Abstract: A transportable system for creating an ORP in water includes an ozone supply unit and a manifold housed in separate enclosures on a wheeled frame. The ozone supply unit feeds into the manifold which contains a plurality of fluid paths and has one or more ozone intake ports. The ozone intake ports are fluidically coupled to one or more ozone output ports of the ozone supply unit. The manifold includes flow switches configured to transmit control signals to one or more controllers of the ozone supply unit in response to sensing a flow of water through the fluid paths in order to cause the ozone supply unit to generate ozone. The manifold also includes fluid mixers that are fluidically coupled to the ozone intake ports and configured to introduce the ozone generated by the ozone supply unit into the water flowing through the fluid paths.

Abstract: Aspects of the disclosure provide for light conversion devices incorporating quantum dots and methods of fabricating the same. In accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure, a light conversion device is provided. The light conversion device may include. a porous structure comprising one or more nanoporous materials, wherein the one or more nanoporous materials comprise a plurality of pores; and a plurality of quantum dots placed in the porous structure, wherein the plurality of quantum dots comprises a first plurality of quantum dots configured to convert light of a first color into light of a second color, and a second plurality of quantum dots configured to convert the light of the first color into light of a third color. Each of the plurality of pores may have a nanoscale size. The nonporous materials may further include a matrix comprising a semiconductor material, glass, plastic, metal, polymer, etc.

Abstract: A nanowire can include a first semiconductor portion, a second portion including a quantum structure disposed on the first portion, and a second semiconductor portion disposed on the second portion opposite the first portion. The quantum structure can include one or more quantum core structures and a quantum core shell disposed about the one or more quantum core structures. The one or more quantum core structures can include one or more quantum disks, quantum arch-shaped forms, quantum wells, quantum dots within quantum wells or combinations thereof.

Abstract: A system for creating an oxidation reduction potential (ORP) in water employs a plurality of ozone supply units housed in separate enclosures. The ozone supply units feed into a manifold that contains a plurality of fluid paths and has one or more ozone intake ports. The ozone intake ports are fluidically coupled to one or more ozone output ports of each ozone supply unit. The manifold includes a plurality of flow switches configured to transmit control signals to one or more controllers of each ozone supply unit in response to sensing a flow of water through the fluid paths in order to cause the ozone supply units to generate ozone. The manifold also includes a plurality of fluid mixers that are fluidically coupled to the ozone intake ports and configured to introduce the ozone generated by the ozone supply units into the water flowing through the fluid paths.

Abstract: A technique is provided whereby hydrogen peroxide introduced into a working chamber containing a resin component is reduced to a low concentration in a shorter time than before. The present invention resides in a method of maintaining a sterile environment of a working chamber that contains a resin component, and includes a step (a) of introducing hydrogen peroxide into the working chamber, a step (b) of introducing air into the working chamber through a filter after completion of the step (a), a step (c) of generating ozone by irradiating the air with ultraviolet having a peak wavelength of from 160 nm to less than 200 nm upstream of the filter or inside the working chamber and introducing the ozone into the working chamber, and a step (d) of decomposing the ozone introduced into the working chamber into oxygen radicals.

Abstract: A water circulation system that includes a pipe assembly for in-line mixing of water and ozone for a recreational or decorative water feature is disclosed. The pipe assembly includes a first flow path for water to flow through. The first flow path includes one or more ozone intake ports that are fluidically coupled to one or more ozone output ports of an ozone supply unit. The pipe assembly further includes a second flow path fluidically coupled in parallel with the first flow path. The second flow path includes a control valve that selectively permits a portion of the water to flow through the second flow path to produce a negative pressure in the first flow path so that ozone is drawn into the first flow path through the one or more ozone intake ports and mixed into the water flowing through the first flow path.

Abstract: An electrochemical reactor for use with a liquid electrolyte is capable of generating gaseous products. An electrically conducting porous layer that is hydrophilic on the catalyst side and hydrophobic on the gas side are utilized. These different surface properties promote the transport of product gases formed at the catalyst through the porous layer to the gas side. The catalyst is formed from a hybrid Cu2O—CuBr film that has a high selectivity for ethylene gas from reacting CO2 and water in an electrochemical cell.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for operating a linearly concentrating solar power plant (1), in which a heat transfer medium flows through a pipeline loop (47) having at least one receiver, the heat transfer medium having a flow velocity which is such that the flow in the pipeline loop (47) is turbulent, at least part of the heat transfer medium, upon exit from the pipeline loop (47), being extracted and recirculated into the pipeline loop (47). Furthermore, the invention relates to a linearly concentrating solar power plant with at least one pipeline loop (47) having at least one receiver in which a heat transfer medium flowing through the pipeline loop (47) is heated by irradiating solar energy, a mixing device (27) being comprised, in which at least part of the heat transfer medium flowing through the pipeline loop (47) is mixed with heat transfer medium to be delivered.

Abstract: Ozone generating apparatus are disclosed. An example ozone generator includes an outer housing defining a first inlet port and a first outlet port, and an inner housing disposed in the outer housing. The inner housing defines a second inlet port and a second outlet port. The example ozone generator also includes a plurality of UV lamps disposed in the inner housing and a lamp ballast for powering at least some of the plurality of UV lamps. The lamp ballast are disposed in the outer housing. Additionally, the example ozone generator includes a blower disposed in the outer housing configured to intake air via the first inlet port and to exhaust air through the second inlet port, and a plurality of springs disposed in the inner housing. Each of the plurality of springs are disposed between one of the plurality of UV lamps and the inner housing.

Abstract: The invention provides methods for producing hydrogen and oxygen, comprising the steps of: (i) oxidising a mediator at a working electrode to yield an oxidised mediator, and reducing protons at a counter electrode to yield hydrogen; and (ii) reducing an oxidised mediator at a working electrode to yield a mediator, and oxidising water at a counter electrode to yield oxygen, wherein the oxygen generation step is performed non-simultaneously to the hydrogen generation step, and the oxidised mediator of step (i) is used as the oxidised mediator of step (ii), or the mediator of step (ii) is used as the mediator of step (i), and the mediator has a reversible redox wave lying between the onset of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER).

Abstract: Provided is a sterilization method capable of performing a sterilization treatment with high sterilization efficiency using ozone produced from an air regardless of the humidity of the air as an ozone raw material gas. In the sterilization method, the air as an ozone raw material gas is irradiated with light for producing ozone which does not include light with a wavelength region where the light decomposes ozone and which has a wavelength of not more than 200 nm to obtain an ozone-containing air, and an object to be sterilized is exposed to the ozone-containing air to sterilize the object. In the sterilization method, the relative humidity of the ozone raw material gas is not more than 60% RH.

Abstract: Provided is a photoelectrochemical electrode for carbon dioxide conversion. The photoelectrochemical electrode includes a conducting substrate and CuFeO2/CuO as a p-type copper-iron composite oxide electrodeposited on the conducting substrate. Upon irradiation, the photoelectrochemical electrode generates electrons and converts carbon dioxide to formate with a selectivity of 90 to 99%. Also disclosed is a photoelectrochemical device including the photoelectrochemical electrode.

Abstract: A method for magnetic/electrostatic/electromagnetic treatment of fluids consisting of three separate phases that are spatially and temporally decoupled. In the first phase, a magnetic/electrostatic/electromagnetic field is applied to a working fluid under circulation to obtain the directly ionized fluid. In the second phase, the directly ionized fluid is used as an ionizer or an ionizing agent for ionizing indirectly the normal non-ionized fluid by mixing the directly ionized fluid and normal non-ionized fluid in accordance with a predetermined mixing ratio and mixing method between the directly ionized fluid and normal non-ionized fluid. In the third phase, the resultant mixed or indirectly-ionized fluid is used in the proper application directly or stored in a storage tank for later use.

Abstract: An artificial photosynthesis module includes an oxygen generation electrode having a first photocatalyst layer that decomposes water with light to generate oxygen, and has a first substrate, a first conductive layer, a first photocatalyst layer, and a first co-catalyst, and a hydrogen generation electrode that decomposes water with light to generate hydrogen and has a second substrate, a second conductive layer, a second photocatalyst layer, and a second co-catalyst. This provides an artificial photosynthesis module with high reaction efficiency.

Abstract: Provided are a sodium ion secondary battery and a lithium ion secondary battery capable of undergoing a reversible large-capacity charge/discharge reaction. The sodium and lithium ion secondary batteries each have a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte. The active substance of the positive or negative electrode of these secondary batteries is a single-phase polycrystal represented by the following chemical formula: NaxTi4O9 (2?x?3), preferably Na2Ti4O9, having a one-dimensional tunnel type structure, and belonging to a monoclinic crystal system. This polycrystal is obtained by filling a container made of molybdenum or the like with a raw material containing a sodium compound and at least one of a titanium compound and metal titanium, and firing at 800° C. or more but 1600° C. or less.

Abstract: Disclosed is an illumination source for generating measurement radiation for an inspection apparatus. The source generates at least first measurement radiation and second measurement radiation such that the first measurement radiation and the second measurement radiation interfere to form combined measurement radiation modulated with a beat component. The illumination source may be a HHG source. Also disclosed is an inspection apparatus comprising such a source and an associated inspection method.

Abstract: The present invention provides a means of producing nitric oxide (NO) by photolysis of nitrous oxide (N2O) at ultraviolet wavelengths. One application is the production of a known concentration of NO in a diluent gas for calibration of analytical instruments that measure nitric oxide in gases such as exhaled breath, ambient air and automobile exhaust. A potentially important medical application is the production of NO for inhalation therapy, an advantage being that very little toxic NO2 gas is produced. The method is useful for producing NO for industrial applications as well. Advantages of this method of NO production include the use of a single, inexpensive, readily available reagent gas of very low toxicity. Furthermore, the concentration of NO produced can be easily controlled by varying the ultraviolet (UV) lamp intensity and relative gas flow rates.

Abstract: An apparatus for synergistically combining a plasma with a comminution means such as a fluid kinetic energy mill (jet mill), preferably in a single reactor and/or in a single process step is provided by the present invention. Within the apparatus of the invention potential energy is converted into kinetic energy and subsequently into angular momentum by means of wave energy, for comminuting, reacting and separation of feed materials. Methods of use of the apparatus in the practice of various processes are also provided by the present invention.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an improved solar energy concentrating system. The system comprises a dual axis sun tracking paraboloid dish collector on a polar mount, with a re-reflecting mirror in top of the paraboloid dish, which reflects the concentrated solar irradiation into an opening in the paraboloid dish into a light pipe and with a movable third mirror redirects the light into a second light pipe along the polar axis, which with a fourth fixed mirror, sends the concentrated solar irradiation into a third light pipe to the cavity receiver. The invention replaces the need of flexible connectors to accommodate the movement of the mirror, with a combination of mirrors and light pipes, transferring the solar irradiation to a cavity-receiver. Dual axis tracking systems can capture more solar energy, on a more constant basis throughout the day and the year, and by reflecting directly into the cavity-receiver, thermal losses are minimized.

Abstract: A photocatalytic reaction system by collecting sunlight, the system including: a light collector, a light conduction device, and a photoreactor. A transparent protective cover is disposed on the top of a housing of the light collector. A light-collecting convex lens group is disposed beneath the protective cover in the transmission direction of the sunlight. The housing of the light collector is provided with a solar radiation measuring device. An azimuthal main shaft and the pitch main shaft are separately provided with the servo motors and are rotatable in relation to each other by tracking the sunlight under the drive of the separate servo motors. The sunlight collected by the light-collecting convex lens group is converged into a convergent light when passing through the light conduction device and the convergent light is directed to the photoreactor. The photoreactor functions to transmit full-spectrum rays of sunlight.

Abstract: An electrochemical reactor for removing mining constituents from a fluid is disclosed. The electrochemical reactor includes a housing defining a flow path and a pump configured to continuously move fluid through the flow path at a flow rate. The electrochemical reactor also includes a power supply coupled to the housing, an anode and a cathode coupled to the power supply, and a controller configured to selectively engage the power supply power supply. The power supply applies an electrical potential between the anode and the cathode when engaged.

Abstract: A method of photooxidizing carbon nanotubes, such as single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotubes. The nanotubes are purified and dispersed in a solvent, such as n-methyl pyrrolidinone or dimethylformamide. A singlet oxygen sensitizer like Rose Bengal is added to the solution. Oxygen gas is continuously supplied while irradiating the solution while irradiating the solution with ultraviolet light to produce singlet oxygen to oxidize the single-walled carbon nanotubes. Advantageously, the method significantly increases the level of oxidation compared with prior art methods.

Abstract: A method for providing a dose of visible light in covered drinking water storage facilities to control nitrification. In one embodiment, the method includes irradiating the water with a dose of visible light sufficient to inhibit microbial nitrification of the water. In one embodiment, the dose of visible light has a wavelength from approximately 400 Hz to approximately 700 Hz. In another embodiment, the dose of visible light has a wavelength from approximately 550 Hz to approximately 700 Hz. In a further embodiment, the dose of visible light has a wavelength from approximately 380 Hz to approximately 430 Hz.

Abstract: Coating compositions that include a halopigment dispersed within a silicon-containing polymeric matrix (e.g., a polysiloxane polymer) are provided. The halopigment comprises a halogenated phthalocyanine (e.g., a fluorinated phthalocyanine) attached to a support particle (e.g., a metal oxide, a non-metal oxide, and/or an inert material). The halogenated phthalocyanine can have the formula: (16R-Pc)nMLo, where each R is, independently, a halogen or a perhaloalkyl group, with each R group being independent from the other groups; Pc is a phthalocyanine compound; 1?n?2; L is a ligand or ligands and M is a cation; and 0?o?8. Methods are also provided for forming such a coating composition and for coating a substrate with the coating composition.

Abstract: The present invention generally relates to nanostructures and compositions comprising nanostructures, methods of making and using the nanostructures, and related systems. In some embodiments, a nanostructure comprises a first region and a second region, wherein a first photocatalytic reaction (e.g., an oxidation reaction) can be carried out at the first region and a second photocatalytic reaction (e.g., a reduction reaction) can be carried out at the second region. In some cases, the first photocatalytic reaction is the formation of oxygen gas from water and the second photocatalytic reaction is the formation of hydrogen gas from water. In some embodiments, a nanostructure comprises at least one semiconductor material, and, in some cases, at least one catalytic material and/or at least one photosensitizing agent.

Abstract: Disclosed is a visible light responsive photocatalyst that simultaneously realizes high crystallinity and refinement of primary particles. Also disclosed is a photocatalyst composed of secondary particles that have a high porosity and are aggregates of fine primary particles. Rhodium-doped strontium titanate that is a visible light responsive photocatalyst of the present invention has a primary particle diameter of not more than 70 nm and has a absorbance at a wavelength of 570 nm of not less than 0.6 and a absorbance at a wavelength of 1800 nm of not more than 0.7, each absorbance determining by measuring a diffuse reflection spectrum, the rhodium-doped strontium titanate having a high water-splitting activity as a photocatalyst.

Abstract: Provided in this invention is a process for producing chemically functionalized nano graphene materials, known as nano graphene platelets (NGPs), graphene nano sheets, or graphene nano ribbons. Subsequently, a polymer can be grafted to a functional group of the resulting functionalized graphene. In one preferred embodiment, the process comprises a step of mixing a starting nano graphene material having edges and two primary graphene surfaces, an azide or bi-radical compound, and an organic solvent in a reactor, and allowing a chemical reaction between the nano graphene material and the azide compound to proceed at a temperature for a length of time sufficient to produce the functionalized nano graphene material.

Abstract: A combined production-functionalization process for producing a chemically functionalized nano graphene material from a pre-intercalated, oxidized, or halogenated graphite material, comprising: (A) Producing exfoliated graphite from the pre-intercalated, oxidized, or halogenated graphite material, wherein the graphite material is selected from the group consisting of natural graphite, artificial graphite, highly oriented pyrolytic graphite, carbon fiber, graphite fiber, carbon nano-fiber, graphitic nano-fiber, meso-carbon micro-bead, graphitized coke, and combinations thereof; (B) Dispersing the exfoliated graphite and an azide or bi-radical compound in a liquid medium to form a suspension; (C) Subjecting the suspension to ultrasonication with ultrasonic waves of a desired intensity for a length of time sufficient to produce nano graphene platelets and to enable a chemical reaction to occur between the nano graphene platelets and the azide or bi-radical compound to produce the functionalized nano graphene mat

Abstract: The invention provides an apparatus of treating water to obtain small water cluster, which comprises one or more illumination devices and one or more holders holding metal particles. The invention also provides a method of preparing the small water cluster and the small water cluster prepared from the apparatus or the method.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a solar thermochemical reactor comprising an outer member, an inner member disposed within an outer member, wherein the outer member surrounds the inner member and wherein the outer member has an aperture for receiving solar radiation and wherein an inner cavity and an outer cavity are formed by the inner member and outer member and a reactive material capable of being magnetically stabilized wherein the reactive material is disposed in the outer cavity between the inner member and the outer member.

Abstract: A system for splitting water and producing hydrogen for later use as an energy source may include the use of a photoactive material including PCCN and plasmonic nanoparticles. A method for producing the PCCN may include a semiconductor nanocrystal synthesis and an exchange of organic capping agents with inorganic capping agents. The PCCN may be deposited between the plasmonic nanoparticles and may act as photocatalysts for redox reactions. The photoactive material may be used in presence of water and sunlight to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. Production of charge carriers may be triggered by photo-excitation and enhanced by the rapid electron resonance from localized surface plasmon resonance of plasmonic nanoparticles. By combining different semiconductor materials for PCCN and plasmonic nanoparticles and by changing their shapes and sizes, band gaps may be tuned to expand the range of wavelengths of sunlight usable by the photoactive material.

Abstract: The present teachings are directed to a method of converting water and a carbon-containing compound, such as CO2, into a hydrocarbon through a process of absorbing sunlight on a light-absorbing component to photoelectrochemically oxidize water and reacting the products from that water oxidation reaction over a catalyst with the carbon-containing compound to produce the desired hydrocarbon compound.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for effecting a photocatalytic or photoelectrocatalytic reaction of a reactant comprising contacting a metallic material having an electrical conductivity of 105 to 106 S/m with the reactant and exposing the metallic material and the reactant to visible light so as to catalyse the reaction of the reactant.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a class of organometallic catalysts for both hydrogenation and water oxidation. The synthesis and the use of these catalysts for hydrogenation, hydrogen production and water oxidation reactions is also disclosed.

Abstract: A gas separation membrane, containing: a support; and a separating layer formed on the support, the separating layer containing a resin; the separating layer containing, at the side thereof opposite to the support, a hydrophilic modification treatment surface, the hydrophilic modification treatment surface involved in a layer having a film thickness of 0.1 ?m or less, and the hydrophilic modification treatment surface provided with a surface contact angle measured by using water thereon in the range of 60 degrees or less.

Abstract: A system and method for splitting water to produce hydrogen and oxygen employing sunlight energy are disclosed. Hydrogen and oxygen may then be stored for later use as fuels. The system and method use inorganic capping agents that cap the surface of semiconductor nanocrystals to form photocatalytic capped colloidal nanocrystals, which may be deposited on a substrate and treated to form a photoactive material. The photoactive material may be employed in the system to harvest sunlight and produce energy necessary for water splitting. The system may also include elements necessary to collect, transfer and store hydrogen and oxygen, for subsequent transformation into electrical energy.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method and a kit for producing hydrogen peroxide, capable of producing hydrogen peroxide at low cost. The present invention further provides a fuel battery capable of utilizing hydrogen peroxide as a low-cost fuel. The method for producing hydrogen peroxide of the present invention includes a hydrogen peroxide generation step of irradiating a reaction system containing water, a water oxidation catalyst, a transition metal complex, and oxygen (O2) with light to generate hydrogen peroxide. The kit of the present invention includes the transition metal complex and the water oxidation catalyst that are used in the method for producing hydrogen peroxide of the present invention. The fuel battery of the present invention includes a fuel container and a fuel battery cell, and the fuel container contains the transition metal complex and the water oxidation catalyst that are used in the method for producing hydrogen peroxide of the present invention.

Abstract: Provided are methods and systems for continuously producing low concentrations of chlorine dioxide from dilute solutions of sodium chlorite. The low concentrations of chlorine dioxide produced allow for reduced exposure risk with direct application of the chlorine dioxide stream. The incorporation of a suitable chlorine dioxide detector permits continuous monitoring and control of chlorine dioxide production ensuring that the process stays within regulatory guidelines. Pretreatment of reaction water is preferred for achieving suitable conversion rates of the low concentrations of chlorite to chlorine dioxide.

Abstract: Photoelectric systems combining a semiconductor and a phosphorescent compound with an emission spectrum of photons with energy levels equal to or greater than the activation energy of the semiconductor, wherein the phosphorescent compound is characterized by the emission spec-tram being produced by excitation of the phosphorescent compound with lower energy photons and the separation distance between the semiconductor and the phosphorescent compound is less than the distance at or above which scattering losses predominate. Methods are that embody technological applications of the photoelectric systems are also disclosed, as well as articles that embody technological applications of the photoelectric systems.

Abstract: A process for manufacturing a block of material that imitates natural stone. The manufactured stone not only looks and appears like natural stone, but is also consistent with the composition of natural stone. The process comprises forming an aqueous mixture of limestone aggregates, treating the mixture with carbon dioxide under pressure and then highly compressing the treated mixture in a sealed mold. This process recreates the endogenous matrix of the natural stone and its original composition. The block of material is intended for construction and decoration purposes.

Abstract: An apparatus and method purify hydrogen from a mixed fluid containing gaseous hydrogen, gaseous oxygen, and liquid water. The apparatus has a mixed fluid channel through which the mixed fluid flows; a first gas channel through which a mixed gas containing gaseous hydrogen and gaseous oxygen flows; a second gas channel through which gaseous hydrogen or oxygen flows; a gas-liquid separating membrane forming a wall between the mixed fluid channel and the first gas channel, separating the mixed gas from the mixed fluid of the mixed fluid channel, and providing the separated mixed gas to the first gas channel; and a hydrogen or oxygen separating membrane forming a wall between the first gas channel and the second gas channel, separating gaseous hydrogen or oxygen from the mixed gas of the first gas channel, and providing the separated gaseous hydrogen or oxygen to the second gas channel.

Abstract: An optoelectronic device as well as its methods of use and manufacture are disclosed. In one embodiment, the optoelectronic device includes a first optoelectronic material that is inhomogeneously strained. A first charge carrier collector and a second charge carrier collector are each in electrical communication with the first optoelectronic material and are adapted to collect charge carriers from the first optoelectronic material. In another embodiment, a method of photocatalyzing a reaction includes using a strained optoelectronic material.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing ozone ice that is improved for its storage stability is provided. In the method, ice 11 including oxygen gas g2 as gas bubbles b is produced and the produced ice 11 is irradiated with ultraviolet radiation, then the oxygen gas g2 in the ice 11 is ozonized to manufacture ozone ice 1.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a method for photocatalytic water splitting, and to an apparatus for carrying out said method.

Abstract: Amongst the candidates for very high efficiency electronics, solid state light sources, photovoltaics, and photoelectrochemical devices, and photobiological devices are those based upon metal-nitride nanowires. Enhanced nanowire performance typically require heterostructures, quantum dots, etc which requirement that these structures are grown with relatively few defects and in a controllable reproducible manner. Additionally flexibility according to the device design requires that the nanowire at the substrate may be either InN or GaN. Methods of growing relatively defect free nanowires and associated structures for group IIIA-nitrides are presented without the requirement for foreign metal catalysts, overcoming the non-uniform growth of prior art techniques and allowing self-organizing quantum dot, quantum well and quantum dot-in-a-dot structures to be formed.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing ozone ice that is improved for its storage stability is provided. In the method, ice 11 including oxygen gas g2 as gas bubbles b is produced and the produced ice 11 is irradiated with ultraviolet radiation, then the oxygen gas g2 in the ice 11 is ozonized to manufacture ozone ice 1.

Abstract: This invention relates to novel methods for affecting, controlling and/or directing various reactions and/or reaction pathways or systems by exposing one or more components in a holoreaction system to at least one spectral energy pattern. In a first aspect of the invention, at least one spectral energy pattern can be applied to a reaction system. In a second aspect of the invention, at least one spectral energy conditioning pattern can be applied to a conditioning reaction system. The spectral energy conditioning pattern can, for example, be applied at a separate location from the reaction vessel (e.g., in a conditioning reaction vessel) or can be applied in (or to) the reaction vessel, but prior to other reaction system participants being introduced into the reaction vessel. The techniques of the present invention are applicable to inorganic reactions, organic reactions, biologic reactions and/or phase or structure change reactions.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods are provided for generating hydrogen gas from water and, in particular, apparatus and methods for dissociating hydrogen and oxygen atoms from water molecules using a rotating magnetic field.

Abstract: A method of recovering an organic decomposition product from an organic source may include: a) causing an inert gas to flow through the reduction zone from a reduction inlet to a reduction outlet in such a way that pressure in the reduction zone is maintained above ambient pressure of a local environment for the material recovery system and b) applying electromagnetic wave energy to the organic source in the reduction zone via a bifurcated waveguide assembly in the substantial absence of oxygen to produce at least one gaseous organic decomposition product in the reduction zone that is exhausted from the reduction zone along with the inert gas through the reduction outlet. A material recovery system may include a housing with an inert gas inlet, a reduction zone, and a reduction outlet, an inert gas supply, an electromagnetic wave generator, a bifurcated waveguide assembly, and a controller.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a bit patterned magnetic media for magnetic data recording. The method includes patterning a topography that includes an array of raised regions separated by a recessed portion. The array can be patterned by micro-printing using a stamp that has raised islands. The raised regions can have a height of 1 to 5 nm as measured from the recessed region. A magnetic alloy and a non-magnetic segregant are then co-sputtered. The magnetic alloy preferentially grows over the raised portions and the non-magnetic segregant grow preferentially over the recessed region between the raised portions.