Abstract: According to one embodiment, a secondary battery includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode and a separator. The positive electrode includes a first electrolyte containing aluminum ions. The negative electrode is capable of allowing lithium ions to be inserted and extracted. The separator is disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. The separator has lithium ion conductivity.

Abstract: A method of producing a substance includes a producing step of producing a new substance by, in a state in which a raw material absorbing giant pulse laser light is disposed inside a base material or in a state in which the base material and the raw material are brought into contact with each other and are clamped together, performing irradiation with the giant pulse laser light such that the raw material absorbs the giant pulse laser light and thereby generating shock waves such that at least the raw material undergoes phase transition.

Abstract: The ionic liquids disclosed herein are salts comprising a nitrogen or phosphorus such as a quaternary ammonium ion, a quaternary phosphonium ion, or an N-alkylated nitrogen heterocycle, and which include at least one functional substituent, e.g., a fluoro, cyano, carbonate ester, an alkenyl group, or an alkynyl group bonded to a carbon atom the cation. In a preferred embodiment, the cation is represented by the structure of Formula (I) as described herein.

Abstract: A method of preparing a polishing composition includes forming a dispersion solution containing ceria particles, and irradiating ultraviolet (UV) light onto the dispersion solution.

Abstract: A method of producing carbon-oxygen structures by the Decomposition of Carbon Dioxide Gas at low pressure, from 14.7 to 100 psi, using laser irradiation in the mid-infrared spectrum, from 2.3 to 3.3 microns.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a device for melting a material without a crucible and for atomizing the melted material in order to produce powder, comprising: an atomizing nozzle; an induction coil having windings, which become narrower in the direction of the atomizing nozzle at least in some sections; and a material bar at least partially inserted into the induction coil. The induction coil is designed to melt the material of the material bar in order to produce a melt flow. The induction coil and the atomizing nozzle are arranged in such a way that the melt flow is or can be introduced into the atomizing nozzle through a first opening of the atomizing nozzle in order to atomize the melt flow by means of an atomizing gas, which can be introduced into the atomizing nozzle.

Abstract: Hexagonal Boron Nitride (hBN) is a synthetic material that may be used in several applications due to its chemical inertness, thermal stability, and other beneficial properties. hBN composite materials and method for making such composites are described here. In particular composite materials including both functionalized hBN and cement or cementitious materials and methods for making the same are discussed. Such materials may be useful for construction, well cementing (both primary and remedial cementing), nuclear industry, 3D printing of advanced multifunctional composites, and refractory materials.

Abstract: The present disclosure describes the use of a specific adsorbent material in a rapid cycle swing adsorption to perform dehydration of a gaseous feed stream. The adsorbent material includes a zeolite 3A that is utilized in the dehydration process to enhance recovery of hydrocarbons.

Abstract: A method for in situ synthesis of graphene along a lengthwise direction of a waveguide applied to a photonic device includes processing an evanescent field of laser propagating in the waveguide to spread outward the waveguide, depositing a nickel thin film on a surface of the waveguide, growing graphene between a surface of the waveguide and a nickel thin film by irradiating telecommunication laser to a core of the waveguide, and removing the nickel thin film from the waveguide. Accordingly, graphene with high optical nonlinearity is in situ synthesized in the photonic device.

Abstract: A system for generating hydrogen by dissociation of water, characterized by a hydrogen generation chamber for generating hydrogen from water containing electrolytes; a source of radiofrequency electromagnetic energy for providing energy to drive the dissociation of the water; and a control unit for controlling the energy source and liquid and gas flow.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a light emitting device. The light emitting device includes a first electrode, a first semiconductor layer, an active layer, a second semiconductor layer and a second electrode. The first electrode is electrically connected to the first semiconductor layer. The second electrode is electrically connected to the second semiconductor layer. At least one of the first electrode and the second electrode comprises a metal metamaterial layer. The metal metamaterial layer comprises a number of metamaterial units arranged to form a periodic array. A distance between the metal metamaterial layer and the active layer is less than or equal to 100 nanometers. The display device using the light emitting device is also provided.

Abstract: An active material that can achieve sufficient discharge capacity at high discharging rate, an electrode including the active material, and a lithium ion secondary battery including the electrode, and a method for manufacturing the active material are provided. The active material includes a LiVOPO4 powder, a first carbon powder, and a second carbon powder. A relational expression of 0.05?A1/A2?0.5 is satisfied, where A1 represents the ratio of the G band peak height observed around 1580 cm?1 in Raman spectrum of the first carbon powder to the 2D band peak height observed around 2700 cm?1 in the Raman spectrum of the first carbon powder, and A2 represents the ratio of the G band peak height observed around 1580 cm?1 in Raman spectrum of the second carbon powder to the 2D band peak height observed around 2700 cm?1 in the Raman spectrum of the second carbon powder.

Abstract: A field effect transistor (FET) is provided. The FET includes a first material layer, second material layer and a third material layer. The third material layer includes an n-type silicon substrate layer and a gate electrode. The gate electrode includes an insulating substrate with at least one conducting metal. The second material layer is disposed on the third material layer. The first material layer is disposed on the second material layer. A source electrode is disposed on the first material layer. A drain electrode is disposed on the first material layer. A plurality of gold nanostructures are disposed on an active channel of the FET. The plurality of gold nanostructures are electrically isolated from the source electrode, drain electrode and gate electrode. The plurality of gold nanostructures contribute to a drain current of the FET based at least in part on plasmonic absorption of photons.

Abstract: An article is provided that can be used as a heating source for various applications. The article includes an environmentally friendly gaseous fuel mixture within a gas cylinder that is both non-corrosive and refillable. More specifically, the gaseous fuel mixture contains hydrogen and methane. Methods of using the article as a heating source are also provided.

Abstract: A bearing module including a first bearing component and a second bearing component which are mounted such that the first bearing component and the second bearing component can move relative to one another, the first bearing component being an outer ring extending in a circumferential direction and the second bearing copmonent being a corresponding inner ring, a raceway is provided on one of the outer bearing and the inner bearing ring, and corrosion protection is provided at a side of the raceway, the corrosion protection being anodic corrosion protection and including one of a sacrificial anode or an impressed current anode. A separate protection means is provided, which is comprised of an oligodynamically acting material.

Abstract: Methods are described that have the capability of producing submicron/nanoscale particles, in some embodiments dispersible, at high production rates. In some embodiments, the methods result in the production of particles with an average diameter less than about 75 nanometers that are produced at a rate of at least about 35 grams per hour. In other embodiments, the particles are highly uniform. These methods can be used to form particle collections and/or powder coatings. Powder coatings and corresponding methods are described based on the deposition of highly uniform submicron/nanoscale particles.

Abstract: Electromagnetic irradiation of functionalized fullerenes in an oxygen-free environment induces conversion of the functionalized fullerenes to carbon nanotubes, carbon nanohorns, carbon onions, diamonds and/or carbon schwarzites. The carbon nanotubes can be multi-wall carbon nanotubes. Advantageously, the subject invention can be used for in-situ synthesis of carbon nanostructures within a matrix to form a carbon nanostructure composite, where positioning of the carbon nanostructures is controlled by the manner of dispersion of the functionalized fullerenes in the matrix. Carbon nanotube comprising features, such as electrical connects, can be formed on a surface by irradiating a portion of a functionalized fullerene coating with a laser beam.

Abstract: A process for producing a circuit carrier comprising at least a molded part and a circuit carried by the molded part, wherein the molded part includes a polycarbonate composition having the following components: a) 30-97 mass % of aromatic polycarbonate, b) 0.5-20 mass % of a metal compound capable of being activated by electromagnetic radiation and thereby forming elemental metal nuclei, and c) 2.5-50 mass % of at least one rubber-like polymer, wherein the sum of a)-c) is 100%.

Abstract: A system for use in fabrication of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) includes a wafer having a circuitry and a plurality of CNT seed sites. The system also includes a base assembly configured to support the wafer. The system further includes a first tube disposed over the wafer and configured to surround the CNTs that form on the seed sites. The circuitry in the wafer is configured to conduct at least one static charge. The wafer includes a top surface having a plurality of CNT seed sites, each seed site coupled to the circuitry and configured to receive one of the at least one static charge.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing copper nanoparticles, in particular, to a method for manufacturing copper nanoparticles, wherein the method includes preparing a mixture solution including a copper salt, a dispersing agent, a reducing agent and an organic solvent; raising temperature of the mixture solution up to 30-50° C. and agitating; irradiating the mixture solution with microwaves; and obtaining the copper nanoparticles by lowering temperature of the mixture solution. According to the present invention, several tens of nm of copper nanoparticles having a narrow particle size distribution and good dispersibility can be synthesized in mass production.

Abstract: The invention provides a method of reducing metal ions (3, 204) present on a substrate (100) comprising contacting the metal ions with a material (2, 201, 202) capable of reducing the metal ions to metal atoms (6, 9) upon exposure to visible light, and exposing the material to visible light (1) whereby to generate metal atoms from the metal ions.

Abstract: The present invention relates to enhancement of detectable emissions from carbon nanodots or variants thereof by using the techniques of MEF to further enhance carbon nanodot brightness, photostability, and thus, potentially detectability in biological imaging applications by using plasmon supporting materials, such as silver island films and positioning of the carbon nanodots an optimal distance from the plasmon supporting materials.

Abstract: The present invention provides reaction cells capable of maintaining stable analytical performance by preventing bubble adhesion and reducing sample carryover even if the amount of sample liquid for a single test is further reduced in the future. The invention further provides an automatic analyzer that uses the reaction cells and a method for enhancing the hydrophilicity of the inner surfaces of the reaction cells. According to the invention, a reaction cell has a first electrode inserted thereinto and a second electrode disposed on the bottom side of the reaction cell. A voltage is applied between the first electrode and the second electrode to cause electric discharge between the electrodes. This allows for enhancing only the hydrophilicity of the bottom inner surface and the four bottom corners of the reaction cell to which large bubbles adhere easily.

Abstract: A blue phase liquid crystal material includes a liquid crystal host, a chiral reagent and a stable polymer. The chiral reagent is R811. The stable polymer is formed by photo-polymerizing a first monomer and a second monomer. The first monomer is 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (2-EHA), and the second monomer is 2-methyl-1,4-bis{4-[3(-acrylate)propoxyl]benzoicacid}phenylester (PTPTP). The blue phase liquid crystal material has a blue phase temperature range widened to an extremely low temperature. A blue phase liquid crystal composition and a method for manufacturing the blue phase liquid crystal material by using the blue phase liquid crystal composition are also provided.

Abstract: A method of synthesizing ligand-conjugated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) is disclosed. The method comprises: a) providing an amine-modified silica particle; b) providing a solution comprising Au+3 ions; c) suspending the amine-modified silica particle in the solution comprising Au+3 ions; d) allowing the Au3+ ions to be adsorbed and/or immobilized onto the surface of the amine-modified silica particle; e) exposing the Au3+ ions immobilized onto the surface of the amine-modified silica particle to radiation to obtain bare gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) adsorbed and/or immobilized onto the surface of the amine-modified silica particle, wherein the bare AuNPs are without organic surface modifications; and f) reacting a ligand with the bare AuNPs adsorbed and/or immobilized onto the surface of the amine-modified SiNP and thereby obtain ligand-conjugated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs).

Abstract: Electromagnetic irradiation of functionalized fullerenes in an oxygen-free environment induces conversion of the functionalized fullerenes to carbon nanotubes, carbon nanohorns, carbon onions, diamonds and/or carbon schwarzites. The carbon nanotubes can be multi-wall carbon nanotubes. Advantageously, the subject invention can be used for in-situ synthesis of carbon nanostructures within a matrix to form a carbon nanostructure composite, where positioning of the carbon nanostructures is controlled by the manner of dispersion of the functionalized fullerenes in the matrix. Carbon nanotube comprising features, such as electrical connects, can be formed on a surface by irradiating a portion of a functionalized fullerene coating with a laser beam.

Abstract: This invention is to provide a method for the production of diamond at a high rate and in a high efficiency using in-liquid plasma. The present invention is a method for the production of diamond using electromagnetic waves irradiated to a liquid containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in which the ratio of hydrogen atoms to the sum of carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms is from 0.75 to 0.82 and the ratio of carbon atoms to the sum of carbon atoms and oxygen atoms is from 0.47 to 0.58 so as to generate plasma in the liquid.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods are described for separate heating of substrate, catalyst and feedstock/transport gases for the controllable CVD synthesis of various carbon nanotubes and nanostructures, and particularly for CVD growth of oriented forests of multi-wall CNT forests, which are highly dry-spinnable into sheets and yarns.

Abstract: The invention pertains to utilization of high power density microwave energy to reduce organic compounds to carbon and their constituents, primarily in a gaseous state. The process includes, but is not limited to, scrap tires, plastics, asphalt roofing shingles, computer waste, medical waste, municipal solid waste, construction waste, shale oil, and PCB/PAH/HCB-laden materials. The process includes the steps of feeding organic material into a microwave applicator and exposing the material to microwave energy fed from at least two linear polarized sources in non-parallel alignment to each other, and collecting the material. The at least two sources of microwave energy are from a bifurcated waveguide assembly, whose outputs are perpendicular to each other and fed through waveguide of proper impedance, such that the microwave sources are physically and electrically 90° out of phase to each other. The microwave frequency is between 894 and 1000 MHz, preferably approximately 915 MHz.

Abstract: Amongst the candidates for very high efficiency electronics, solid state light sources, photovoltaics, and photoelectrochemical devices, and photobiological devices are those based upon metal-nitride nanowires. Enhanced nanowire performance typically require heterostructures, quantum dots, etc which requirement that these structures are grown with relatively few defects and in a controllable reproducible manner. Additionally flexibility according to the device design requires that the nanowire at the substrate may be either InN or GaN. Methods of growing relatively defect free nanowires and associated structures for group IIIA-nitrides are presented without the requirement for foreign metal catalysts, overcoming the non-uniform growth of prior art techniques and allowing self-organizing quantum dot, quantum well and quantum dot-in-a-dot structures to be formed.

Abstract: The preparation of a 72Se/72As radioisotope generator involves forming an acidic aqueous solution of an irradiated alkali bromide target such as a NaBr target, oxidizing soluble bromide in the solution to elemental bromine, removing the elemental bromine, evaporating the resulting solution to a residue, removing hydrogen chloride from the residue, forming an acidic aqueous solution of the residue, adding a chelator that selectively forms a chelation complex with selenium, and extracting the chelation complex from the acidic aqueous solution into an organic phase. As the 72Se generates 72As in the organic phase, the 72As may be extracted repeatedly from the organic phase with an aqueous acid solution.

Abstract: An RNA of the present invention is an RNA containing a 5? cap structure and a coding region having a 5? initiation codon and a 3? stop codon on both ends of the coding region, the RNA having a nucleoside compound introduced at a site selected from among the 5? cap structure and 10 bases from a 5? end of the RNA, wherein the nucleoside compound is such that a group is attached to (i) a carbon atom at position 8 of a purine nucleus or (ii) a carbon atom at position 5 or 6 of a pyrimidine nucleus, the group being represented by formula (I): A-X?X-#??(I) where A represents an aryl group or a heteroaryl group, # represents a site where the group represented by the formula (I) is attached to the carbon atom at the position 8 of the purine nucleus or the carbon atom at the position 5 or 6 of the pyrimidine nucleus, and two Xs, which are identical to or different from each other, each represents a nitrogen atom or CH whose H may be substituted by alkyl.

Abstract: Versions of the invention include electron beam treated microporous halocarbon membranes, particularly fluoro-carbon membranes, and methods for treating one or more surfaces of a polymeric porous halocarbon membrane with electron beams. The modified porous membrane is stable, resists dewetting, and retains its mechanical properties and chemical inertness.

Abstract: To provide a method for preparing a mayenite-containing oxide containing a mayenite type compound and having a hydride ion density of at least 1×1018/cm3 without need for expensive facilities, control of complicated reaction conditions or a long period of reaction time. A method for preparing a mayenite-containing oxide, which comprises a firing step of heating a starting material having a molar ratio of CaO:Al2O3 being from 9:10 to 14:5 based on the oxides at a temperature of from 900 to 1,300° C. to obtain a fired powder and a hydrogenation step of firing the fired powder at a temperature of at least 1,210° C. and lower than 1,350° C.

Abstract: In a method of producing a metal structure by photoreducing metal ion, a substance capable of suppressing growth of metal crystal is added to a medium in which metal ion is dispersed to prevent growth of the metal crystal produced by photoreduction of the metal ion, thereby processing resolution of a metal structure formed of the metal crystal is improved.

Abstract: Methods for preparing photoluminescent silicon nanoparticles and compositions of such silicon nanoparticles having unique properties are provided. Methods of preparation include the use of low pressure high frequency pulsed plasma reactors and direct fluid capture of the nanoparticles formed in the reactor.

Abstract: A new method is disclosed for the exfoliation of hexagonal boron nitride into mono- and few-layered nanosheets (or nanoplatelets, nanomesh, nanoribbons). The method does not necessarily require high temperature or vacuum, but uses commercially available h-BN powders (or those derived from these materials, bulk crystals) and only requires wet chemical processing. The method is facile, cost efficient, and scalable. The resultant exfoliated h-BN is dispersible in an organic solvent or water thus amenable for solution processing for unique microelectronic or composite applications.

Abstract: Methods are described that have the capability of producing submicron/nanoscale particles, in some embodiments dispersible, at high production rates. In some embodiments, the methods result in the production of particles with an average diameter less than about 75 nanometers that are produced at a rate of at least about 35 grams per hour. In other embodiments, the particles are highly uniform. These methods can be used to form particle collections and/or powder coatings. Powder coatings and corresponding methods are described based on the deposition of highly uniform submicron/nanoscale particles.

Abstract: The invention described herein generally pertains to utilization of high power density microwave energy to reduce organic compounds to carbon and their constituents, primarily in a gaseous state. The process includes, but is not limited to, scrap tires, plastics, asphalt roofing shingles, computer waste, medical waste, municipal solid waste, construction waste, shale oil, and PCB/PAH/HCB-laden materials. The process includes the steps of feeding organic material into a microwave applicator and exposing the material to microwave energy fed from at least two linear polarized sources in non-parallel alignment to each other, and collecting the material. The at least two sources of microwave energy are from a bifurcated waveguide assembly, whose outputs are perpendicular to each other and fed through waveguide of proper impedance, such that the microwave sources are physically and electrically 90° out of phase to each other. The microwave frequency is between 894 and 1000 MHz, preferably approximately 915 MHz.

Abstract: The invention relates to controlling the formation of water in a reaction system comprising hydrogen, oxygen and atomic hydrogen by irradiating the reaction system with electromagnetic emissions from a platinum lamp such that the atomic hydrogen is direct resonance targeted. Physical platinum may also be present in the reaction system.

Abstract: Various embodiments include a method of producing chemically pure and stably dispersed metal and metal-alloy nanoparticle colloids with ultrafast pulsed laser ablation. A method comprises irradiating a metal or metal alloy target submerged in a liquid with ultrashort laser pulses at a high repetition rate, cooling a portion of the liquid that includes an irradiated region, and collecting nanoparticles produced with the laser irradiation and liquid cooling. The method may be implemented with a high repetition rate ultrafast pulsed laser source, an optical system for focusing and moving the pulsed laser beams, a metal or metal alloy target submerged in a liquid, and a liquid circulating system to cool the laser focal volume and collect the nanoparticle products. By controlling various laser parameters, and with optional liquid flow movement, the method provides stable colloids of dispersed metal and metal-alloy nanoparticles. In various embodiments additional stabilizing chemical agents are not required.

Abstract: The invention relates to a gas phase method for producing nanometric particles in a reactor for producing particles in a gas phase, in which there is an interaction between a reaction flow and an energy flow. This method comprises the following steps: a step for coupling a device for producing gaseous chlorides with this reactor, a step for producing gaseous chlorides from a base precursor in the form of powders, and a step for injecting such a reaction flow into the reactor.

Abstract: The present invention provides producing method and producing apparatus in which polarized xenon gas of high concentration is obtained without being frozen, and polarized xenon gas can be produced continuously. A glass cell having solid rubidium and solid xenon filled in vacuum is heated to be gas xenon and gas-liquid mixed rubidium, to which a magnetic field is applied to irradiate a laser beam thereby obtaining polarized xenon gas of high concentration.

Abstract: A system and method for growing nanotubes out of carbon and other materials using CVD uses a catalytic transmembrane to separate a feedstock chamber from a growth chamber and provide catalytic material with separate catalytic surfaces to absorb carbon atoms from the feedstock chamber and to grow carbon nanotubes in the growth chamber. The catalytic transmembrane provides for greater flexibility to independently control both the gas environment and pressure in the chambers to optimize absorption and carbon growth and to provide instrumentation in the growth chamber for in-situ control of defects or observation of the carbon nanotube growth.

Abstract: Boron nitride nanotubes are prepared by a process which includes: (a) creating a source of boron vapor; (b) mixing the boron vapor with nitrogen gas so that a mixture of boron vapor and nitrogen gas is present at a nucleation site, which is a surface, the nitrogen gas being provided at a pressure elevated above atmospheric, e.g., from greater than about 2 atmospheres up to about 250 atmospheres; and (c) harvesting boron nitride nanotubes, which are formed at the nucleation site.

Abstract: An anodized layer formation method of an embodiment of the present invention includes the steps of: (a) providing an aluminum base which has a surface that is made of aluminum; (b) anodizing the surface to form a barrier-type alumina layer; and (c) after step (b), further anodizing the surface to form a porous alumina layer which has a plurality of minute recessed portions. According to an embodiment of the present invention, a method is provided that enables formation of a porous alumina layer which has an interpore distance of a desired magnitude with the use of an aluminum base which has a surface that is made of aluminum, irrespective of the surface form.

Abstract: A method of synthesizing ligand-conjugated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) is disclosed. The method comprises: a) providing an amine-modified silica particle; b) providing a solution comprising Au+3 ions; c) suspending the amine-modified silica particle in the solution comprising Au+3 ions; d) allowing the Au3+ ions to be adsorbed and/or immobilized onto the surface of the amine-modified silica particle; e) exposing the Au3+ ions immobilized onto the surface of the amine-modified silica particle to radiation to obtain bare gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) adsorbed and/or immobilized onto the surface of the amine-modified silica particle, wherein the bare AuNPs are without organic surface modifications; and f) reacting a ligand with the bare AuNPs adsorbed and/or immobilized onto the surface of the amine-modified SiNP and thereby obtain ligand-conjugated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs).

Abstract: It is provided a method for functionalizing an implant comprising treating the implant surface thereby causing the surface to be electro-positively charged. The implant has enhanced tissue-implant integration and/or bone-implant integration.

Abstract: The invention relates to a pentacyclic anion salt and to the use thereof in electrolyte compositions. The compound comprises an inorganic, organic or organometallic cation M of valency m (1?m?3) and m anions corresponding to the formula (I) in which Rf is a —CFZ?Z? group in which Z? is F or a perfluoroalkyl group having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms, and Z? is an H, F or Cl group, an optionally fluorinated or perfluorinated alkoxy group having from 1 to 5 carbon atoms, an optionally fluorinated or perfluorinated oxaalkoxy group having from 1 to 5 carbon atoms or an optionally fluorinated or perfluorinated alkyl group having from 1 to 5 carbon atoms; Z? being other than F when Z? is F. An electrolyte composition comprises said salt in solution in a liquid solvent or a polymer solvent.

Abstract: [Problems] The present invention is to provide a method of solubilizing a carbon nanomaterial, in which a carbon nanomaterial can be dissolved in a hydrophilic solvent easily and uniformly without structural deterioration of the carbon nanomaterial, the dispersibility can be maintained for a prolonged period of time, the solubilizing treatment can be performed at low cost, and the treatment can be easily controlled. [Means for Resolution] The method of solubilizing a carbon nanomaterial of the invention is characterized by mixing a carbon nanomaterial in a hydrophilic solvent, and performing streamer discharge in the hydrophilic solvent to dissolve the carbon nanomaterial in the hydrophilic solvent with the dispersed state thereof maintained stably.