Abstract: This invention improves efficiencies of existing distilling devices and provides the opportunity to utilize latent heat for heating or cooling purposes. Sufficient heat sources or cooling sinks can drive the invention for mechanical power production. The innovative use of an elongated chamber hydraulic column positive pressure at the bottom to drive condensation; and pertaining negative pressure in a sealed volume at the top to evince evaporation give a new capability. Repeated mechanical inversions of the chamber allows the evaporated vapor volumes to be compressed and driven to condense by the fluid hydraulic column as a piston, eliminating requirements for seals. This allows operation with many fluid separations and in many physical environmental regimes, both internal to the elongated chamber and externally.

Abstract: A structure for a multiple-effect still includes a horizontal shell encompassing a plurality of effects and a series of vertical compound baffles fastened to the horizontal shell and dividing it into a series of pressure-tight chambers. Each chamber along with its associated apparatus constitutes an effect. Each compound baffle comprises a fixed baffle and a removable baffle. A heat exchanger is fastened to the removable baffle and includes an evaporation surface, a condensation surface, and a pressure chamber isolated from the pressure-tight chamber in which it is located. A port in the compound baffle allows evaporate to pass between the pressure chamber and the pressure-tight chamber of an adjacent effect. The shell is provided with a removable top plate to provide access to the heat exchanger and allow removal of the heat exchanger and removable baffle.

Abstract: A compact array of vertical rising film evaporators is disclosed in an evacuated multi-effect process, for desalination of seawater, using waste heat of thermal machines. Vapor produced in one stage is the heat source for the next. This invention is based on a concentric disposition of three different evaporators, at which the first stage is a shell and tube evaporator built in a ring format, where is inserted inside the intermediate stage that is a bundle of vertical tubes in a ring format, and the last stage that is a bundle of vertical tubes placed inside the intermediate stage. By this arrangement, vapor pipelines are eliminated, dimensions are reduced, and heat transfer is improved per the rising film evaporators compared to falling film.

Abstract: A multiple effect distillation chamber includes a plurality of separate distilling chambers and a drain chamber at a downstream end of the distilling chambers. The drain chamber functions to create a vacuum to draw volatile gases and impurities collected at the end of the distilling chambers into the drain chamber. The drain chamber cools the volatile gases via cooling water, whereby the cooling water and volatile gases are not mixed during the cooling process, such that the cooling water may be recycled and reused. The drain chamber may include two heat exchangers, each receiving cooling water from a separate water source. Utilizing separate water sources in conjunction with the dual heat exchangers of the drain chamber enables the flow rates of the cooling water sources to be adjusted to enable the disposal of waste water from the distiller at any desired temperature without affecting other functions of the distillation system.

Abstract: A process arrangement for distilling fuel grade ethanol includes a fermentation portion, a distillation portion, a condensation and dehydration portion, a separation and drying portion and an evaporation portion. The fermentation portion produces beer. The distillation portion, the condensation and dehydration portion and the separation and drying portion receives beer from the fermentation portion and produces hot ethanol vapor and thin stillage. In the evaporation portion, a set of first effect evaporators which are heated either by plant steam or hot ethanol vapor, concentrate thin stillage into mid stillage while producing first effect steam. The first effect steam from the first effect evaporators provides heat to a set of second effect evaporators which concentrate the mid stillage into a syrup for further drying. The second effect evaporators produce second effect steam which is used to heat the distillation portion of the process arrangement.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for cleaning condensate, produced during the production of cellulose pulp, including evaporation of spent liquor, utilizing a cleaning plant having several condensers, coupled in series. Process steam from the last evaporation stage and unclean condensate are introduced into a combined stripper/condenser, the process steam and the condensate being brought to flow in opposite directions so that direct heat exchange occurs, resulting in volatile compounds of the condensate being separated and taken up by the steam with simultaneous indirect cooling, resulting in condensation of the main part of the process steam, and the remaining process steam gradually flowing further on, the process steam being successively cooled first resulting in water and turpentine being condensed and collected and subsequently methanol being condensed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of treating condensates containing compounds, which are more volatile than water, in an evaporation plant, where liquid, such as effluent liquid from a pulp or paper mill is evaporated in multiple effects and where condensates generated in the evaporation are flashed and purified in a steam stripping column. In the method, the condensates from at least two evaporation effects are combined and flashed together, and the vapor obtained from the flashing is made to contact with a condensate stream to be purified in the stripping column, wherefrom the impurities-containing vapor and the purified condensate stream are discharged.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and a device for separating aluminium from chlorosilanes, in particular for separating aluminium trichloride from silicon tetrachloride or trichlorosilane or from mixtures of silicon tetrachloride or trichlorosilane. According to the invention, aluminium chloride is removed from the chlorosilanes silicon tetrachloride and trichlorosilane in a continuous process, without the addition of admixtures, to obtain a residual content of aluminium that is as low as required, by separating the aluminium trichloride and the chlorosilane by distillation, at a temperature approximately greater than 160° C.

Abstract: A method for distilling a fluid which is useful, for instance, in eliminating salt from brackish and/or sea water includes percolating films on plates with multiple effects having several evaporating zones and condensation zones. The evaporation zones (EVAP) and the condensation zones (COND) are vertically arranged. The liquid to be distilled emerges in the top part of the evaporation zone (EVAP). The vapors produced in the evaporation zone (EVAP) are horizontally transferred into the condensation zone (COND) through a communicating connection. The condensed liquid percolates vertically along the walls of the condensation zone and is evacuated from the lower part of the condensation zone. A distilling plant is also provided for implementing the distilling method, and includes plural cascades made up of elementary cells alternatingly assembled in thermal series.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of treating condensates containing compounds, which are more volatile than water, in an evaporation plant, where liquid, such as effluent liquid from a pulp or paper mill is evaporated in multiple effects and where condensates generated in the evaporation are flashed and purified in a steam stripping column. In the method, the condensates from at least two evaporation effects are combined and flashed together, and the vapor obtained from the flashing is made to contact with a condensate stream to be purified in the stripping column, wherefrom the impurities-containing vapor and the purified condensate stream are discharged.

Abstract: The invention disclosed herein provides methods for monitoring performance and efficiency for multi-effect evaporator systems. The invention also provides methods for monitoring the nonvolatile content of liquid products by determination of a boiling point rise. The invention involves monitoring methods that are improved over previous methods in view of their simplicity, and/or effectiveness, and/or, low cost. The methods of the invention enable system monitoring and problem diagnosis using measurements of a relatively small number of relatively easily accessible process operating parameters.

Abstract: A system for recovering glycol from glycol and brine mixtures produced from oil or natural gas wells that combines energy efficiency with a capability for handling salt and other solids contained in the mixture. The system comprises three effect evaporator systems in series. Each effect evaporator system comprises an evaporator, a separator vessel, product pumps, and a solids removal system. The process utilizes the system to remove salt and other solids as well as excess water leaving a glycol stream that can be reused as a hydrate inhibitor. The process begins by preheating a glycol/brine stream comprising approximately fifty percent (50%) glycol. The stream is then subjected to three evaporation cycles. The first evaporation cycle comprises introducing the preheated stream into a suppressed boiling point evaporator where the stream is heated under a constant pressure. The stream pressure is then dropped to cause a portion of the water contained in the stream to vaporize or flash.

Abstract: A thin film distiller is provided which applies distilland to an evaporative side by the use of wicks which work by capillary action. The evaporated vapor is transferred to the condensate side after being compressed to a higher pressure where it is condensed and removed by similar wicks. The condensing and evaporating surfaces are formed on opposing sides of a bellows-like sheet of heat conducting material. The sheet would preferably be formed into a cylindrical shape with the evaporative stage on the outside and the condensing stage on the inside of the cylinder. Either the wicks or the heat conducting material are moved with respect to the other such that the wicks place a thin film of distilland on the evaporative surface. Removal of condensate is performed in a similar manner by the wicks in the condensate stage.

Abstract: A thin film distiller is provided which applies distilland to an evaporative side by the use of wicks which work by capillary action. The evaporated vapor is transferred to the condensate side after being compressed to a higher pressure where it is condensed and removed by similar wicks. The condensing and evaporating surfaces are formed on opposing sides of a bellows-like sheet of heat conducting material. The sheet would preferably be formed into a cylindrical shape with the evaporative stage on the outside and the condensing stage on the inside of the cylinder. Either the wicks or the heat conducting material are moved with respect to the other such that the wicks place a thin film of distilland on the evaporative surface. Removal of condensate is performed in a similar manner by the wicks in the condensate stage.

Abstract: A high output solar fluid distillation system is described that is practical to manufacture and efficient to operate, and can distill a variety of fluids such as water or ethyl alcohol. The distillation system uses a fluid feed system that collects source fluid and adds surfactant to improve wetting properties of the source fluid, and uniformly feeds the fluid to the evaporator. Uniquely designed multiple effect chambers expose the source fluid to multiple solar flux effects to condense a portion of the source fluid into distilled fluid. A fluid drain system separates the distilled fluid from the source fluid, while a front cooling mechanism removes external energy from the distillation by a combination of evaporation, convection and radiation. The resulting distillation system overcomes the high cost and complexity of present high performance solar distillation devices and produces more fluid per cost than low-tech versions.

Abstract: A process for evaporating spent liquor or other waste liquids from cellulose cooking, The evaporation is performed in a multiplicity of evaporators which are coupled in series and in which the evaporation is driven using the liquor steam. The condensates from the steam are divided, in one of more effects, into at least two fractions with respect to purity. The parer fraction from one effect is conveyed, at a high level, into a subsequent effect in the direction of movement of the liquor, while the dirtier fraction is conveyed, at a high level or at the very top, into a preceding effect in the direction of movement of the liquor.

Abstract: The process for the final evaporation has at least two evaporation appliances. These appliances are coupled in series with respect to the black liquor and in parallel with the live steam (primary steam), which drives the evaporation, and with the secondary steam that is generated by the evaporation. The pressure of the primary steam that is supplied to the appliance(s) where the liquor concentration is at the highest concentration is greater than the pressure of the primary steam supplied to the other appliances where the liquor concentration is not so high.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for improving the thermal efficiency of a steam turbine power generating plant while simultaneously desalinating seawater or brine and purifying water which contains minerals, salts, and other dissolved solids. Exhaust gases from a power plant is heat exchanged against water in a secondary ecomomizer which circulates water at a temperature near, or slightly above the dewpoint of the combustion exhaust of the high-pressure boiler. The heated water is flashed to produce low-pressure steam. The low-pressure steam is condensed against the last effect of a multi-effect desalinization unit. Steam from the first effect of the desalination unit is condensed against steam condensate from the power plant turbine to preheat the condensate and thereby recover heat from the power plant's exhaust gas. Salinous water is fed to the multi-effect desalinization unit to produce fresh water and a concentrated brine.

Abstract: Volatile compounds, such as methanol, are separated from secondary condensates formed in multi-effect evaporation of waste liquor, such as black liquor, from cellulose pulp processes. The condensable secondary vapor is condensed into first and second condensate flows, the first of which, smaller in volume, contains the majority of the volatile compounds condensed in the evaporating effect. The first condensate flows from one or more first evaporation effects, and/or condensers of the evaporation plant, are directed for cleaning into a first steam stripping column. At least some of the second flows are directed to a second steam stripping column to be recovered as very clean condensate, cleaner than the condensate flow from the first stripping column and typically have a methanol concentration of less than 25 ppm, preferably about 10 ppm or less.

Abstract: A method for concentrating a clay slurry by subjecting the slurry to indirect heat exchange within a heat exchanger to elevate the temperature of the slurry while specifically suppressing boiling of the liquid within the heat exchanger. The heated slurry is subsequently subjected to a rapid pressure reduction which causes flash evaporation of part of the liquid. The rapid pressure reduction can occur in a separation vessel.

Abstract: Desalination of sea water is achieved using a solar pond that includes a halocline interposed between a convective upper wind mixed layer exposed to the ambient atmosphere, and a lower heat storage layer of hot, concentrated brine, Hot brine from the heat storage layer is flashed into steam which is condensed into desalted water using an indirect heat exchanger cooled by saline water. The latent heat of condensation of the steam warms the saline water and effects evaporation of water therefrom in the form of vapor. The last mentioned water vapor is condensed into desalted water using a two-stage condenser, the first stage of which is an indirect heat exchanger cooled by saline feed water which is heated as a result producing warmed saline feed water that constitutes the saline water used for condensing the steam produced by flashing the brine from the heat storage layer of the pond.

Abstract: A thin film flow-down type concentrating apparatus for concentrating a heat susceptible raw liquid with heated steam to high concentration without spoiling the flavor or deteriorating the quality by alternately laminating raw liquid plates and steam plates 20, in which the width of the raw liquid heating passage 18 is gradually narrowed from the raw liquid inlet to the concentrate outlet. As a result, if the volume of the raw liquid decreases due to evaporation and separation of the moisture in the raw liquid, scorching is prevented. Besides, by the steam generated from the raw liquid, in order to prevent increase of the flow velocity of the concentrate going toward the concentrate exit, the plate intervals of the raw liquid heating passage is gradually widened from the raw liquid inlet toward the concentrate outlet.

Abstract: A concatenable module for a multiple-effect still has a chamber encompassed by four walls and two baffles, where one baffle is shared with the preceeding effect and the other the subsequent effect. Heat exchanger tubes mount into an accumulator which is sealed to a baffle, an aperature in the baffle at the accumulator allows vapors and fluids to flow between modules.A distribution plug seals the top end of a heat exchanger tube while carrying distilland through internal channels until it reaches a ring channel which carries distilland in evenly around the plug. A gap below the ring channel between the plug and tube allow distilland to flow evenly on the tube as it leaves the plug.

Abstract: The disclosed invention is an apparatus for the distillation of liquids. The apparatus has a plurality of vertically-stacked, parallel disks which are rotated. The liquid to be distilled is introduced into the center of the disk stack and migrates by centrifugal force as a thin film across side 1 of each disk. During migration, the more volatile portion evaporates from side 1 and condenses on side 2 of a neighboring disk. Energy requirements for distillation are provided by heat transfer from side 2 to side 1. The apparatus is substantially adiabatic in that vaporization and condensation occur without external supply of heating or cooling.

Abstract: A rotating evaporator device is disclosed for the distillation or concentration of liquids. The rotating evaporator device of the present invention utilizes a multiplicity of pairs of disks wherein each disk pair forms a cavity within which heating vapor condenses on the interior surfaces of the disk pair and evaporation occurs from a thin film of distilland deposited on the outside surfaces of the disk pair by means of flexible wipers pressing on the outside surfaces of the disk pair. The centrifugal force created by the rotation of the disks causes the distillate and distilland films to be very thin resulting in very high heat transfer coefficient. The pairs of disks are joined together at the inside peripheries and are rotated about a stationary hollow shaft wherein heating vapor is introduced into the cavities through ports in the shaft and stationary scoops are connected to the shaft to withdraw the condensate from the circumferential peripheries of the cavities.

Abstract: A distillation apparatus by flashing and boiling of solution and condensing the resulting steam having a central rotating partitioned brine conduit with coupling to a two-disk centrifugal distributor and a wiping blade system in a chamber having at least one conically shaped wall heated by a condensing steam in a spirally formed conduit, and a surrounding annular spiral condenser. The vertical stacking of such conically shaped evaporators and annular spiral condensers with brine inflow and outflow through a central rotating partitioned tubular conduit make up the desalination tower. The solution flowing through the central tubular conduit to the centrifugal distributor is pressurized by the centrifugal force before flashing through spray nozzles. The flowing liquid film formed on the heated conical surface boils with further enhancement from thinning action due to a rotating wiping pivoting blade system.

Abstract: A process and apparatus provide for the evaporation of spent liquors in several stages, and recovery of volatile substances from spent liquors of organic solvent pulping processes. The recovery system for volatiles is integrated with the evaporation of spent liquors. Heating condensation is carried out in each evaporator effect on several heat surfaces separated from each other. Pure water, vapor condensate, or steam may be injected to the warmer side of an evaporator effect in order to increase the condensing temperature of the vapor. The volatiles are typically alcohols (methanol and/or ethanol) used as the cooking liquor in organic solvent pulping.

Abstract: A process and system for treating aluminum salt cake containing water soluble halide salts by contacting the salt cake with water to dissolve water soluble halide salts forming a saturated brine solution. Transporting a portion of about 25% of the saturated brine solution to a reactor and introducing into the saturated brine solution at least an equal volume of a water-miscible low-boiling organic material such as acetone to precipitate a portion of the dissolved halide salts forming a three-phase mixture of an aqueous-organic-salt solution phase and a precipitated salt phase and an organic rich phase. The precipitated salt phase is separated from the other phases and the organic rich phase is recycled to the reactor. The remainder of the saturated brine solution is sent to a multiple effect evaporator having a plurality of stages with the last stage thereof producing low grade steam which is used to boil off the organic portion of the solution which is recycled.

Abstract: A water distiller includes a raw water chamber for storing raw water, a main vaporization tank coupled with the raw water chamber for vaporizing raw water, a condensation device coupled with the main vaporization tank for condensing steam from the main vaporization tank, and a distilled water chamber communicated with the condensing conduit unit for accepting and storing distilled water. An auxiliary vaporization tank is communicated with the main vaporization tank and is mounted on the top end portion of the main vaporization tank. Each of the main and auxiliary vaporization tanks has a generally conical top wall which has a lower end portion that is provided with an annular water collecting groove formed in the inner surface thereof. Each of the water collecting grooves has a bottom wall which has a discharge opening formed therethrough.

Abstract: A process for the purification and concentration of sulfuric acid contained with nitric acid by-products and organic components pursuant to the mixed acid nitration of aromatics.

Abstract: A continuous evaporation process for drying water-wet waste solids and sludges, using a paraffin oil solvent, until the waste is dried to a near-zero wastewater product, without experiencing sticky solids. The invention involves (1) mixing the input solids or sludges with a paraffin oil solvent, (2) feeding the mixture into two or more stages of evaporation in parallel to evaporate some of the water present in the input solids or sludges and to extract some of the indigenous solvent-soluble compounds from the solids, (3) feeding the slurry from the parallel stages of evaporation to one or more final evaporation stages in series, and (4) feeding the slurry from the final stages of evaporation to a centrifuge or other device for separating most of the solvent from the solids.

Abstract: A citrus juice concentrate processing homogenizes a mixture of citrus juice and pulp within or after a multi-effect, multi-stage evaporator. The homogenizer employs a positive displacement pump for pumping the citrus juice mixture through an orifice with a high pressure differential across the orifice. The homogenizer reduces viscosity of the citrus juice mixture. Inter-stage placement of the homogenizer further enables final citrus juice concentrate Brix levels of 72.degree. Brix and greater to be achieved.

Abstract: Aqueous hydrochloric acid of very high purity can be obtained in a process for purifying crude aqueous 5 to 20 wt. % hydrochloric acid. In the purification, process water or a water/HCl mixture is evaporated from the crude aqueous hydrochloric acid at a pressure of from 0.01 to 1.0 bar and a temperature of from 10.degree. to 100.degree. C. until a crude, azeotropic mixture of water and HCl is obtained. The crude, azeotropic mixture of water and HCl is distilled in a distillation apparatus at a pressure of from 0.1 to 1.5 bar and a temperature of from 50.degree. to 110.degree. C. A purified gaseous, azeotropic mixture of water and HCl is recovered from the head of the distillation apparatus and a liquid mixture is left at the bottom of the distillation apparatus. The liquid mixture which is left at the bottom of the distillation apparatus is distilled at a pressure of from 0.5 to 2.5 bar and a temperature of from 80.degree. to 130.degree. C.

Abstract: A vertical tube evaporation process for the concentration of saline water and other liquids, including the addition of an anionic mono-molecular dispersant thereto which interacts with materials precipitated during concentration and inhibits the formation of scale or fouling depositions on evaporator surfaces, and wherein the additive is incorporated into the precipitated materials and improves their removal during the descaling or defouling of evaporator surfaces by rendering such precipitates redispersable in fresh water or in a non-saturated liquid used for descaling or defouling of evaporator surfaces.

Abstract: Evaporation of saline water in a desalinization process, or evaporation of other types of liquid such as black liquor from paper pulp processing, is accomplished utilizing a multiple effect evaporator. Each effect includes one or more (e.g. first and second) sets of horizontally elongated dimpled plate evaporator elements. Horizontally flowing heating fluid, such as steam, is introduced to the internal passage of at least the second set in all the effects, and a head of circulation liquid is provided to cause liquid being evaporated to flow downwardly from the head over the external surfaces of the sets of dimpled plates in a thin film. The vapor evaporated is drawn through a demistor and is used as the heating fluid for the next effect. Recirculating liquid that has not evaporated and liquid separated by the demisting process are recirculated to the head associated with each effect. Clean condensate--such as distilled water--is withdrawn from the last effect.

Abstract: An evaporation system and process including an enclosed housing containing a plurality of shallow trays stacked vertically, one above another above a bottom-most heated reservoir with each tray serving as an evaporator and with the bottom of each tray serving as a condenser for the next lower tray and with the bottom of each tray sloping from the center outward to an outer collection trough and having a controlled supply of heat and feed liquid providing a substantially continuous supply of a regulated amount of feed liquid, with water being the primary example.

Abstract: The disclosed invention is an apparatus and process for the distillation of liquids. The apparatus is comprised of a plurality of vertically stacked parallel disks which are rotated in a horizontal plane. The liquid to be distilled is introduced into the center of the disk stack and migrates by centrifugal force as a thin film across the top surface of each disk. During migration, the more volatile portion evaporates from the top surface and condenses on the bottom surface of a top, neighboring disk. The apparatus is multiple-effect in that the heat evolved from condensation is transferred through the thin, heat-conducting disks to provide the heat necessary for vaporization.

Abstract: The solutions are concentrated by multiple-effect evaporation in indirectly heated evaporators. The highest concentration of the solution is reached in a final evaporator stage, which is heated with live steam. The final evaporators stage includes two to four falling-film evaporators, all of which are heated with live steam. The falling-film evaporators are consecutively flown through by the solution. Vapor is withdrawn from that falling-film evaporator which is the first to be supplied with the solution and at least part of said vapor is directly contacted with the solution as it flows down through the heating zone of at least one other evaporator of the final stage. From that falling-film evaporator of the final stage which is the first to be supplied with the solution the vapor may be fed to all other evaporators of the final stage.

Abstract: An apparatus especially suitable for distilling water is disclosed. This apparatus, as disclosed, includes first and second separate and distinct groups of adjacent, confronting plate members, each of which alternatively defines a series of boiling and condensing chambers and a compressor. The apparatus also includes a device for fluid connecting the various boiling and condensing chambers and compressor to one another so that feed water can first be converted to steam in the boiling chambers, then compressed in the compressor, and finally condensed into pure water in the condensing chambers. The two groups of plate members are connected to and supported by a combination manifold/support assembly which serves both as part of the fluid connecting device and as a device for supporting the confronting plate members.

Abstract: A thermal system includes a plurality of heat exchangers in series and the same number of flash tanks in series is interposed between two subsequent effects of a multiple effect evaporating system for sulfate black liquor. The liquor is indirectly heated in the heat exchangers by vapor produced by step-by-step expansion of the same liquor in the flash tanks and additionally by steam from an external source. To decrease the viscosity of the black liquor it is heated to a temperature of 190.degree.-200.degree. C. and retained in a reactor vessel for 10-20 minutes.Preferably the flash tanks and the heat exchange elements are positioned on top of each other within a shell to form an integral construction in which the vapor compartment of each flash tank is directly connected to the vapor compartment of a corresponding one of the heat exchange elements.

Abstract: A falling film evaporator in which some plate elements have their upper portions surrounded by a hood to prevent feed liquor from contacting hot vapor generated in the evaporator and exchanging heat therewith by direct contact. Other elements are located outside the hood.

Abstract: A column construction or boiling space in a distilling apparatus, having a pure vapor input connector, an input connector for water to be distilled, numerous heat exchange tubes within the column construction, a pure vapor removal connector, a condensate removal connector, and a connector for removing water to be distilled that has not vaporized. Pure steam is disposed to flow through heat exchange tubes, while impure water to be distilled is disposed to flow through an intermediate space between the heat exchange tubes. The heat exchange tubes are, at both ends, joined to flanges.

Abstract: A citrus juice concentrate processor homogenizes a mixture of citrus juice and pulp within or after a multi-effect, multi-stage evaporator. The homogenizer employs a positive displacement pump for pumping the citrus juice mixture through an orifice with a high pressure differential across the orifice. The homogenizer reduces viscosity of the citrus juice mixture. Inter-stage placement of the homogenizer further enables final citrus juice concentrate Brix levels of 65.degree.Brix and greater to be achieved.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for treating the distilled water obtained from an evaporation process sea water desalination plant is provided wherein carbon dioxide is extracted from sea water in the high temperature stages of the desalination plant and where the carbon dioxide thus extracted is dissolved into the water, along with calcium, thereby converting the distilled water into the quality suited for city tap water.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for evaporation of spent liquor by heat from a blow condenser where blow steam from a pulp cooker is condensed in a direct condenser connected with a hot water accumulator. Spent liquor heated indirectly by hot water from the accumulator is brought to expand and released expansion vapor is used as a heat medium in a following evaporation stage. The apparatus comprises a heat exchanger, at least one flash tank and at least one evaporation unit, the heat exchanger being disposed to receive hot water from the upper part of the accumulator and to return it to its lower part and thus heat the spent liquor, and the flash tank being disposed to receive spent liquor heated in the heat exchanger and to release liquor vapor and spent liquor to the evaporation unit.

Abstract: A steam generator, especially a pure steam generator, having a feed line for conducting feed water to the same, an electrode system for heating the feed water, a steam outlet for removing generated steam, and a separating space in a lower part of the generator 10, along with a droplet separator through which the steam that has been generated is disposed to flow from the separating space to the steam outlet. Electrodes have been placed in small tubular spaces in a water space (i.e. a space receiving incoming feed water). The steam generator may be used in a multi-stage distilling apparatus by conducting the steam that has been formed to a second column or stage of the distilling apparatus, to constitute feed steam therefor.

Abstract: A multiple effect evaporator system and a process for concentrating a process liquid wherein evaporated process liquid from one effect serves as heating fluid in an adjacent effect. Low energy heating fluid in vapor form is fed to an evaporative surface condenser where it is condensed and collected as clean and foul condensate. Coolant for the evaporative surface condenser is provided in the form of process liquid from one of the effects. Prior to passage into the evaporative surface condenser, the process liquid is cooled. In the cooling circuit of the evaporative surface condenser, the process liquid absorbs the heat of condensation of the heating fluid and subsequently rejects the heat into a counter flowing air stream. The process liquid is thereafter heated and returned to another of the multiple evaporator effects.

Abstract: Calcium containing sulphate spent liquor is deactivated by means of heating. Spent liquor is heated by means of direct condensing in a flash-steam-system. Liquor vapors generated during expansion of the already deactivated spent liquor are used for heating the spent liquor. Spent liquor is led to a retention tank through n+1 in series connected direct condensers (DK I-DK V) and from the retention tank through n in series connected flash tanks (FT I-FT IV) disposed counter-currently to the direct condensers. In the last one of the direct condensers (DK V) the liquor is heated by means of externally supplied steam; in all others (DK I-DK IV) by means of expansion vapor.

Abstract: A beneficiated kaolin clay slurry is concentrated from a solids content of about 50% to 60% by weight to a solids content of at least 65% by weight by evaporating water therefrom by passing the aqueous clay slurry through one or more non-contact evaporated heat exchangers. The kaolin clay slurry is passed in indirect heat exchange relationship with a heating vapor, with the heating vapor comprising water vapor previously evaporated from the aqueous clay slurry.

Abstract: A feedforward control system for a multiple-effect evaporator is provided wherein control is based on maintaining desired values for inferential variables of concentration and boiling point rise for a solution of a solid inorganic substance.