Abstract: A method of separating sludge which involves adding an insoluble mineral colloidal suspension into an industrial sludge to destabilize the industrial sludge and separating destabilized components of the industrial sludge. The insoluble mineral colloidal suspension includes magnesium hydroxide. In an alternative embodiment dry finely divided magnesium hydroxide can be added and then dispersed into an industrial sludge. Conventional flocculants and/or coagulants can also be added. Conventional physical separation processes can be used to separate the destabilized industrial sludge.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a method for producing metallurgical coke from non-coking coal. The method comprising, densifying, the non-coking coal to form pellets. The densified pellets will be placed in a microwave oven within plurality of bricks and are subjected for pyrolysis. For carrying our pyrolysis, the pellets are carried out by heating, the pellets in the microwave oven at a predetermined temperature under an inert atmosphere at atmospheric pressure, and then the pellets are cooled in the microwave oven under the inert atmosphere. This process coverts non-coking coal to the metallurgical coke in a quicker time, and without use of any susceptors.

Abstract: A method for producing ferrocoke in which it is possible to use a cheap and poor-quality coal having a high ash content while suppressing the decrease of the strength in ferrocoke or formed coke and a special coal mixing is not performed with respect to the fusion frequently causing problems in the carbonization with the shaft furnace. In a method for producing ferrocoke by molding and carbonizing a mixture of coal and iron ore, the coal is a single coal or a mixture of plural coals and a non-caking or slight caking coal having a load average value of ash content of not less than 10.7% and a load average value of mean maximum reflectance of not less than 0.81% is used.

Abstract: A feedstock delivery system transfers a carbonaceous material, such as municipal solid waste, into a product gas generation system. The feedstock delivery system includes a splitter for splitting bulk carbonaceous material into a plurality of carbonaceous material streams. Each stream is processed using a weighing system for gauging the quantity of carbonaceous material, a densification system for forming plugs of carbonaceous material, a de-densification system for breaking up the plugs of carbonaceous material, and a gas and carbonaceous material mixing system for forming a carbonaceous material and gas mixture. A pressure of the mixing gas is reduced prior to mixing with the carbonaceous material, and the carbonaceous material to gas weight ratio is monitored. A transport assembly conveys the carbonaceous material and gas mixture to a first reactor where at least the carbonaceous material within the mixture is subject to thermochemical reactions to form the product gas.

Abstract: This invention relates to an apparatus and a method for multistage hierarchical pyrolysis and gasification of solid fuels. The apparatus comprises a feeding device 1, a multistage fluidized bed reactor 6, a residual discharging valve 9, a cyclone 10 and a condenser 11. A gas inlet is provided at the bottom of the multistage fluidized bed reactor 6 and a number of stages of fluidized beds 3 are provided within the multistage fluidized bed 6, wherein the fluidized beds 3 are separated by a number of perforated distributors 5. The top stage fluidized bed 3 is connected with the feeding device 1 and the coal fed thereto is heated by char obtained from pyrolysis in this stage and the mixture of high temperature ascending pyrolysis and gasification gas to undergo pyrolysis reactions at low temperature, thereby to obtain solid particles after preliminary pyrolytic process.

Abstract: A method for estimating the thermal plasticity of coal and a caking additive by observing the thermal plasticity of coal and a caking additive under the condition that sufficiently simulates an environment surrounding thermal plastic coal and a caking additive in a coke oven and to provide a method for preparing coal of a brand having a specified quality by making clear the required quality of a coal brand which can be ideally used for manufacturing high-strength coke by using the estimation method. A method for preparing coal for coke making, the method including adjusting a permeation distance of one or more kinds of coal to a specified value or less when plural coal brands are blended as materials to be used for coke making is used.

Abstract: A method for reducing the coking time in the oven area near the door or end wall and for improving coke quality and situation of emissions by compensating for radiation losses through coke oven chamber doors and end walls is described. This compensation is accomplished by varying the height of the coal cake in the environment of the frontal coke oven chamber doors. The variation is achieved both by increasing or decreasing the coal cake over part of the length or over the entire length of the coke oven chamber door. The reduction in the height of the coal cake can be generated by omission of coal or coal compacts, the increase in height can be accomplished by stacking of coal and pressing or adding of coal compacts, with it also being envisaged to omit the pressing cycle so as to obtain a recess with a lower coal cake density which also has less heat radiation.

Abstract: A disposal method for entirely recycling solid refuse includes the following steps: sorting, crushing, drying, pressing with high pressure to shaped articles, producing charcoal from combustible refuse in high temperature and firing incombustible refuse in high temperature, at last cooling high temperature articles to obtain solid fuel with various shapes and bricks or board used for building. The method achieves entirely recycling house refuse, especial solid refuse. The method recycles solid refuse to obtain fuel and building material with economic value. The method is simple and its processing cost is low.

Abstract: A method for producing individual compacts made of coke and suitable for coke oven chambers by dividing a coal cake in a non-mechanical manner, wherein the coal cake is produced by a compression method according to the prior art and the coal cake is divided by non-mechanical, energy-supplying media, and the non-mechanical media supplying shearing energy are, for example, a laser beam, a high-pressure water jet, an abrasive-solid jet, an ultrasonic beam, a compressed-air jet, or a gas jet. By using the method, coal compacts can be produced from coal cakes without forming dust, without wearing out cutting tools, and with high precision.

Abstract: A method for compacting coal in a manner suitable for coke oven chambers is described. The coal is initially compressed by means of a suitable compressing device into one or more coal cakes, and the obtained coal cakes are divided into compacted products by a cutting device. The compacted products are stacked on top of the each other such that they can be loaded into a coke oven chamber for coking. The compacted products enable the coke oven chambers to be loaded in a precise and a coal loss-free manner. The coal compacted products are easy to store.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method and device for charging the chambers of a coke oven with compacted coal. The method includes placing a plurality of adhesion reduction particles onto a coke oven charging plate, the particles being configured to reduce at least one of adhesion forces and friction forces present between the charging plate and compacted coal to be loaded thereon, loading compacted coal onto the charging plate, moving the charging plate loaded with compacted coal to the coke oven chamber, and slidably removing the compacted coal from the charging plate such that the compacted coal is disposed in the coke oven chamber. The device comprises a metal plate configured to load compacted coal into the coke oven, a plurality of adhesion reduction particles affixed to the metal plate by an adhesive layer, and a device used to move the metal plate to a front of the firing chamber of the coke oven.

Abstract: In the raw coke composition of the invention, as the starting material for a negative electrode material of a lithium ion secondary battery, the ratio of the crystallite size Lc(002) and lattice constant co(002) (Lc(002)/co(002)) on the 002 plane is no greater than 180, and the ratio of the crystallite size La(110) and the lattice constant ao(110) (La(110)/ao(110)) on the 110 plane is no greater than 1500, as determined by X-ray diffraction upon graphitizing in an inert gas atmosphere at a temperature of 2800° C.

Abstract: The invention provides an apparatus and method for thermolysis of waste plastic in which reaction residue and carbonization products are continuously removed. The apparatus includes a feeding system, an extruder, a reactor for thermolysis, a dual agitator housed within the reactor, a trigger system in operative connection with the reactor, a flux heater, and a collecting system in operative connection with the reactor. The reactor for thermolysis has a height at least 1.5 times bigger than a diameter. The trigger system includes a circulation pump and the collecting system has a three-way valve in an external circulation loop. The apparatus is arranged such that the extruder follows the feeding system, the reactor follows the extruder, the trigger system is at a bottom of the reactor, and the flux heater and collecting system follow the reactor.

Abstract: The invention provides an apparatus for thermolysis of waste plastics, particularly polyolefins. The apparatus includes a feeding system, an extruder, a main thermolysis reactor, a dual propeller/mixer housed within the reactor, and a discharging system. The height of the thermolysis reactor is at least 1.5 times bigger than the diameter. The apparatus is arranged such that the extruder follows the plastic feeding system, the thermolysis reactor follows the extruder, and the discharge system follows the thermolysis reactor. The invention also provides a method for using the apparatus for thermolysis of waste plastics. In this method, reaction feedstock, reaction residuals, and reaction products are removed continuously.

Abstract: A system and process capable of promoting the energy content of a syngas produced from a biomass material. The system and process entail compacting a loose biomass material and simultaneously introducing the compacted biomass material into an entrance of a reactor tube, and then heating the compacted biomass material within the tube to a temperature at which organic molecules within the biomass material break down to form ash and a fuel gas mixture. The fuel gas mixture is withdrawn from the tube and the ash is removed from the tube through an exit thereof. The entrance and exit of the tube, the compaction step, and the removal step cooperate to inhibit ingress of air into the tube by forming a plug of the biomass material at the entrance of the tube and a plug of ash at the exit of the tube.

Abstract: Embodiments of systems, devices, and methods for treating, remediating, or abating carbon-containing wastes generate at least one of clean water; non-toxic, non-hazardous ash; or power. Some embodiments are modular, permitting rapid deployment, flexible configuration, and easy transportation. Embodiments of the systems treat carbon-containing aqueous waste, carbon-containing waste, or a combination thereof. The systems, devices, and methods are particularly suited to treating hydrocarbon-containing waste generated in oil and natural gas drilling and hydrofracturing.

Abstract: A process for forming and maintaining a carbonaceous bed with coke replacement units suitable for use in pyrolytic processes includes the steps of: forming a plurality of non-coke units that are either or both irregularly shaped natural wood blocks and bricks including carbon-containing fines and one or more binders; forming an initial carbonaceous bed by a quantity of particles of coke in which at least about 25% of the carbon content of the initial bed is provided by said quantity of non-coke units and up to about 75% of the carbon content of the initial bed is provided by said quantity of particles of coke; and performing a pyrolytic process with the carbonaceous bed including reacting carbon in the bed with other added process material at an elevated temperature in the bed and supplementing carbon material during the pyrolytic process by adding additional carbon material of which at least 25% of the additional carbon material is not coke.

Abstract: The invention refers to a tunnel typed coking furnace with a movable sliding bed and the method using the same belonging to the coking field, comprising a furnace body (48), a front sealing door (7), a back sealing door (25), a branch flue (10), a bottom flue (12) and a main flue (6), comprising a first preparation chamber (3) for coaling, a preheating segment (50), a carbonization segment (51), a coke dry quenching segment (52), and a second preparation chamber (23) for coke outlet; each part has different formation from the others, and are interconnected in series with the others; the sliding bed (37) for coaling and tamping coal material (44) passes through the abovementioned five segment in series in order to coke.

Abstract: A method for producing a coal cake that is suitable for coking and for subsequent charging of a coking oven chamber. At least one vibrating station including a push-table vibrating machine with an oscillatorily mounted vibrating table is provided. A mould box is clamped to the vibrating table. The mould box is filled with granular raw coal material. A weight is placed on top of the mould box. The mould box is vertically oscillated while the weight presses from above into the mould box so as to mould a vibration-compacted coal block. The vibration-compacted coal block is pushed off the vibrating table, using an ejector, onto an underlying support. The vibration-compacted coal block is pushed on the underlying support by a length (x) of the vibration-compacted coal block successive to another vibration-compacted coal block. The vibration-compacted coal blocks are successively stacked so as to form the coal cake. The coal cake is introduced into the coking oven chamber using a transporting device.

Abstract: The present invention provides a raw coke having such a structure that the graphitized product resulting from graphitization of the raw coke at a temperature of 2800° C. under an inactive gas atmosphere will have ratios of the crystallite size to the lattice constant of 360 or less in the (002) plane and 1500 or less in the (110) plane, as a raw coke providing active carbon produced by alkali-activating the raw coke, which is reduced in remaining alkali content and can simplify washing operation because washing liquid can easily pass through the activated carbon, or as a raw coke for the production of needle coke.

Abstract: A method for reducing the coking time in the oven area near the door or end wall and for improving coke quality and situation of emissions by compensating for radiation losses through coke oven chamber doors and end walls is disclosed. This compensation is accomplished by varying the height of the coal cake in the environment of the frontal coke oven chamber doors. The variation is achieved both by increasing or decreasing the coal cake over part of the length or over the entire length of the coke oven chamber door. The reduction in the height of the coal cake can be generated by omission of coal or coal compacts, the increase in height can be accomplished by stacking of coal and pressing or adding of coal compacts, with it also being envisaged to omit the pressing cycle so as to obtain a recess with a lower coal cake density which also has less heat radiation.

Abstract: According to the invention, the loose coal is displaced from the peaks to the valleys of the waves on the narrow, long coal cake and is beaten down on the coal cake. The inventive device comprises at least one scraper (12) and at least one vertically movable impact plate (13) that are disposed one behind another and are fitted with a connection (7) to a holder. Furthermore, means are provided for generating a relative movement between the scraper (12) and the impact plate (13) and between the scraper (12) and a stamping form. The scraper (12) and the impact plate (13) are interconnected by means of a device frame (14) so as to form a structural unit (6) that is connected to the holder. Preferably, the structural unit (6) can be moved along the stamping form and is equipped with a drive unit. For this purpose, the holder encompasses a guide that extends along the stamping form as well as a carriage or a car which can be slid or moved on said guide and to which the unit (6) is connected with the aid of a boom.

Abstract: The present invention provides feedstock compositions for use of the production of an activated carbon for electric double layer capacitor electrodes or the production of needle coke, comprising a first heavy oil with an initial boiling point of 300° C. or higher, an asphalten content of 12 percent by mass or less, a saturate content of 50 percent by mass or more and a sulfur content of 0.3 percent by mass or less, produced as a residue resulting from vacuum-distillation of a petroleum-based oil and a second heavy oil with an initial boiling point of 150° C. or higher and a sulfur content of 0.5 percent by mass or less, produced by subjecting a hydrocarbon oil to fluidized catalytic cracking.

Abstract: The present invention provides a raw coke having such a structure that the graphitized product resulting from graphitization of the raw coke at a temperature of 2800° C. under an inactive gas atmosphere will have ratios of the crystallite size to the lattice constant of 360 or less in the (002) plane and 1500 or less in the (110) plane, as a raw coke providing active carbon produced by alkali-activating the raw coke, which is reduced in remaining alkali content and can simplify washing operation because washing liquid can easily pass through the activated carbon, or as a raw coke for the production of needle coke.

Abstract: Method for pretreating the fine particles of a biomass. What is essential in the method is that, for pretreating the fine particles for the gasification, the fine particles are granulated by means of pellet presses or suitable briquetting devices or corresponding granulating devices such that their particle size is advantageous for coking and for the quenching of syngas.

Abstract: A method of production of blast furnace coke comprising drying mixed coal, then, or simultaneously with the drying, classifying it to fine-grained coal and coarse-grained coal, then adding to the fine-grained coal at a temperature of 80 to 350° C. a caking additive comprised of one or more of a heavy distillate of tar, soft pitch, and petroleum pitch, agglomerating it by hot pressing, then mixing the clumps of coal and the coarse-grained coal and charging and carbonizing the mixture in a coke oven.

Abstract: Closed apparatus and processes by which carbon feedstock is composed of a mixture of non-coking coal fines and another carbonaceous material, such as waste coke fines, are described. The coal and coke fines are mixed together and may be formed into solid pieces. The mixture alone or as solid pieces is fired through pyrolyzation into solid pieces of coke, with solid and gaseous by-products of pyrolyzation being recycled for use within the coke-producing closed system, thereby reducing or eliminating release of undesirable substances to the environment. A char-forming binder may or may not be added to the carbon mixture prior to pyrolyzation.

Abstract: A method of reducing sulfur-containing gases during conversion of a coal slab into metallurgical coke is disclosed. A sulfur-reducing agent is added to a coal slab, which may contain compacted coal aggregate. The coal slab, including the sulfur-reducing agent, is heated to produce metallurgical coke, which results in a reduced amount of sulfur-containing gases relative to an amount of sulfur-containing gases that would be produced by converting the coal slab into metallurgical coke without adding the sulfur-reducing agent to the coal slab before the coal slab is heated. The sulfur-reducing agent may be applied as a coating to the coal slab. The sulfur-reducing agent may include at least one of calcium carbonate, limestone, lime, magnesium carbonate, magnesium oxide, and the like.

Abstract: According to the invention, the loose coal is displaced from the peaks to the valleys of the waves on the narrow, long coal cake and is beaten down on the coal cake. The inventive device comprises at least one scraper (12) and at least one vertically movable impact plate (13) that are disposed one behind another and are fitted with a connection (7) to a holder. Furthermore, means are provided for generating a relative movement between the scraper (12) and the impact plate (13) and between the scraper (12) and a stamping form. The scraper (12) and the impact plate (13) are interconnected by means of a device frame (14) so as to form a structural unit (6) that is connected to the holder. Preferably, the structural unit (6) can be moved along the stamping form and is equipped with a drive unit. For this purpose, the holder encompasses a guide that extends along the stamping form as well as a carriage or a car which can be slid or moved on said guide and to which the unit (6) is connected with the aid of a boom.

Abstract: A method for producing non-recovery/heat recovery coke may include the steps of providing a container, disposing a volume of loose coal into the container such that a vertical dimension of the volume of loose coal in the container is smaller than a horizontal dimension of the volume of loose coal, applying a force to the coal in the container to produce a volume of compacted coal having a substantially uniform density which is larger than that of the loose coal, disposing the compacted coal into a non-recovery/heat recovery type oven, and heating the compacted coal to produce coke. The method may also include the steps of providing a container, and moving the non-recovery/heat recovery coke mass from the oven at a substantially constant elevation to the container, quenching the coke mass in the container to produce a quenched coke mass, and removing the quenched coke mass from the container.

Abstract: The present invention provides an autothermal torrefaction device, which can be either stationary of mobile. Embodiments of the present invention include a torrefaction chamber having a chamber inlet for receiving biomass and at least one chamber outlet. The torrefaction chamber can be substantially surrounded by an exterior housing defining an outer jacket and having a jacket inlet and a jacket outlet. The outer jacket and torrefaction chamber define a space therebetween such that a burner unit including an inlet operatively connected to the chamber outlet and an outlet operatively connected to the jacket inlet allows vapors produced or released from within the torrefaction chamber to travel into the burner unit for combustion of at least a portion of the vapors and subsequently travel through the space between the jacket and the torrefaction chamber to provide heat necessary for autothermal torrefaction of biomass.

Abstract: A process and plant for producing metallurgical coke is disclosed. The process comprises rapidly drying coal particles in an inert atmosphere, and maintaining the particles, once dry, in an inert atmosphere. The dried particles are then compressed into a briquette without addition of a binder. The briquette is heated to a temperature between 1000° C. and 1400° C. for a period of between 1 and 5 hours to produce metallurgical coke.

Abstract: A method of production of blast furnace coke comprising drying mixed coal, then, or simultaneously with the drying, classifying it to fine-grained coal and coarse-grained coal, then adding to the fine-grained coal at a temperature of 80 to 350° C. a caking additive comprised of one or more of a heavy distillate of tar, soft pitch, and petroleum pitch, agglomerating it by hot pressing, then mixing the clumps of coal and the coarse-grained coal and charging and carbonizing the mixture in a coke oven.

Abstract: A retort heating apparatus for processing a feed material includes a heating chamber bounded at least in part by a side wall. A plurality of baffles are at least partially disposed within the heating chamber. Each baffle includes an elongated body having a top surface, at least a portion of the top surface being arched. The plurality of baffles are vertically and horizontally spaced apart so that substantially all of the feed material that vertically passes through the heating chamber is horizontally displaced as the feed material passes by the baffles. Systems are also provided for heating the feed material within the heating chamber.

Abstract: Related to a blast furnace coke and a production method thereof. A coke having high reactivity and high strength in which coke strength, reactivity with CO2 and a pore size distribution are each at a desired level can be produced at a low cost by using a coal blend composed of a small number of brands comprising a large quantity of caking coal having medium rank and low fluidity. The blast furnace coke, being obtained by charging a coal blend comprising 60 wt % or more of semi-heavy caking coal having medium rank and low fluidity in which a content of inert component is 30 vol % or more in total or another coal blend comprising 60 wt % to 95 wt % of semi-heavy caking coal having medium rank and low fluidity in which mean reflectance (Ro) is 0.9 to 1.1 and maximum fluidity (MF) is less than 3.0 and the balance being a caking coal in which mean reflectance (Ro) exceeds 1.

Abstract: The aim of the invention is to provide a method and a stamping device which is affiliated with said method. Using known economical stamping techniques, the stamping device permits coke coal cakes which are produced in an edgewise manner to be inserted into a coking furnace in a manner suited for positioning, i.e. in a flat-lying manner. To this end, a coke coal cake (1) having a small cake height and a large cake base surface is stamped inside a stamp die in an edgewise arrangement while using known techniques. Afterwards, the coke coal cake (1) remains in the stamp die and is placed in a position by a tipping and holding device (3) which is placed on the stamp die and which is suited for carrying out functions. In said position, the coke coal cake (1) which has not yet been removed from the die is inserted into the furnace chamber, is removed from the die therein, and is placed on the furnace base.

Abstract: A blast furnace coal is produced by rapidly heating a coal blend having 10 to 30% by weight of a non-slightly-caking coal having softening initiation temperature T with the balance including a caking coal having softening initiation temperature T.sub.0 (T.sub.0 .ltoreq.T +40.degree. C.) at a rate of 1.times.10.sup.3 to 1.times.10.sup.6 .degree. C./min to a temperature region from (T -60.degree. C.) to (T +10.degree. C.) wherein T represents the softening initiation temperature of the non-slightly-caking coal; or rapidly heating a non-slightly-caking coal having softening initiation temperature T and a caking coal having softening initiation temperature T.sub.1 separately at a rate of 1.times.10.sup.3 to 1.times.10.sup.6 .degree. C./min to a temperature region from (T -100.degree. C.) to (T +10.degree. C.), wherein T represents the softening initiation temperature of the non-slightly-caking coal, or a temperature region from (T.sub.1 -100.degree. C.) to (T.sub.1 +10.degree. C.), wherein T.sub.

Abstract: A method of forming liquid hydrocarbons from solid coal. The coal is pulverized to provide a particulate coal feed, which is then extruded to provide a hollow tube of compressed coal supported inside of a support tube. A clay feed is extruded to provide a hollow tube of compressed clay supported inside of the coal tube and a combustible fuel is burned inside of the clay tube. The temperature of combustion is sufficient to fire the extruded clay and pyrolyze the extruded coal to produce hydrocarbon gases and coal char. The support tube has holes for releasing the hydrocarbon gases, which contain suspended particles formed during combustion. The suspended particles are removed from the hydrocarbon gases to provide clean gases, which are passed through an ionizing chamber to ionize at least a portion thereof. The ionized gases are then passed through a magnetic field to separate them from each other according to their molecular weight.

Abstract: A pyrolytic converter utilizing a rotatable drum surrounded by an outer drum support structure and disposed in an oven chamber pyrolyzes materials including plastic waste, tires, materials from automobile shredding operations, containers and trays of plastic material, rubber, leather, garbage, sewage sludge, coal, oil shale, broken asphalt and the like. These materials are formed into cartridges by a compactor using a reciprocating ram which forms cartridges in an injection tube wherein another ram injects the cartridges into the converter drum.

Abstract: Pieces of coke of high density and strength are made continuously from fine particles of bituminous or subbituminous or lignite coals or of mixtures thereof. The particles are generally oxygenated, mixed with water, compressed to squeeze out some of the water to obtain single bodies which are heat processed lying on a traveling grate on which they undergo drying, pyrolyzing, carbonizing and cooling.Modifications include mixing in with the coal material(s) listed above, coke fines or char or anthracite coal; or limestone; or carbon-reducible oxides such as oxidic ores of Fe, Mn, Cr and quartzite in recited important proportions. Such formed coke bodies are useable in a submerged arc furnace or in a blast furnace or in an open hearth to produce desired intermediate or end metallic products. The pieces of coke with incorporated fine limestone burn without developing SO.sub.2.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for pyrolyzing used tires into a char fraction, wire, fiberglass, oil fraction and gas fraction. The tires are continuously conveyed to a preheating chamber where they are heated to a temperature level of 200.degree. F. to 400.degree. F. The heated tires are metered into a cavity having disposed therein a ram system, which shapes and forces the whole tire into a pipe which leads to a pyrolyzing chamber. The tires form a plug at the front end of the system to prevent the release of toxic gases into the atmosphere and also to prevent air from entering the pyrolyzing chamber. Similarly, solid residue produced by pyrolysis of the apparatus is forced into a discharge column, forming a plug to seal the system at its outlet end. An alternate embodiment of the invention apparatus operated manually can also be used for compacting, neutralizing and disposing of medical waste, infectious materials and the like as well as auto tires.

Abstract: In a process for the recovery of usuable gas from garbage by pyrolysis, the garbage is sorted into a heavy wet vegetable portion and a light dry portion. The light portion is pressed into pellets or granules having characteristics dimensions in a range of 1-50 mm that are dried to a maximum moisture of approximately 25 wt. %, and then are passed to a pyrolysis reactor in which partially burned gas is generated and separated from noncombustible residues. The partially burned gas is taken to a high temperature gas converter where it is converted to fuel gas over a glowing carbonaceous bed. The heavy vegetable fraction of the garbage is taken to a biomass converter in which it is used to generate methane gas.

Abstract: A method for the pyrolytic production of synthetic gas from components of solid materials, including selected segregated post-consumed waste materials, within a pyrolytic gasifier operably heated by an associated furnace, which includes the steps of: preparing the materials for use as furnace fuel; preparing the materials for use as pyrolytically decomposable gassifier fuel by material proparation means; conveying the materials from the material preparation means to material segregation means by material conveying means operably associated therebetween; segregating the materials into selected segregated components of the gassifier fuel by the material segregation means; delivering the components of gasifier fuel into a desired gasifier fuel formula component ratio by gasifier fuel delivery means so as to comprise a gasifier fuel formula mixture; and compacting the gasifier fuel mixture by compacting means operably connected to gasifier fuel delivery means, so as to substantially eliminate entrapped oxygen and

Abstract: An apparatus and process for producing coke in a vertical furnace having an upper part for preheating and devolitalizing raw ovoids of coal, an electrically heated median part for carbonizing and coking the ovoids and a lower part for partially cooling the coked ovoids by counter current flow of recycled product gases recovered from the upper part of the furnace. A cooling chamber is connected to the lower part of the furnace for further cooling the coked ovoids by countercurrent flow of a portion of the recycled product gases which are withdrawn after flowing through the partially cooled coked ovoids and introduced into the upper part of the furnace to prevent condensation of condensibles contained in the product gases. The median part of the furnace may be electrically heated by electrodes, induction coils or a combination of electrodes and induction coils.

Abstract: Organic material is compacted to a density greater than 280 kg/m.sub.3 in a press, is preheated to a temperature of 44.degree.-46.degree. C., is then subjected in an irradiation device to 1-20 electromagnetic wave pulses having a duration of almost 5 s and a frequency between 800 and 2000 MHz and is subsequently subjected to a fermentation causing its heating, until its temperature has risen to 85.degree.-90.degree. C., and is subjected to pyrolysis in a pyrolysis oven. During irradiation, fermentation and pyrolysis no air is supplied to the material.

Abstract: Coke for reactor graphite is produced continuously by coking a hard pitch with a softening point (K.-S.) above 130.degree. C. and a coking residue of at least 45% by weight in a rotary pipe furnace equipped with a moving device and subsequent calcination without intermediate cooling. The temperature of the inner wall of the indirectly heated furnace ranges from about 500.degree. to about 800.degree. C. The gases and vapors formed during the coking process are guided in countercurrent flow to the pitch.

Abstract: Active form coke is made from coal by passing the coal granulate downwardly through a preheating and pyrolysis zone, a heating zone, an aftertreatment zone and a cooling zone by moving respective grate bars of grates in each zone so that a bed of granules on one grate trickles uniformly onto the next lower grate. In the preheating, heating and aftertreatment zone CO.sub.2 or steam are passed through the beds by laterally introducing the gas at one side and withdrawing the gas on the opposite side of a respective bed.

Abstract: Briquettes made from bituminous or sub-bituminous coal or peat are produced by grinding the coal, mixing it with a binder and compacting the mixture. They are then carbonized in a continuous process in a shaft oven. The coal may be predried and the finished briquettes may be preheated, with a subsequent drying and hardening. The carbonization is effected in two stages in an indirectly heated shaft oven, with the evolved gas being taken off about at the mid-height of the oven shaft, processed, and used for heating in the second, high-temperature stage. The flue gases from this high-temperature stage are used for heating in the first stage and for preheating. The second or high-temperature stage is followed by a cooling stage where the gases evolved in the second stage, and mainly comprising hydrogen are used and circulated. The evolved gas in excess is continuously removed from the cooling circuit.

Abstract: A method and apparatus of cooling retort coke is disclosed which provides for cooling hot coke from a coking chamber by direct heat exchange with fine-grained material, preferably coal, and the subsequent separation of the fine-grained material from lump coal which would form the cooling step.

Abstract: Slugs (4) of products dehydrated by compression are thrust into the tube (11) up to the hearth (15). The hot gases from the hearth passing round the tube (11) heat it up in order to release the gases and carbonize the solids which burn in the form of coke in the bottom (16) of the hearth. Household refuse may thus be eliminated not only without expense but with recovery of energy from it.