Abstract: Apparatus and a proccess for the thermal decomposition of organic material is disclosed wherein the waste solids concentrates are first mixed in a fluidizing tank with a fluidizing oil to form an appropriate mixture which is then dehydrated to remove water from the waste and oil mixture. Subsequently, the waste solids and oil are separated. The resultant dehydrated, substantially oil free organic waste material is then pyrolized within a temperature range of approximately 700.degree. F. to 1800.degree. F. by which lower molecular weight organic compounds are distilled off as organic vapors and gases while a residue of char and ash remain.

Abstract: Contaminated sulfuric acid which may contain water, organic compounds and inorganic salts is converted to almost pure concentrated sulfuric acid by passing the acid through a Pauling plant and distilling the concentrated contaminated acid.Addition of nitric acid improves the decomposition of organic compounds and ammonium salts of the contaminated acid.

Abstract: Process and apparatus for recovering clean water from aqueous wastes by evaporation while avoiding scaling and fouling as well as corrosion of the evaporator tubes. Addition of an oil, preferably a volatile oil, to the aqueous waste feed results in the formation of a coating of said oil on the surfaces of the tubes, thereby preventing corrosion and fouling and build-up of scale deposits. Volatile oil that distills over is separated from the aqueous distillate by conventional means and may be recirculated.

Abstract: A process for separating lower-boiling chlorohydrocarbons and water from neutralized crude chlorohydrocarbons having at least two carbon atoms, which comprises fractionally distilling the crude chlorohydrocarbons in a fractionating column, thereby obtaining a fraction A containing the desired product which is withdrawn at the bottom of the column practically free of impurities, and a fraction B, comprising water, impurities having a lower boiling point, and entrained amounts of the desired chlorohydrocarbon, withdrawing said fraction B from the top of the column and, while still in gaseous state, neutralizing fraction B with an aqueous solution of a mixture of basic compounds, thereby avoiding corrosion of the apparatus, and thereafter subjecting the gaseous fraction to stepwise condensation with recovery of the entrained portions of said chlorohydrocarbon by returning them to the fractionating column, while separately removing water and undesirable impurities.

Abstract: A method of preventing corrosion of steelworks by a flowing corrosive solution having a pH of 6.7 to 7.1 and comprising water, ammonia in a concentration of from 0.5 to 4 mols per liter of solution and hydrogen sulfide in a concentration of from 5 to 15 kg/cm.sup.2 as its partial pressure in the vapor phase, said corrosive solution contacting said steelwork at a flow velocity of from 1 to 10 meters per second by adding at least one substance selected from the group consisting of elemental sulfur, ammonium polysulfide and alkali polysulfide to said corrosive solution in an amount of 74-200 ppm as the amount of available sulfur.

Abstract: A method for decreasing fouling of metalliferous surfaces of apparatus wherein water is evaporated from an aqueous system containing components which deposit onto the surfaces as hydrophilic foulants. The method comprises adding to the aqueous system a chelant-surfactant having a hydrophobic moiety and a chelating moiety through which the chelant-surfactant chelates with the metalliferous surfaces and provides a hydrophobic barrier to deposition of hydrophilic foulants.

Abstract: Compositions for inhibiting the corrosion of metals which are contacted with water containing a chloride contaminant will comprise a mixture of a salt of a dicarboxylic acid and an aliphatic amine with a cyclic amine or a mixture of cyclic amines. The composition is exemplified by a salt of a dicarboxylic acid and oleylamine with a volatile cyclic amine comprising a mixture of pyridine, picoline, lutidine, aniline, quinoline, isoquinoline, toluidine, and heavy pyridine.

Abstract: A process of reclaiming drinking and industrial water from sea water, accing to which the sea water to be processed is subjected to a pretreatment, comprising filtering, acidifying and degassing said sea water. To the thus treated sea water there is then added in suspension finely divided barium sulphate to provide nuclei for the crystal growth of calcium sulphate on the barium sulphate. The thus obtained suspension is then in a continuous process heated and partly evaporated, during which process, temperatures of supersaturation, with respect to calcium sulphate are reached, the water which is evaporated being collected as condensate and distillate.

Abstract: A scale removal method for use in saline water desalting apparatus characterized in that, during the time the desalting operation is being performed, an acid is added to the saline water for short periods at predetermined time intervals in the salt water passages for condensation, heating and heat recovery.

Abstract: A multi-stage distillation plant consisting essentially of a multi-flash evaporator provided with a multi-flash chamber which is divided into a heat recovery section and a heat rejection section. In this multi-stage flash distillation plant, the aforesaid flash evaporator is provided with a deaerator for deaerating cold sea water, a thickener for separating brine containing a relatively great amount of seeds, from concentrated brine which has been extracted from a front chamber of the final stage flash chamber, and a seed mixing tank for obtaining a seed-mixed brine, whereby part of the sea water which has passed through the deaerator is supplied as a feed sea water to the rear chamber of the final stage flash chamber, while the brine containing a relatively great amount of seed and extracted from the thickener is joined to the seed-mixed brine fed from the seed mixing tank.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for distilling corrosive carboxylic acids free of olefinic unsaturation in distillation apparatus constructed of corrodible metal, which includes the steps of introducing a crude dilute solution of such a corrosive acid into the distillation zone, distilling in the presence of an effective amount of p-benzoquinone or of 1,4-naphthoquinone, and recovering the concentrated corrosive acid outside the distillation zone. The amount of p-benzoquinone or of 1,4-naphthoquinone is such as to effectively prevent or reduce to acceptable limits the corrosion of the metal distillation apparatus by such acids, and also to permit this distillation process to be effectuated at those high acid vapor temperatures which otherwise would not be feasible because of the heightened degree of corrosiveness exhibited by the acids at such temperatures.

Abstract: Saline water is preheated by the hot discharges of a vapor compression evaporator, forming distillate and concentrated brine. Carbon dioxide that has been recycled to saline water prevents alkaline scale during the preheat. The saline water is thence further heated by steam which is condensed in it; scale compounds are precipitated and carbon dioxide formed and expelled for recycle. Mother liquor which is separated is flash vaporized, forming cooled mother liquor and vapor. The mother liquor is further cooled while preheating saline water, and is then evporated. The vapor is compressed to form steam for use in the further heating.

Abstract: Saline water, typically sea water or brackish water, after deaeration and deoxygenation is preheated, then further heated by steam condensing with the preheated saline water. By the further heating, bicarbonates are thermally decomposed, forming carbon dioxide, while scale compounds, comprising magnesium hydroxide, anhydrite and minor compounds containing silica, iron, alumina, phosphate, etc., are thermally precipitated. Some of the steam is uncondensed and issues from the further heated saline water with included, evolved carbon dioxide. It is condensed in preheating saline water; evolved carbon dioxide is separated from the condensate and recycled to the saline water to prevent alkaline scale in preheating, while condensate is combined with the further heated saline water, forming post-thermal saline water. This is flash vaporized while cooling and the steam is regenerated by compressing the flashed vapors.

Abstract: Process and apparatus for recovering clean water from aqueous wastes by evaporation while avoiding scaling and fouling as well as corrosion of the evaporator tubes. Addition of an oil, preferably a volatile oil, to the aqueous waste feed results in the formation of a coating of said oil on the surfaces of the tubes, thereby preventing corrosion and fouling and build-up of scale deposits. Volatile oil that distills over is separated from the aqueous distillate by conventional means and may be recirculated.

Abstract: The invention comprises a method of evaporating an aqueous solution containing dissolved solids or mineral salts without adherence of the solids or mineral salts to any surfaces contacting the aqueous solution which comprises the following steps:A. Flowing the aqueous solution as an outside or continuous medium, mixed with sufficient dispersed oil to form a continuous film on all preferentially oil wettable contacting surfaces, upwardly through a confined heating and vaporizing zone having therein contacting heating elements, the surfaces of which are of substantially zero water adsorbent polymeric fluorocarbon material and totally wetted with a film of oil, thereby converting a portion of the aqueous solution to water vapor and precipitated solids, and forming a mixture of oil, misty vapors, solids, and remaining aqueous solution; andB.

Abstract: A method of preventing scale from being deposited in case of producing fresh water from sea water by heating the sea water in a vapour pressure type evaporator and multiple stage flush evaporator and by condensing water vapour evolved to obtain the fresh water comprising adding to the sea water small amount of seed crystal selected from the group consisting of calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide together with a surface active agent selected from the group consisting of a nonionic active agent and cation surface active agent.