Abstract: The invention relates to compounds of the following general formula (I) in the form of one of the enantiomers thereof or a mixture of the enantiomers thereof, and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and/or solvates thereof, especially for the use thereof as a medicament, more specifically in cancer treatment. The invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions containing same and to the methods for the production thereof.

Abstract: This invention provides a chlorinated poly(propylene carbonate) and the preparation method thereof, the chlorinated poly(propylene carbonate) is as represented by formula (I). Compared to the prior poly(propylene carbonate)s, the chlorinated poly(propylene carbonate) has relatively stronger electronegativity due to the presence of chlorine atoms and the interaction of the chlorinated poly(propylene carbonate) with other polar materials can be enhanced, so that it can be widely used as a compatilizer, a binder, a paint, an ink, and the like. After the introduction of chlorine atoms, hydrogen bond interaction is generated within the chlorinated poly(propylene carbonate), so that its processability and mechanical properties are both improved. Furthermore, the chlorine atom may improve the flame retardancy of chlorinated poly(propylene carbonate) materials.

Abstract: Gas separation membrane compositions including at least one crosslinked polymer, gas separation membranes made of such compositions, methods for making such gas separation membranes, and methods of using such membranes to separate gases are described. In one embodiment, the crosslinked polymer includes polyarylene ethers (PAE).

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for manufacturing a liquid crystal display device, which hardly causes alignment defects in the case of forming a horizontal alignment film by employing a photo-alignment treatment. The method for manufacturing a liquid crystal display device of the present invention includes a step of forming a horizontal alignment film by carrying out a photo-alignment treatment of irradiating a photo-alignment film material applied to at least one substrate of a pair of substrates with light, wherein the photo-alignment treatment is a treatment for irradiating the same region with light two or more times from a slanting direction with respect to a surface of the at least one substrate of the pair of substrates, and at least two of lights applied two or more times in the photo-alignment treatment are polarized lights applied from directions mutually different at 90° or greater.

Abstract: A process for recovering an oil from a tar sand, including the steps of drying the tar sand to produce a dried tar sand, mixing the dried tar sand with a microwave absorbent to produce a mixed sand, and cracking the mixed sand with microwaves to produce an oil vapor product containing the oil.

Abstract: The invention provides a process for producing finely divided particles of core-shell structure where the shell comprises at least one polymer, said process comprising the steps of: i. providing a first aerosol stream of droplets in a carrier gas stream wherein the droplets comprise at least one monomer and charging droplets of the first aerosol with electric charge; ii. providing a second aerosol stream of solid particles in a carrier gas stream and charging the solid particles of the aerosol with an electric charge opposite to the electric charge on the droplets of the first aerosol stream; iii. mixing the first aerosol stream with the second aerosol stream to form a mixed aerosol stream; iv. initiating a polymerization of the monomers by irradiating this mixed aerosol stream with electromagnetic radiation. The invention also provides the finely divided particles of core-shell structure which are obtainable by this process.

Abstract: A preparation method of chromenone derivatives using radiation is provided. The preparation method exposes commercially-available silybin in reaction solvent to radiation, to thereby concurrently obtain both dehydrosilybin and apigenin compounds, which are chromenone compounds, in a simple reaction step and with high yield. Because the compounds are prepared at economic cost, the preparation method can be advantageously used particularly for the purpose of mass production. Further, in consideration of good cancer cell viability suppression effect thereof, dehydrosilybin and apigenin prepared according to the preparation method can be advantageously used as a pharmaceutical composition for prevention and treatment of cancer.

Abstract: Provided is a new photochemical process for preparing artemisinin. Also provided are certain dihydroartemisinic acid derivatives useful for preparing artemisinin.

Abstract: Cyclic alkynes (e.g., cyclooctynes such as dibenzocyclooctynes) can be photochemically generated from cyclopropenones as disclosed herein. The cyclic alkynes can be reacted (e.g., in situ) with materials having alkyne-reactive groups (e.g., azide groups in a “click” reaction). In preferred embodiments, the generation and reaction of the cyclic alkyne can proceed in the absence of a catalyst (e.g., Cu(I)). These reactions can be useful, for example, for the selective labeling of living cells that are metabolically modified with azido-containing surface monosaccharides, or for light-directed surface patterning.

Abstract: A photoacid includes a nucleophilic (NuH) moiety having a photodissociable proton, an electron accepting (EA) moiety, and a bridge structure (X) bonded to both the NuH moiety and EA moiety positioned between the NuH and EA moieties. The NuH and EA moieties each include respective structure so that the EA moiety bonds to a proton photodissociated form of the NuH moiety during a reversible photoinduced intramolecular reaction to form a ring, which has been found to significantly increase the lifetime of the proton dissociation state.

Abstract: Cyclic alkynes (e.g., cyclooctynes such as dibenzocyclooctynes) can be photochemically generated from cyclopropenones as disclosed herein. The cyclic alkynes can be reacted (e.g., in situ) with materials having alkyne-reactive groups (e.g., azide groups in a “click” reaction). In preferred embodiments, the generation and reaction of the cyclic alkyne can proceed in the absence of a catalyst (e.g., Cu(I)). These reactions can be useful, for example, for the selective labeling of living cells that are metabolically modified with azido-containing surface monosaccharides, or for light-directed surface patterning.

Abstract: A preparation method of chromenone derivatives using radiation is provided. The preparation method exposes commercially-available silybin in reaction solvent to radiation, to thereby concurrently obtain both dehydrosilybin and apigenin compounds, which are chromenone compounds, in a simple reaction step and with high yield. Because the compounds are prepared at economic cost, the preparation method can be advantageously used particularly for the purpose of mass production. Further, in consideration of good cancer cell viability suppression effect thereof, dehydrosilybin and apigenin prepared according to the preparation method can be advantageously used as a pharmaceutical composition for prevention and treatment of cancer.

Abstract: The present invention provides a new strategies for the synthesis of compounds of the rocaglamide family and related natural products. The synthetic approach generally involves photochemical generation of an oxidopyrylium species from a 3-hydroxychromone derivative followed by an enantioselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of the oxidopyrylium species to a dipolarophile in the presence of a TADDOL derivative. This approach can be used for the formation of adducts containing an aglain core structure. Methods of the conversion of aglain core structures to aglain, rocaglamide and forbaglin ring systems are also provided. The present invention also relates to the use of rocaglamide/aglain/forbaglin derivatives for the manufacture of medicaments for use in the treatment of cancer or cancerous conditions, disorders associated with cellular hyperproliferation, or NF-?B-dependent conditions.

Abstract: Cyclic alkynes (e.g., cyclooctynes such as dibenzocyclooctynes) can be photochemically generated from cyclopropenones as disclosed herein. The cyclic alkynes can be reacted (e.g., in situ) with materials having alkyne-reactive groups (e.g., azide groups in a “click” reaction). In preferred embodiments, the generation and reaction of the cyclic alkyne can proceed in the absence of a catalyst (e.g., Cu(I)). These reactions can be useful, for example, for the selective labeling of living cells that are metabolically modified with azido-containing surface monosaccharides, or for light-directed surface patterning.

Abstract: The present invention provides a new strategies for the synthesis of compounds of the rocaglamide family and related natural products. The synthetic approach generally involves photochemical generation of an oxidopyrylium species from a 3-hydroxychromone derivative followed by an enantioselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of the oxidopyrylium species to a dipolarophile in the presence of a TADDOL derivative. This approach can be used for the formation of adducts containing an aglain core structure. Methods of the conversion of aglain core structures to aglain, rocaglamide and forbaglin ring systems are also provided. The present invention also relates to the use of rocaglamide/aglain/forbaglin derivatives for the manufacture of medicaments for use in the treatment of cancer or cancerous conditions, disorders associated with cellular hyperproliferation, or NF-?B-dependent conditions.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is energy transfer on multisegmented nanowires via surface plasmon resonance excitation of visible light, such as solar energy, absorbed by metals sensitive to visible light and transferred to metals insensitive to visible light. The nanowires are prepared with controllable gap sizes between different segments by on-wire lithography (OWL).

Abstract: The presently disclosed subject matter demonstrates that a spin state which has zero magnetic resonance signal, but an extremely long lifetime, can be used to store magnetization, which can then be recovered into an observable transition. Coupled with hyper-polarization techniques, this permits the preparation of a wide range of contrast agent molecules for use in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques that have long effective relaxation time.

Abstract: A process for producing glucosamine and acetyl glucosamine by using microwave technique, comprising following steps: (1) providing a chitin or chitosan source formed by a microorganism; (2) adding hydrochloric acid solution having concentration of 2N˜6N into said chitin or chitosan source to form a reaction solution; (3) placing said reaction solution in a microwave device and heating therein at power of 700˜2100 watt to carry out hydrolytic reaction such that chitin or chitosan is hydrolyzed into glucosamine or acetyl glucosamine.

Abstract: Methods for labeling a substrate using a hetero-Diels-Alder reaction are disclosed. The hetero-Diels-Alder reaction includes the reaction of an o-quinone methide (e.g., an o-naphthoquinone methide) with a polarized olefin to form a hetero-Diels-Alder adduct. The o-quinone methide or the polarized olefin can be attached to a surface of a substrate, and the other of the o-quinone methide or the polarized olefin can include a detectable label. The o-quinone methide can conveniently be generated by irradiation of a precursor compound, preferably in an aqueous solution, suspension, or dispersion.

Abstract: Provided is a new photochemical process for preparing artemisinin. Also provided are certain dihydroartemisinic acid derivatives useful for preparing artemisinin.

Abstract: There is disclosed a method for partially derivatizing a curved surface of particles in an electrically conducting solvent, said method comprises the steps: a) bringing particles in close contact with at least one surface by using a force, b) inducing a chemical reaction on at least one part of a particle by applying an electrical potential between said at least one surface and the electrically conducting solvent, and c) further reacting said at least one part of a particle where a chemical reaction has been induced in step b) above. There is further disclosed a partially derivatized particle as well as uses of the particle. Advantages include that the method is simple and only requires a potentiostat in addition to standard laboratory equipment, is inexpensive, time-efficient, and inherently parallel.

Abstract: The present invention relates to oxidative degradation products of atorvastatin calcium and the process of the preparation thereof. The present invention also relates to atorvastatin calcium substantially free of oxidative degradation products and the pharmaceutical compositions containing such atorvastatin calcium.

Abstract: The present invention provides novel compositions suitable for use in an intermolecular photodeprotection reaction scheme. Such compositions include a chromophore compound and a second compound having a photocleavable group bonded to a protected functional group. Novel compounds which can used in intramolecular photodeprotection are also provided. These compounds have a chromophore moiety bonded to a photocleavable group, which itself is bonded to a protected group. The compounds and compositions disclosed herein can be used in two-photon and multi-photon excitation.

Abstract: This invention relates to the design of a process by intermittent dielectric heating combined with a recycling system. This process consists in subjecting reagents to electromagnetic waves selected in the frequencies ranging between 300 GHz and 3 MHz intermittently using a recycling system. This process enables the treatment of oils that are hardly absorbent as well as great investment savings. This process enables operation on different scales, whether in laboratories, on a semi-industrial or industrial scale, without forfeiting the advantages of continuous dielectric heating.

Abstract: Various non-limiting embodiments of the present disclosure relate to photochromic materials comprising a reactive substituent. For example, the present disclosure contemplates photochromic materials, such as photochromic naphthopyrans and indeno-fused naphthopyrans having a reactive substituent comprising a reactive moiety linked to the photochromic naphthopyran by one or more linking groups. In certain non-limiting embodiments, the reactive moiety comprises a polymerizable moiety. In other non-limiting embodiments, the reactive moiety comprises a nucleophilic moiety or an electrophilic moiety. Other non-limiting embodiments of the present disclosure relate to photochromic articles, compositions, and methods of making the photochromic articles, wherein the photochromic articles and compositions comprise the photochromic naphthopyrans described herein.

Abstract: The invention provides devices and methods for end and side derivatization of carbon nanotubes. Also facile methods to attach moieties and nanoparticles on the side walls and both ends are described. The invention provides hybide materials for analytical, and optoelectronic purposes as well as materials applications. Materials have improved properties in the areas of tensile, electrical and thermal conductivity.

Abstract: A method to prepare new or unexpected polymorphs of materials which have not been observed, or to obtain a known polymorph under different conditions than those in which it is usually made, by using a laser to cause nucleation and crystal growth to occur in a supersaturated solution in such a way as to obtain a crystal structure which would not normally appear without the use of the laser.

Abstract: A liquid/liquid extraction method is used for separating a perfluorinated polyether (PFPE) into two molecular-weight distributions using an alcohol or cyclic ether as one solvent and a fluorinated solvent as the other solvent. The more polar alcohol or cyclic ether solvent extracts the lower molecular weight PFPE and the less polar fluorinated solvent extracts the higher molecular weight PFPE. In addition, when the PFPE is a mixture of PFPEs with different end groups, such as a mixture of predominantly Z-Tetraol but with other PFPEs with Z-Dol end groups, there is an enrichment of the Z-Tetraol in the more polar solvent. The preferred PFPE is a mixture of PFPEs in as-purchased Z-Tetraol and the preferred solvents are methanol or trifluoroethanol as one solvent and a perfluorinated hydrocarbon, such as perfluorohexane, as the other solvent.

Abstract: Nonlinear optically active compounds, methods for making nonlinear optically active compounds, compounds useful for making nonlinear optically active compounds, methods for making compounds useful for making nonlinear optically active compounds, macrostructures that include nonlinear optically active components, and devices including the nonlinear optically active compounds and the macrostructures.

Abstract: Di(ketene acetals) are prepared by photoisomerizing the corresponding di(vinyl acetals).

Abstract: A method to select and prepare polymorphs of materials by switching the polarization state of light employing non-photochemical laser-induced nucleation.

Abstract: The present invention is draw to microwave heating of a transition metal-catalysed organic reaction, in which a catalyst complex between a transition metal and an auxiliary ligand or ligands, the ligand being asymmetric or symmetric, monodentate or bidentate, results in highly chemoselective, regioselective, and stereoselective allylic substitution reactions. Molybdenum or palladium complexes form suitable catalytic systems with a plethora of ligands in a variety of solvents for such microwave facilitated nucleophilic substitution reactions.

Abstract: A method of synthesizing 5,5′-diformyl-2,2′-difuran and derivatives thereof, including the steps of subjecting a reaction mixture of furfural or a derivative thereof to photochemical irradiation with a halogenated furfural in the presence of an acid scavenger and then harvesting the produced 5,5′-diformyl-2,2′-difuran and derivatives.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing tocol acylate or tocopherol acylate having the following steps: a) combining tocol or tocopherol with an acylating agent to form a reaction mixture; b) irradiating the reaction mixture with microwave energy to from tocol acylate or tocopherol acylate; and c) isolating the tocol acylate or tocopherol acylate from the reaction mixture.

Abstract: Substituted pyranes such as 2-ethinyl-tetrahydro-2,6,6-trimethylpyran are prepared from dehydrolinalool or higher homologues thereof by heating or treatment with microwaves in the presence of a solid acid.

Abstract: A method to prepare new or unexpected polymorphs of materials which have not been observed, or to obtain a known polymorph under different conditions than those in which it is usually made, by using a laser to cause nucleation and crystal growth to occur in a supersaturated solution in such a way as to obtain a crystal structure which would not normally appear without the use of the laser.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the preparation of monohalogenated 2-oxo-1,3-dioxolanes of the general formula C3H3XO3  (I) in which X is Cl or Br, characterized in that the monohalogenation is carried out starting from ethylene carbonate with sulfuryl dihalides under UV irradiation and in the absence of solvents.

Abstract: A photochemical process for the production of previtamin D3 or a derivative thereof from 7-dehydrocholesterol is disclosed. The process includes irradiating the 7-dehydrocholesterol in a reactor with a UV radiation source, wherein the UV source includes an excimer or exciplex emitter which emits quasi-monochromatically according to the corona discharge mechanism in the UV range, and recovering previtamin D3 or a derivative thereof. Previtamin D3 compositions and derivatives made from this process are also provided.