nozzles arranged in a zone above the discharge device for supplying a fluidizing gas and for producing a fluidized bed from material such as sand or alumina added to the reactor; preferably a heating device, especially one comprising heating tubes extending across the container; a gas outlet disposed in the zone above the fluidized bed; and supply means for conveying pieces of material to be pyrolized to the container; this apparatus is characterized by the fact that the gas blowing nozzles are arranged to direct the gas downwardly, that at least one group of nozzles are arranged in a common horizontal plane, and that the material supply device is such that its dimensions are comparable with the cross-sectional surface of the fluidized bed.

Abstract: In the introduction of fresh carbonaceous particles into a fluid-bed reaction zone at injection velocities in excess of 20 ft/sec, a shroud gas is passed through a shroud passage on the injection nozzle at a velocity in excess of about 750 ft/sec, preferably at from about 1,000 to about 5,000 ft/sec, in sufficient quantities to supply a substantial portion of the overall energy input into the reaction zone for dispersion of the fresh particles and for breaking up of any agglomerates formed upon injection of the fresh particles into the reaction zone. By accommodating the agglomerating tendencies of the fresh feed material, the high energy shroud gas effectively contributes to the prevention of defluidization of the bed. The shroud gas may be inert or may comprise a gaseous reagent that reacts with the fresh carbonaceous particles in the reaction zone. The energy supplied by the shroud gas desirably is at least about 80% of said energy input to the reaction zone.

Abstract: Solid fuel is acted on by a gasifying medium in a fluidized bed W. The resulting gas enters a cyclone 20 having an outlet for solid particles connected to a gasification chamber 30 in which the particles are gasified by a separate stream of gasifying medium supplied by an injector 25.

Abstract: Fresh carbonaceous particles are introduced into a fluid-bed reaction zone containing a bed of non-agglomerating particles at an injection velocity in excess of about 200 ft/sec with the fresh particles having been preheated to a temperature within the plastic transformation range of the particles and introduced rapidly and directly into said bed of non-agglomerating particles. The reaction zone may be a hydrocarbonization zone, a carbonization zone, a gasification zone or any other fluid-bed reaction zone in which defluidization may be caused by undue agglomeration of the feed particles. A fluidized stream of the preheated carbonaceous particles may be introduced at said high injection velocity in a vertically upwards direction or otherwise, as from one or more injection points positioned vertically along the side of the reaction zone.

Abstract: A continuous process is disclosed for the retorting of shale and other similar hydrocarbon-containing solids of a broad particle size distribution in which the solids to be retorted are introduced into an upper portion of an elongated vessel with a solid heat transfer material at an elevated temperature. The hydrocarbon-containing solids and heat transfer material, a portion of each being fluidized, pass downwardly through the retort under substantially plug-flow conditions, countercurrent to an upwardly flowing stripping gas. Retorted solids and heat transfer material are withdrawn from the bottom of the retort vessel and a product stream of hydrocarbon vapors mixed with stripping gas is recovered overhead.

Abstract: Coal is gasified to produce a coal gasification effluent and a char residue. The char residue is cooled by indirect heat transfer in a char bed, and the coal gasification effluent is passed through the cool char bed to effect cooling of the coal gasification effluent, with tars and oil present in the effluent being absorbed by the char bed. In this manner, the gasification effluent is cooled without fouling of heat transfer surfaces, and tars and oils are effectively removed therefrom.

Abstract: Catalysts used in the epoxidation or hydroxylation of water soluble olefinic compound with hydrogenperoxide are recovered by separating the catalyst as a distillation residue, the distillation residue is introduced into an inert material which is in whirling movement, e.g., as a fluidized bed, the organic compounds contained in the distillation residue are burned with oxygen or oxygen containing gases whereupon the catalyst compound separated on the inert whirling material together with the portion of the catalyst compound which accumulates in the solids separator connected at the outlet of the reactor is dissolved in water and the solution obtained again used for epoxidation or hydroxylation.

Abstract: Method of mixing particulate materials comprising contacting a primary source and a secondary source thereof whereby resulting mixture ensues; preferably at least one of the two sources has enough motion to insure good mixing and the particulate materials may be heat treated if desired.Apparatus for such mixing comprising an inlet for a primary source, a reactor communicating therewith, a feeding means for supplying a secondary source to the reactor, and an inlet for the secondary source. Feeding means is preferably adapted to supply fluidized materials.

Abstract: Apparatus for conducting the flash pyrolysis of a primary material, particularly coal, and employing a secondary material, particularly hot char, as a heat source, comprising a rectangular slot for injection of a stream of particulate coal, which communicates with a substantially rectangular reactor or pyrolysis chamber. Wells are positioned on opposite sides of the pyrolysis chamber and in communication therewith, for introduction of fluidized secondary material, particularly hot char, into the pyrolysis chamber for admixture therein with and for heating the stream of primary material, such as coal. The pyrolysis chamber has a transition chamber, and a cylindrical separator chamber communicates with the transition chamber for receiving pyrolysis products. The separator chamber is provided with a tangential inlet, a solids outlet conduit positioned about 90.degree. around the circumference of the separator chamber from the tangential inlet, and a perforate gas receiver.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for producing synthetic crude oil from bitumen-bearing sands. The apparatus includes a vessel segregated into a pyrolysis zone and a combustion zone, each zone being in the form of a fluidized bed reactor. At least one heat pipe is provided for transferring thermal energy from the combustion zone to the pyrolysis zone where the thermal energy is used to pyrolyze the bitumen. The apparatus may also include additional heat exchange equipment for heating the incoming combustion air for the combustion zone. The combustion air serves as the fluidizing medium for the fluidized bed reactor of the combustion zone while flue gases from the combustion zone serve as the fluidizing medium for the fluidized bed reactor of the pyrolysis zone.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for contacting at least two solids and a fluid, particularly for retorting and/or gasification of solid carbonaceous materials such as coal, coke, shale or tar sands by introducing a solid heat-transfer material into an upper portion of a treatment or contacting zone and a solid carbonaceous material into a lower portion of the treatment or contacting zone. The solid heat carrier is fluidized by an upflowing gas and moves downwardly, while the solid carbonaceous materials are entrained and move upwardly. The fluidizing gas may be inert or reactive. Substantially countercurrent plug flow of the two solids in the treatment or contacting zone is maintained by including means for preventing back mixing, such as a packing material filling the treatment or contacting zone.

Abstract: Oil shale is pyrolyzed by introducing an oil shale feed to a retorting zone fluidized bed to yield, as products of retorting, retorted oil shale containing residual carbonaceous material and volatilized hydrocarbons. The retorted oil shale particles are passed to the top of a combustion zone fluidized bed into which a gaseous source of oxygen is introduced for fluidizing the combustion zone fluidized bed and oxidizing residual carbonaceous material contained in the retorted oil shale particles to yield combustion gases for fluidizing the retorting zone fluidized bed and for maintaining the retorting zone fluidized bed at a temperature sufficient to retort oil shale.

Abstract: In the production of activated carbon by passing a preheated gaseous activation medium through a zone containing a bed of carbon-containing material while indirectly heating to maintain a temperature of about 500.degree. to 1100.degree. C., supplying carbon-containing material to the bed, and removing activated carbon from the bed, the improvement which comprises introducing the activation medium and the carbon-containing material co-current near the bottom of the zone at a rate such that gaseous products are formed in a quantity sufficient to maintain in the zone a lower static layer and an upper fluidized layer in particular proportions, the rate of supply of the carbon-containing material and withdrawal of activated carbon being related so as to convert about 30 to 55% by weight of the carbon-containing material to gaseous products. The average residence of the carbon-containing material is from about 0.2 to 6, preferably 1 to 4, hours. A suitable apparatus for carrying out the process is described.

Abstract: A novel partial combustion process and apparatus therefor are disclosed wherein coal powder is passed from a fluidization vessel operated at high pressure to a gasification reactor operated at a substantially constant small pressure increment below the pressure of the fluidization vessel. Coal powder solids are introduced into the fluidization vessel through coal powder supply means while the fluidization gas is introduced into the fluidization vessel to fluidize the coal powder solids in the fluidization vessel. The fluidized powder is discharged through novel passage means in a direction perpendicular to the direction of flow of the fluidization gas flowing into the vessel, so that the fluidized coal powder is concentrated during flow and is uniformly dispersed, whereby the transfer rate of the coal powder is substantially increased, thereby making it possible to use smaller sizes of equipment for the same volumes handled.

Abstract: A carbonaceous residue or char having novel properties is produced from particulate agricultural waste material, such as peanut shells, which upon heating exhibits an exothermic decomposition into an off gas component and a solid component in which the off gas component is more highly reactive to oxygen than is the solid component. By introducing air into the reaction zone whereat the decomposition is effected and controlling the amount of air so introduced such that not all of the off gas component may be oxidized, the preferential reaction of the air with the off gas component will protect the solid component from any significant oxidation while at the same time it will elevate the temperature in the reaction zone sufficiently to effect substantially complete decomposition of the material so that the recovered product is of very high carbon content. At the same time, a temperature gradient is established in the reaction zone which will allow some of the vapor component of the decomposition (i.e.

Abstract: A carbonaceous material with high characteristics of surface area and activity is produced in a continuous process by heating and drying ground pit coal at 200 to 300.degree. C. for 15 to 120 minutes in air, and then heating in two further stages in fluidized bed reactors. The first of these further stages is 400 to 600.degree. C. for 10 to 60 minutes while the second is 800 to 1100.degree. C. for 10 to 60 minutes. Tar is condensed from the offgases of the first further stage and the residual gas is divided and 10 to 95% recycled to the first further stage. Similarly, 10 to 95% of the off-gases from the second further stage are recycled.

Abstract: A chemical reactor with a first upstream fluid bed which primarily burns coal and a second downstream fluid bed which primarily desulfurizes.

Abstract: A fluid bed reaction apparatus for providing separate reaction sites for segregated reactions in processes such as coal gasification, wherein the respective gasification and subsequent combustion reactions are separated within a single stage reactor. The fluid bed reactor comprises a shell or housing for containing a shell side fluid bed and one or more vertical standing tubes located within the shell side which form the segregated tube reaction sides. The open lower ends of the standing tubes are displaced a short distance above a distributor plate which operates as the base of the shell side fluid bed column. A Venturi nozzle coaxially oriented below the standing tube mouth provides a high velocity fluid flow into the tube side of the reactor. Carbonaceous particles are first reacted as they travel down the shell side reaction chamber.

Abstract: A continuous process and apparatus are disclosed for the retorting or gasification of hydrocarbon-containing solids such as oil shale, coal, tar sands, etc., wherein the solids are retorted or gasified in a combined entrained and fluidized bed. A solid fluidized heat-transfer material flows downwardly through a conversion zone. Subdivided hydrocarbon-containing solids are introduced into a central portion of the conversion zone, with smaller particles of the solids being entrained and moving upwardly through the conversion zone countercurrent to the flow of the fluidized heat-transfer material, and larger particles of the solids being fluidized and moving downwardly through the conversion zone concurrent with the flow of the heat-transfer material. A fluidizing gas is injected into a lower portion of the conversion zone and a portion of the solids is combusted, providing the necessary heat for the conversion reactions.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for the retorting of shale and other similar hydrocarbon-containing solids in which the solids to be retorted are mixed with a solid heat-transfer material to provide the necessary heat for retorting. The shale is retorted in a spouted bed of the shale and heat-transfer solids. Preferably, molecular oxygen is excluded from the retorting zone.

Abstract: A vessel is provided for stripping oil from char particles of different density recovered from a pyrolysis of organic solid waste. The lower end of the vessel is of reduced diameter with a plurality of gas jets which direct gas inwardly and upwardly to direct stripping gas through the particles. A standpipe extends upwardly from the bottom of the vessel and terminates above the gas inlet jets. A gas outlet is provided at the top of the vessel. The particles are introduced at an intermediate level in the vessel. The top of the standpipe is covered with a screen mesh for limiting the size of particles which can enter the standpipe. The gas fluidizes the particles of different density which tend to concentrate at different levels in the fluidized bed because of their density differences. The standpipe terminates at a selected level within the fluidized particle bed which results in a desired mixture of the particles of different density being withdrawn from the fluidized bed through the standpipe.

Abstract: A fluid consisting of either a liquid or a mixture of a liquid and a gas is intimately contacted with solid particles by introducing the fluid into a contacting vessel to form a fluidized layer of the solid particles. A bed of porous packing is also placed in the contacting vessel and the upper end of the fluidized layer of solid particles is located within the porous packed bed.

Abstract: Coke is produced with high yield and low sulfur by heating and drying ground coking coal at 200.degree. to 300.degree. C. for 15 to 120 minutes in air, and then heating in two semicoking stages in nitrogen in fluidized bed reactors. The first semicoking stage is 400.degree. to 600.degree. C. for 10 to 60 minutes while the second is 800.degree. to 1,100.degree. C. for 10 to 60 minutes. Tar is condensed from the offgases of the first semicoking stage and the residual gas is divided and 15 to 95% recycled to the first semicoking reactor. Similarly, 15 to 95% of the offgases from the second semicoking reactor is recycled. The condensed tar is fed to the final coke-forming operation.

Abstract: A fluidized bed apparatus suitable for the combustion of fuel has a baffle assembly arranged in the freeboard above the fluidized bed level. The assembly is in the form of a perforate duct which defines within it a passage connecting with the gas exit of the apparatus. Gases issuing from the bed, in use, and carrying bed material impinge upon the duct and are arranged to follow a vortical path around the duct, resulting in a deceleration of the particles which fall back into the bed. The gases pass into the duct for exhaust substantially free from contamination by bed material. The baffle assembly is of particular value where a gas flows horizontally to a gas exit and prevents or substantially reduces elutriation.

Abstract: This invention concerns a carbonization and desulfurization process in which elevated pressures are used so that the product gases contain sufficient hydrogen for use as a recycle stream in the carbonization and desulfurization. The elevated pressures permit product recovery systems for the gas products which utilize the elevated pressures of the carbonization and desulfurization.

Abstract: Raw tar sand is treated in a fluidized bed reactor means wherein the raw tar sands are fed into an area below the top of the bed. The bitumen is converted in the process in a reducing atmosphere including steam to produce hot coked sand and hot off-gases. Off-gases from the reactor means pass through a heat exchanger means to preheat fresh (raw) tar sand. The cooled off-gases are separated to recover raw oil, while at least a portion of the separated gases are recycled to the reactor means, to retrieve and retain heat in the system by passing upwardly through hot spent sand. Steam and oxygen are injected into the lower area of the fluid bed in an area above the spent sand zone to burn off coked sand so as to produce heat for the cracking zone.

Abstract: This invention is directed to a process for converting coal into useful liquids, solids, and gases, by combined processes of coal carbonization and liquefaction in which the carbonization reaction yields hydrogen suitable for the liquefaction. The heavy liquid products from the liquefaction and the carbonization may be combined with the solid char to form a metallurgical coke. Other liquids may be treated and converted into useful industrial hydrocarbon chemicals. The gases from the combined reactions yield a fuel gas as well as a hydrogen stream suitable for use in the overall processing.

Abstract: A process of reacting finely divided material in a fluidized bed supported by a circular grate in relative circular motion with regard to a cell enclosing an auxiliary bed which has a bottom in free communication with the main fluidized bed and which is in hydrostatic equilibrium with the latter, whereby slag settled on the grate is sorted and extracted.

Abstract: In the partial or full combustion of fuels in a fluidized bed, the provision of heat transfer surfaces within the bed impedes particle circulation resulting in localized regions of relative intense chemical reaction which can damage the heat transfer surfaces and cause detrimental physical and/or chemical changes in the bed particles. This problem is exacerbated when the bed is relatively deep and narrow and when the part of full combustion is effected under pressure. In the invention, at least one conduit connects an upper region of the bed to a lower region of the bed, and expedients are provided to cause a downward particle flow through the conduit(s) thereby promoting an upward flow in the bed. Heat exchange surfaces may be in the bed and/or in the conduit(s).

Abstract: A thermal decomposition process and apparatus of the fluidized bed type for organic solid materials, particularly organic solid waste material contained in urban rubbish comprising a fluidized bed thermal decomposition furnace, the interior of which is divided by a partition plate into two zones, namely a first zone for thermally decomposing the organic solid waste material in the absence of oxygen and a second zone mainly for burning the carbonized material produced as a result of thermal decomposition of the organic solid waste material. Non-condensable components of the gas resulting from the thermal decomposition of the organic solid waste material are recirculated as fluidizing gas into the first zone, while air is used as the fluidizing gas for the second zone. Heat for the thermal decomposition in the first zone is obtained from the combustion in the second zone and transferred by the intertransfer of fluidized solids between zones beneath the partition plate.

Abstract: A gas generator is provided for the production of gas from fuel and steam under conditions of high pressure and temperature. The requisite temperature is preferably provided by a nuclear reactor. The gas generator includes a cylinder wth a hollow interior. Extending transversely through the hollow interior of the cylinder is a container. Tubular heat exchangers are vertically arranged over the length, width and height of the cylinder in such a manner that the density of heating surfaces decreases along the length of the container.

Abstract: A two-stage coal gasification system in which high temperature synthesis gas produced in a downflowing gasifier containing a high quantity of sensible heat is subsequently reacted in a pyrolyzing reactor with a charge of carbonaceous material and limestone at a reduced temperature to utilize the sensible heat contained in the gas and simultaneously produce an increase in the hydrocarbon content thereof.

Abstract: Solid carbonaceous materials are pyrolyzed by feeding the carbonaceous material along with a particulate source of heat to a fast fluidized bed contained within a vertically disposed duct. An internally circulating stream of spent particulate source of heat and carbon containing solid residue of the pyrolysis of the carbonaceous material flows upwardly along the inner surface of the duct, thereby preventing carbonaceous material from caking on the duct.

Abstract: A fluidized bed apparatus having an outer vessel provided at a lower region with a plenum chamber as well as a grid situated directly above the plenum chamber and carrying a plurality of nozzles through which gas flows from the plenum chamber into the space in the vessel above the grid. These nozzles provide a given pressure drop in the gas flowing therethrough while as the gas flows from the plenum chamber through each nozzle there is also provided by way of a suitable structure a preliminary pressure drop, so that a two-stage pressure drop is provided in the gas flowing through each nozzle from the plenum chamber into the vessel above the grid. In this way it is possible to achieve a flow of gas above the grid sufficient to maintain the particles suspended in the fluidized bed while attrition of the particles is maintained at a minimum so that very little if any fines flow out of the vessel with gas which is formed therein.

Abstract: An apparatus for treating raw material comprises a mixing chamber having fuel and air inlets for admitting therein fuel and air which are mixed to produce a combustible mixture. A combustion chamber receives the combustible mixture and burns the same to evolve hot products of combustion which are fed directly into an adjoining conditioning chamber. Additional gas is supplied to the conditioning chamber and mixed with the products of combustion to form a conditioned treating gas having a prescribed temperature and composition. To promote rapid and uniform mixing of the gases and hence form a uniform treating gas, the conditioning chamber is connected directly to and has a volume one and one-half to six times greater than that of the combustion chamber. A treating chamber disposed downstream from the conditioning chamber receives both the preconditioned treating gas and the raw material to be treated and the raw material is acted thereon by the treating gas while temporarily stored in the treating chamber.

Abstract: A process for converting a finely divided carbonaceous material, particularly coal, to a fuel gas. A finely divided or pulverized carbonaceous feed material, such as coal, is pretreated at a temperature of about 700.degree. - 800.degree. F in order to destroy the caking properties of a caking coal feed in a fluidized pretreatment zone, or, alternatively to dry a non-caking coal feed. The pretreated coal is passed from a pretreatment zone to a gasification zone wherein the carbonaceous feed material or coal is maintained as a fluid bed at selected conditions for converting the pretreated material to ash and a gaseous mixture. During the pretreatment of the feed material, hot off gases are formed and the hot off gases, which generally comprise steam, tars, oils, and carbonaceous fines, are passed from the pretreatment zone to the underside of the fluid bed in the gasification zone.

Abstract: Coke is produced with high yield and low sulfur by heating and drying ground coking coal at 200.degree. to 300.degree. C. for 15 to 120 minutes in air, and then heating in three semicoking stages in fluidized bed reactors. The first semicoking stage is 300.degree. to 470.degree. C. for 10 to 20 minutes; the second is 400.degree. to 600.degree. C. for 10 to 20 minutes; while the third is 800.degree. to 1100.degree. C. for 10 to 20 minutes. Tar is condensed from the offgases of the first two semicoking stages and the residual gas from each is divided and 60 to 80% recycled as fluidizing gas to the same semicoking reactor. 10 to 20% of the offgases from the third semicoking stage is recycled to the third stage as fluidizing gas. In addition, oxygen is used as make-up fluidizing gas in each of the three stages, in the amount of 10 to 30 liters per kilogram of dry coal in the first stage, 5 to 20 liters per kilogram of dry coal in the second stage, and 40 to 100 liters per kilogram of dry coal in the third stage.

Abstract: Pyrolyzing pulverized coal to form char and volatiles, separating the char from the volatiles, burning the char in heat-transfer relationship with a stoichiometric excess of air, forming thereby ash and a mixture of gases, the excess of air being chosen to produce in the ash a temperature below the fusion temperature thereof, separating the mixture of gases from the ash, and thereafter burning the volatiles in the mixture of gases.

Abstract: A process and apparartus for gasifying coal or other carbon containing material in which at least a gas stream communicates which comprises providing a fluidizing bed reaction chamber disposed upstream and a jet-system reaction chamber disposed downstream, providing means for supplying an object of gasification such as coal and a gasifying agent in said jet-system reaction chamber, providing a dust removing device at the exit flue of said jet-system reaction chamber, said fluidizing bed reaction chamber having a system of supplying collected solid of said dust removing device, means for supplying a gasifying agent and means for taking out ashes.

Abstract: A fluid coking process is provided in which a relatively large amount of hydrogen sulfide is added to the coker fluidizing gas. A preferred fluidizing gas is a mixture of hydrogen and hydrogen sulfide.

Abstract: A pyrolysis reactor has a feed system which includes one or more circularly arcuate feed tubes removably inserted through the outer wall of the reactor. Each feed tube is slidably disposed in a corresponding circularly arcuate external guide sleeve for positioning the discharge end of each feed tube at a predetermined location and orientation within the reactor. A hot particulate material normally suspended in a fluid carrier is fed into the reactor. The inlet end(s) of the feed tube(s) can be connected to a source of particulate agglomerative carbonaceous material suspended in a fluid carrier for injection into the reactor, preferably at a location where the hot particulate material is uniformly distributed throughout the cross-section of the reactor. Means can be provided to cool the particulate agglomerative carbonaceous material during transit through the feed tube(s) to prevent agglomeration in the feed tube(s).

Abstract: A distribution plate for a recirculating fluidized bed has a centrally disposed opening and a plurality of apertures adjacent the periphery to eliminate dead spots within the bed.

Abstract: The relatively small degree of backmixing of gas in a well-arranged fast fluidized bed is exploited to introduce heat into a fluidized bed reaction system wherein a fluidized bed treatment zone receiving heat and for the purpose of conducting an endothermic treatment of matter can have a gas atmosphere, such as relatively pure steam, that is maintained independently of and without admixture by any gas or gases that are associated with a step for introducing the heat. The treatment advantageously constitutes a treatment of a carbonaceous matter, such as coal or petroleum or municipal solid waste, with hot steam for purpose of gasifying or carbonizing or cracking the matter. The arrangement is also useful for a broad range of endothermic chemical or physical treatment of matter at high temperature.

Abstract: A process for the dry distillation of used rubber in a fluidized bed-forming oven comprises heating used rubber under agitation in the presence of solid particles to temperatures sufficient to make the rubber pulverized and further heating the thus-obtained rubber particles to temperatures sufficient to pyrolyze the rubber particles while forming a fluidized bed thereof and burning a part thereof in the stream of an oxygen-containing fluidizing gas.

Abstract: A process for the conversion of carbonaceous materials containing sulphur to an essentially sulphur-free combustible gas by gasification, comprising partially gasifying the carbonaceous material in a first circulating fluid bed by supplying to said zone adjusted streams of the carbonaceous material, finely-divided CaO-containing material and steam, separating solid materials from streams of gases and solid materials leaving said reaction zone, subjecting an adjusted fraction stream of said solid materials to separation of ashes and sulphur purification and then returning this stream to the reaction zone, transferring the rest of the solid materials to a second circulating fluid bed, wherein the solid materials by partial combustion with an adjusted stream of gases containing molecular oxygen is heated to an overtemperature which is adjusted by controlling the content of oxygen of the gas in such a way that the materials after separation from the reaction gases and recirculation to the first fluid bed satisfie

Abstract: In the production of formed coke, the temperatures and times of the oxidation and carbonization phases can be reduced if 5 to 12% by volume of oxygen is included in the fluidizing gas in a fluidized bed reactor in which the carbonization phase is conducted.

Abstract: A process for continuously gasifying carbonaceous material using fluidizing medium and oxygen-containing gas, under controlled feed rates and certain delivery conditions, and under selective processing conditions to produce a product rich in carbon monoxide and hydrogen is provided. If desired, the product can be produced with increased amounts of methane. Gasification is conducted under pressure in a fluidized bed to produce a gaseous reaction product, and char solids are coproduced. Additional increments of oxygen-containing gas with steam is selectively introduced. The product is passed through a dilute-phase, maintained at certain temperatures, at a certain superficial velocity, and for a certain residence time. The presence of undesirable heavy hydrocarbon by-products is precluded. Char, in removal from the bottom of the bed, is contacted with steam or inert gas to recover sensible heat. Cooled product gas is provided having less than about 4 grains of solid per scf at certain conditions.

Abstract: A method of preconditioning agglomerating coal particles to substantially prevent agglomeration of a fluid-bed reaction zone in a reactor comprising preheating thd coal particles in dense phase flow, rapidly oxidizing the particles in a vertical standpipe having a regulated thermal environment, pressurizing the particles to a pressure above reactor pressure and introducing the preconditioned coal particles into the fluid-bed reactor zone at substantially reaction pressure for reaction at an elevated temperature and at reaction pressure in the presence of a reagent.

Abstract: An improved two-step fluid bed process for conditioning sized, agglomerative, high volatile bituminous coal is disclosed. The agglomerative bituminous coal is first crushed and sized for fluidization. A first treatment is conducted under oxidizing conditions at below the fusion temperature of the coal, preferably at about 600.degree. F., followed immediately by a second treatment under a non-oxidizing or inert atmosphere at preferably 800.degree. F. .+-.50.degree. F. The resulting oxidized and heat treated coal particles have a volatile content of at least 15% and are thereby rendered non-agglomerative when thereafter subjected to even higher temperatures, e.g., when making activated carbon and/or synthesis gas.

Abstract: This invention is a process for the continuous and simultaneous retorting and hydrocracking of the carbonaceous materials found in such carbon containing solids as oil shale, coal, tar sands, lignite, and/or other carbon containing solids, and/or heavy liquids to produce low boiling liquid hydro-carbons and/or a gaseous product suitable for the subsequent production of methane or synthetic natural gas. It is a process by which high to very high molecular weight carbonaceous materials can be effectively and economically converted at high yields to either a low boiling crude of from 30.degree. to 60.degree. API gravity or a gas suitable for the subsequent production of methane, or both.