Abstract: Systems and methods for sanitizing pool and spa water are provided. An electrolytic chlorinator is provided which includes a combined flow, temperature, and salt concentration sensor. The electrolytic chlorinator could include an acid tank for in-situ cleaning of the electrolytic chlorinator or acidification of pool/spa water where needed. A delayed polarity reversal technique is provided for de-scaling and managing passivation of the blades of an electrolytic chlorinator. The electrolytic chlorinator could include a sacrificial anode for protecting components of the chlorinator as well as other pool/spa components. The electrolytic chlorinator could include an integral, electrically-controlled acid generator, a brine tank for periodically superchlorinating and/or shocking pool/spa water, and/or a plurality of chemical tanks/feeds for periodically injecting chemicals into the chlorinator.

Abstract: A stamp comprised of a soft stamp and a carrier fixed to the soft stamp.

Abstract: A vessel corrosion protection apparatus includes a specially shaped anode having a smaller diameter, longer portion and a shorter portion with radially extending ribs that are cast with the anode and configured to engage the inside surface of a section of pipe that extends away from the vessel outer wall. A vessel corrosion protection apparatus includes a specially shaped anode having a smaller diameter, longer portion and a shorter portion with radially extending ribs that are configured to engage the inside surface of a section of pipe that extends away from the vessel outer wall, the anode connected to a plate not made of anodic material and which has a face free from penetrations which would allow liquid penetration through the plate when the anode is attached to a vessel.

Abstract: A fixture for securing into a soil for bearing a load. The fixture comprises body having a foundation section for insertion into the soil. An anode surface and a cathode surface are provided on the foundation section and are electrically connected to one another. The anode surface comprises a metal or metal alloy with a more negative electrode potential than the cathode surface so as to promote electrochemical reactions within regions of the soil at or adjacent the interface between the fixture and the soil for causing a cementation processes to bond soil particles together and to the foundation section.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a removable and reusable anode mounting head for use with heater treaters, tanks, pressure vessels and production vessels. More particularly, the present invention provides a reusable anode mounting head with metallic and non-metallic components that enable electrical connection to the vessel and insulation at a connection to the vessel (e.g., via coupling).

Abstract: A vessel corrosion protection apparatus includes a specially shaped anode having a smaller diameter, longer portion and a shorter portion with radially extending ribs that are cast with the anode and configured to engage the inside surface of a section of pipe that extends away from the vessel outer wall. A vessel corrosion protection apparatus includes a specially shaped anode having a smaller diameter, longer portion and a shorter portion with radially extending ribs that are configured to engage the inside surface of a section of pipe that extends away from the vessel outer wall, the anode connected to a plate not made of anodic material and which has a face free from penetrations which would allow liquid penetration through the plate when the anode is attached to a vessel.

Abstract: The invention concerns an electrolytic reactor, in particular for separating phosphate from phosphate-containing liquids and recovering phosphate salts, comprising a housing, an inlet and an outlet for the liquid and two electrodes of different polarity, which enclose a reactor chamber between them, whereby at least one of the two electrodes is a sacrificial electrode and consists of a magnesium-containing material, whereby the sacrificial electrode is constructed of trapezoid bars which have a first and a second upper surface, whereby the first upper surface is smaller than the second upper surface, and whereby four lateral surfaces connect the first upper surface with the second upper surface.

Abstract: An anode mount assembly is provided for facilitating rapid replacement of an anode component. The adapter mount assembly can comprise a mount component comprising a component body having at least one mounting aperture disposed therein and at least one protrusion or recess that can engage a recess or protrusion of the anode component for restricting movement of the anode component with respect to the mount component in at least one of a rotational and a translational direction of movement. Further, the anode component can comprise an engagement aperture, and the mounting aperture and the engagement aperture can be configured to receive a fastener for securing the anode component to the mount component and for restricting at least one additional degree of movement of the anode component with respect to the mount component to thereby secure the anode component to the mount component.

Abstract: A non-welded metal foundation includes a plurality of bodies formed of metal plates or metal sheets, each body being comprised of lateral ends with integrated planar fins, wherein each of the metal lateral ends overlap a lateral end of an adjacent body; a plurality of mechanical fasteners along each of the overlapped ends of adjacent bodies for mechanically fastening the bodies having the integrated planar fins; wherein said plurality of said bodies are configured for forming a closed perimeter of a geometrical shape having an open interior and wherein the integrated planar fins of each body extend away from the perimeter of the closed geometric shape along the plane of the fin.

Abstract: Embodiments of a system and method for providing cathodic protection to a vessel include encapsulating a dimensionally stable anode with a wax-repellant cementitious coating. The anode, with the encapsulant, is inserted into a structure to be protected, such as a vessel for handling wet crude. A power supply is connected to the anode and to the vessel, making the vessel a cathode. When power is applied, ions flow from the anode, through the encapsulant and fluids in the vessel, to the vessel structure. The encapsulant prevents paraffin wax from building up on the anode.

Abstract: A prefabricated sacrificial galvanic anode panel includes a rigid or semi-rigid backing board or similar support surface over which a thin layer of cement, mortar or adhesive is applied for holding a compliant layer of material in place on the support surface. The layer of wet adhesive, cement or mortar is sufficiently thin so that upon drying it does not cause warping of the support surface. The compliant or spongy layer is laminated or sandwiched between a thicker layer of ionically conductive galvanic mortar and the substrate support surface. The compliant or spongy layer prevents the thicker layer of galvanic mortar from wetting the backing board or substrate support surface so as to prevent warpage upon drying of the thicker layer of galvanic mortar and also accommodates the expansion of corrosion products from the galvanic anode material.

Abstract: A lightning-protection fastener is provided that is capable of reliably preventing peeling off of an insulation layer during the operation of an aircraft and improving the anti-lightning-strike capability and reliability. There is a lightning-protection fastener that fastens a skin of an aircraft and a structural member positioned inside the skin, in which an insulation layer is melt adhered so as to cover one end surface of a head portion and also to mechanically engage with a fastener-side engagement portion (engagement portion) formed on the end surface.

Abstract: Cathodic protection of a structure including a steel member at least partly buried in a covering layer, such as steel rebar in a concrete structure, is provided by embedding sacrificial anodes into the concrete layer at spaced positions over the layer and connecting the anodes to the rebar. The anode body is formed, by pressing together finely divided powder, flakes or fibers of a sacrificial anode material such as zinc to define a porous body having pores therein. The sacrificial anode material of the anode member is directly in contact with the covering material by being buried or inserted as a tight fit into a drilled hole so that any expansion forces therefrom would be applied to the concrete with the potential of causing cracking. The pores are arranged however such that corrosion products from corrosion of the anode body are received into the pores sufficiently to prevent expansion of the anode body to an extent which would cause cracking of the covering material.

Abstract: An improved sacrificial galvanic anode assembly for cathodic protection of a steel reinforced concrete structure. A galvanic cathodic protection device uses an embedded sacrificial anode of metallic foam for increased reactive surface area covered with a flexible penetrating coating to provide a continuous electrolyte to keep it active. The formulated coating paste is inert to cement embedment material and is pre-applied on the anode body prior to encapsulation. An integrated conductive contact band extends from the coated anode to attachment to a reinforcement bar for establishing electrical conductively therewith within the concrete structure transferring galvanic corrosion to the anode.

Abstract: An electrolytic mortar for fabricating galvanic anode panels is strengthened with fibers to improve green strength and resistance to cracking. Elongated reinforcing fibers are introduced into a flowing stream of mortar and deposited in multiple layers upon a platen or mold. A sacrificial zinc anode of open construction is embedded between the multiple layers to allow for electrolytic conduction between the layers and over all surfaces of the zinc anode.

Abstract: An electrolysis prevention device, for preventing corrosion caused by electrolysis, includes a sacrificial anode made of an active metal and an anode holder supporting the sacrificial anode. The holder is adapted to fit around the inlet connection of an engine heat exchange component, such as a radiator or heater core, in such a way as to allow for a hose to be attached overtop the device. The device may be included in an originally-manufactured engine heat exchange component or may be installed later.

Abstract: Techniques generally describe articles of enclosing manufacture and methods related to containers including a magnesium sacrificial anode for corrosion protection. Example articles of enclosing manufacture may include a liner or a rod that is configured as a sacrificial anode to protect a metallic side or end wall of the enclosing manufacture from corrosion. Other embodiments may be disclosed and claimed.

Abstract: A method and system for protecting underground gas carrier pipes housed within an outer casing pipe in which a gas carrier pipe section disposed within an outer casing pipe section and having opposed ends is electrically isolated from a remaining gas carrier pipe section proximate each of the ends. An annular space between the gas carrier pipe section and the outer casing pipe section is filled with an electrolyte. At least one anode electrode is inserted into the annular space distal from each of the gas carrier pipe section and the outer casing pipe section and connected with a positive voltage lead of a cathodic protection rectifier. A negative voltage lead of the cathodic protection rectifier is connected to the gas carrier pipe section.

Abstract: An improved sacrificial galvanic anode assembly for cathodic protection of a steel reinforced concrete structure. A galvanic cathodic protection device uses a multi-layered embedded sacrificial anode such as zinc covered with a flexible layer of paste to provide a continuous electrolyte to keep it active. The formulated paste is inert to cement embedment material and is pre-coated on the anode body prior to encapsulation. An integrated conductive contact band extends from within the coated anode to attachment to a reinforcement bar for establishing electrical conductively therewith in the concrete structure transferring galvanic corrosion to the anode.

Abstract: Sacrificial anode assemblies have the advantage that they can provide galvanic protection to steel in concrete and do not require long term maintenance of a DC power supply. However sacrificial anode assemblies often loose adhesion to the concrete surface. This invention discloses the use of a sacrificial anode (4) and a backfill (3) and a tape (5) and an adhesive to protect steel (8) in concrete. The backfill is preferably placed in a shallow cavity (1) in the concrete surface (2) and the sacrificial anode is inserted into the backfill. The cavity is covered with a tape that extends over the adjacent concrete surfaces on opposite sides of the sacrificial anode and backfill and the tape is attached to the concrete surface with the adhesive. The tape and the adhesive holds the anode in place and prevents a weathering environment from damaging the backfill.

Abstract: A cathodic protection system for use in an electrolyte includes a protected structure to be at least partially immersed in the electrolyte, at least one sacrificial anode to be at least partially immersed in the electrolyte and electrically connected to the protected structure, and a substantially impermeable barrier disposed between the at least one sacrificial anode and the electrolyte.

Abstract: A corrosion control system for an above-ground storage tank having a steel bottom plate comprises a sacrificial anode disposed under and spaced apart from the steel bottom plate in a backfill material, and wherein the backfill material has a pH high enough to cause a substantial passivation of the surface of the steel plate facing the sacrificial anode while substantially preventing the passivation of the sacrificial anode. In the preferred embodiment the backfill material has a pH of 10 or greater and the sacrificial anode is in the form of a plate or mesh composed of aluminum or an alloy thereof. Alternatively the sacrificial anode may be composed of zinc or an alloy thereof. The backfill material further includes soda ash, trisodium phosphate or other high alkaline chemicals to raise the pH. The backfill material also preferably includes a moisture retention material such as zeolite to maintain a minimum of moisture content of 10 percent or greater.

Abstract: Cathodic protection of a structure including a steel member at least partly buried in a covering layer, such as steel rebar in a concrete structure, is provided by embedding sacrificial anodes into the concrete layer at spaced positions over the layer and connecting the anodes to the rebar. The anode body is formed, by pressing together finely divided powder, flakes or fibers of a sacrificial anode material such as zinc to define a porous body having pores therein. The sacrificial anode material of the anode member is directly in contact with the covering material by being buried or inserted as a tight fit into a drilled hole so that any expansion forces therefrom would be applied to the concrete with the potential of causing cracking. The pores are arranged however such that corrosion products from corrosion of the anode body are received into the pores sufficiently to prevent expansion of the anode body to an extent which would cause cracking of the covering material.

Abstract: A single anode system used in multiple electrochemical treatments to control steel corrosion in concrete comprises a sacrificial metal that is capable of supporting high impressed anode current densities with an impressed current anode connection detail and a porous embedding material containing an electrolyte. Initially current is driven from the sacrificial metal [1] to the steel [10] using a power source [5] converting oxygen and water [14] into hydroxyl ions [15] on the steel and drawing chloride ions [16] into the porous material [2] around the anode such that corroding sites are moved from the steel to the anode restoring steel passivity and activating the anode. Cathodic prevention is then applied. This is preferably sacrificial cathodic prevention that is applied by disconnecting the power source and connecting the activated sacrificial anode directly to the steel.

Abstract: Mixed-metal-oxide (MMO) coated precious-metal tape is installed directly on concrete surfaces using an electrically conductive adhesive, thereby obviating the need for slots, holes, cementitious grout or additional concrete. The electrically conductive adhesive is preferably formed by disposing mixed-metal-oxide (MMO) coated precious-metal particles in an adhesive layer. The tape anodes may be installed on the concrete surfaces including a shallow concrete cover or congested reinforcing steel without developing an electrical short circuit between the anode and the reinforcing steel. Overall the invention provides for quick and low cost installation on many concrete structures. Interconnections between the tape anodes and bare metal distribution elements may be made with conductive adhesive or spot welding.

Abstract: An electrically conductive surface of a submerged object comprises a polymer matrix, such as a resin, with a plurality of electrically conductive nanoparticles suspended within the polymer. The nanoparticles are preferably smaller than 100 nanometers in their minimum dimension. In addition, large electrically conductive particles can be suspended in the polymer. The larger particles are typically greater than 300 nanometers in minimum dimension. The larger particles can comprise carbon powder or fibers. The electrically conductive nanoparticles, which can be nanotubes or ferrules, for example, and the larger particles, which can be carbon powder or fibers, are suspended homogeneously within the polymer matrix for best results and most uniform electrical conduction through the thickness of the composite layer.

Abstract: An anode configured for the cathodic protection of reinforced concrete structures and underground metallic structures against corrosion comprises a hollow, mixed-metal-oxide (MMO) coated form, the form having a wall with intentional gaps therethrough. A humectant is disposed in the hollow form, and a conduit between the hollow form and an ambient environment enables gasses produced by the form to escape to the environment while allowing the humectant to be periodically moistened with water or a high pH buffer solution. The form may be composed of titanium, tantalum, zirconium, niobium or alloys thereof, and the MMO coatings may be composed of titanium, tantalum, iridium, ruthenium, palladium, cobalt or mixtures thereof. The form may be a coiled wire or strip, a perforated tube, or other structure having gaps between the interior of the form and the surrounding concrete or soil.

Abstract: A method of protecting steel in concrete is disclosed. It consists of connecting the steel (6) to a discrete sacrificial anode assembly (7) comprising a base metal (1), a relatively small quantity of catalytic activating agent in contact with the base metal and a substantially inert porous layer (3) that surrounds the base metal and catalytic activating agent. The inert porous layer efficiently maintains a sustainable concentration gradient of the catalytic activating agent between the base metal and the surrounding environment as a result of the electric field across this layer. The preferred porous layer comprises a material that exhibits a net repulsion of negative ions from its pore system and the preferred catalytic activating agent comprises doubly charged sulphate ions as small electric fields maintain very high concentration gradients of these ions resulting in high concentrations at the base metal surface and insignificant concentrations at the assembly periphery.

Abstract: An anode is mounted to the top of a water heater tank which has a spud with external threads welded to the top thereof. The spud extends above insulation which surrounds the water tank and covers the top of the water heater. An anode rod is inserted into the water tank through the spud and has a steel core welded to a flat cylindrical steel disk which extends radially outwardly of a magnesium cylinder formed about the core. A water sealing gasket is positioned between the disk and the annular surface formed by the open end of the spud. A nut fits over the disk and engages the threads on the spud, and clamps the anode to the spud so that the threads are isolated from water in the tank, allowing easy removal of the anode after the passage of time.

Abstract: The deterioration of reinforced concrete structures by galvanic corrosion adversely affects roads, bridges, parking garages and buildings that use reinforcing steel in their construction. Galvanic cathodic protection is typically provided for such reinforced concrete structures using embedded sacrificial anodes, such as zinc, aluminum, and alloys thereof. Disclosed herein is an anode assembly (10) for cathodic protection of a reinforced concrete structure. The assembly comprises at least one sacrificial anode member (12). The anode member is covered with an ionically-conductive covering material (14) into which is bound an electrochemical activating agent at least partly covering the sacrificial anode member. One side (26) of the ionically-conductive covering material is configured to conform closely to a steel reinforcing bar. The conforming side has a non-conductive barrier (16) as an integral part of the covering material.

Abstract: A cathodic protection system has electrodes disposed in a coolant passage of an engine filled with a conductive coolant. The electrodes are electrically insulated from the engine. A power supply device provides for a protective electric current to form from the electrodes to the engine through the coolant. The cathodic protection system reduces engine manufacturing and maintenance costs and provides an anticorrosive effect without increasing the size of the engine.

Abstract: An electrode for a cathodic protection device that has one or more electrode bodies formed of a conductive wire. The electrode includes a pair of films made of an insulating material which are bonded to each other while sandwiching the electrode body therebetween. Preferably at least one of the pair of films is bonded to an engine body. The electrode body is exposed to the outside through one or more through-holes formed in at least one of the films. The electrode is less susceptible to short-circuiting or wire breakage when bent and is also easier to manufacture than conventional electrodes.

Abstract: An anode for use in cathodic protection of steel in concrete is formed from an electrically conductive material such as zinc and an ionically conductive material which is preferably a humectant and/or has a pH greater than 12 to enhance current flow. The materials are intimately intermixed through at least a part of the anode body and compressed into the anode body with an electrical connecting lead formed into a core of the body which is wholly conductive material. Portions of the electrically conductive material are pressed into electrical contact to form a plurality of electrically conductive paths within the anode body. Many of the voids in the body are interconnected to form a plurality of ionically conductive paths through the anode body by causing the humectant to migrate through the voids. The large surface area between the ionically conductive paths and the electrically conductive paths increase significantly the contact surface area of the anode body to increase current flow.

Abstract: A ceramic conductor is supported by an electrically insulative support member for attachment directly to a marine propulsion drive and for use as either an anode or electrode in a corrosion prevention system. The ceramic conductor is received within a depression formed in a surface of the electrically insulative support member and the exposed surface of the ceramic conductor can be offset from or coplanar with an exposed surface of the electrically insulative support member. The ceramic conductor can comprise oxides of iridium, tantalum and titanium that are formed as a coating on a titanium substrate.

Abstract: The invention relates to composite sacrificial anodes, particularly but not exclusively, based on magnesium, and to methods for their production. The composite sacrificial anode (10) for immersion in a corrosive environment comprises a plurality of castings (12) of a sacrificial material each disposed around a corresponding electrical connector for attachment to a structure to be protected, at least a part of the surface of each segment (12) being protected from corrosion by the environment by being adjacent at least one other segment (12), wherein the castings are connected together electrically only via their electrical connectors.

Abstract: A cathodic protection system for protecting an underwater structure includes a plurality of blocks which are capable of conforming to various structures. Each of the blocks include: a flexible wire rope, the rope constructed and arranged to pass through the center of each block in two directions, and embedded therein to fasten the blocks to each other by rows and columns; a sacrificial anode embedded in at least one of the blocks, and electrically attached inside the block to the flexible wire rope; and a connecting system electrically attached to the wire rope and to the underwater structure. Each block has a non-abrasive pad attached to it. The pad provides spacing between the block and the underwater structure. The system includes means for collecting performance data from the system. The sacrificial anode is made of a composition taken from the group comprising alloys of: zinc, aluminum, or magnesium.

Abstract: Cathodic protection of a structure including a steel member at least partly buried in a covering layer, such as steel rebar in a concrete structure, is provided by embedding sacrificial anodes into the concrete layer at spaced positions over the layer and connecting the anodes to the rebar. The anode body is formed, by pressing together finely divided powder, flakes or fibers of a sacrificial anode material such as zinc to define a porous body having pores therein. The sacrificial anode material of the anode member is directly in contact with the covering material by being buried or inserted as a tight fit into a drilled hole so that any expansion forces therefrom would be applied to the concrete with the potential of causing cracking. The pores are arranged however such that corrosion products from corrosion of the anode body are received into the pores sufficiently to prevent expansion of the anode body to an extent which would cause cracking of the covering material.

Abstract: Cathodic protection of an existing concrete structure, including a steel member at least partly buried, such as steel rebar, in the concrete structure, is provided by embedding anodes into a fresh concrete layer applied over an excavated patch and/or as a covering overlay. The anodes are embedded at spaced positions or as an array in the layer and connected to the rebar. A reinforcing layer is applied to the anode or adjacent the anode to resist expansion of the anode body tending to cause cracking of the concrete caused by the larger volume of the corrosion products relative to the anode material. Pores are provided in the anode body so as to take up the corrosion products. The reinforcing layer can be provided in the actual anode body as a closed surface surrounding the anode material inside or may be provided in the concrete as a layer on top of the anode in an array form at or near the outer surface of the concrete.

Abstract: A marine fouling inhibiting system comprises first and second conductors which are made of a polymer matrix, such as vinyl ester, and a suspended conductor, such as graphite powder or particles. This type of conductive material is formed to provide two sections of a boat hull so that a source of electrical current can be used to reversibly cause an electric current to flow to and from the conductive coatings. The conductive coatings are electrically insulated from each other in order to force the formation of an electrical circuit which includes the two conductive coatings, the source of electrical current, and the water in which the boat hull is disposed. This results in the creation of chlorine bubbles on the conductive surfaces. Chlorine bubbles on the boat hull surfaces discourage the formation of marine growth, such as barnacles.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for cathodic protection in an environment where thin film corrosive fluids are formed is provided. The apparatus which protects from corrosion an object exposed to the thin film corrosive fluids, by artificially adjusting a potential of the object, comprises a DC power supply of which cathode is electrically connected to the object to be corrosion-protected, and an anodic assembly of which anode is electrically connected to the DC power supply.

Abstract: An earthing electrode assembly and method for providing a submerged electrical apparatus with an earth path, the electrode assembly having an earthing electrode, an attachment device for attaching the electrode assembly to a cable, and an insulated electrical connection for connecting the earthing electrode to the submerged electrical apparatus. The connection is formed to be of sufficient length for the submerged electrical apparatus to be protected from electrochemical effects resulting from operation of the earthing electrode.

Abstract: An anode for a cathodic protection system comprises a base portion or support structure which is shaped to receive a conductive element, or insert, within a cavity of the support structure. The conductive element is made of a polymer material, such as vinyl ester, with a conductive filler, such as graphite powder. The base is attachable to a marine vessel or other submersible component that is being protected by a cathodic protection system. The anode allows the use of a relatively inexpensive resin material with a graphite filler in place of a much more expensive platinum coated titanium element.

Abstract: The cathodic protection system of a concrete structure (22) uses sacrificial anodes such as zinc, aluminum and alloys thereof embedded in mortar. A humectant is employed to impart high ionic conductivity to the mortar in which the anode is encapsulated. Lithium nitrate and lithium bromide and combinations thereof are preferred as the humectant. The anode (10) is surrounded by a compressive, conductive matrix (12) incorporating a void volume between 15% and 50% to accommodate the sacrificial corrosion products of the anode. A void space of at least 5% of the total volume of the anode (12) may be provided opposite to the active face of the anode. Synthetic fibers such as polypropylene, polyethylene, cellulose, nylon and fiberglass have been found to be useful for forming the matrix. A tie wire is used to electrically connect the anode to the reinforcing bar.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of and an apparatus (20) for cathodic protection of reinforced concrete using discrete anodes (22) in or on the reinforced concrete member (14) to improve performance and service life of the discrete anodes. The discrete anode (22) is embedded in a cementitous grout or mortar (24) to encapsulate the anode (22) and provide contact to complete the cathodic protection circuit. A lithium salt is added to the cementitous grout or mortar (24) in an amount of at least about 0.05 gram per cubic centimeter. The lithium salt functions to enhance the performance of the cathodic protection system (20) by minimizing the deleterious effects of the anode reaction products on the grout or mortar adjacent to the anode and increasing the protective current delivered to the reinforcing steel.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing improved cast anodes for corrosion protection in storage tanks calls for integrating a plurality of spaced steel core rods into a sacrificial galvanic anode material sheet. The sheet is divided into segments such that a width of each segment is four to eight times the thickness of the galvanic sheet.

Abstract: An electrode system for preventing biofouling of a surface either is applied directly onto the surface of an aquatic vehicle or structure, if the surface is non-conducting; or is applied onto an insulating paint layer on the surface, if the surface is conducting; or is embedded in a layer of electrically non-conducting material. The electrode system includes two alternating sets of electrodes in the form of spaced, parallel strips made from any conductive material, preferably a conductive coating, the first set being provided with a number n of parallel electrodes, and the second set being provided with a number n-1 of parallel electrodes, with the positions of the electrodes of the first set alternating with the positions of the electrodes of the second set. The geometry of the electrodes is such that when the voltalge is applied, the electric field radiates outwardly parallel to the surface of the structure.

Abstract: Resistance to corrosion of aluminum metallization on semiconductor devices during wafer sawing process is provided by a sacrificial anode containing magnesium in contact with the integrated circuit wafer and the dicing saw. A relatively thin film or disc of magnesium directly in contact with the surface of the dicing blade makes use of cooling water to serve as the electrolyte between the magnesium and aluminum surfaces, and in turn corrosion is transferred to the magnesium anode in preference to the aluminum of the semiconductor device.

Abstract: Cathodic protection of a structure including a steel member at least partly buried in a covering layer, such as steel rebar in a concrete structure, is provided by embedding sacrificial anodes into the concrete layer at spaced positions over the layer and connecting the anodes to the rebar. Each anode is inserted into a drilled hole in the layer and is electrically attached to the rebar in the same or an adjacent hole by a steel pin which is attached to the reinforcement by arc welding or by impact. In the arrangement where the anode and the attachment are in the same hole, the pin passes into or through the anode so as to hold the anode rigidly within the hole. The hole is filled by a settable filler material.

Abstract: An anti-biofouling system adapted to be used for an underwater structure immersed in seawater is disclosed. The anti-biofouling system includes a conductive layer, comprising carbon fiber, graphite powder and binder, formed on a surface of the underwater structure for serving as an anode, a cathode, and a power supply for providing a current, thereby performing an electrolytic reaction for the anti-biofouling system such that a fouling organism is prohibited from attaching on the surface of the underwater structure.

Abstract: An existing concrete structure is restored by embedding sacrificial anodes into the concrete layer at spaced positions over the layer and connecting the anodes to the reinforcing members to provide a cathodic protection against corrosion. Each anode is inserted into a drilled hole in the layer of sufficient depth to expose the reinforcement. A steel pin passes through a bore in the cylindrical anode and is attached to the reinforcement by arc welding or by impact so as to hold the anode rigidly within the hole. The hole is filled by a settable filler material. In order to maintain effective current conduction from the anode to the reinforcement through the filler over an extended period to maintain the required protection, there is added a material to hold the pH in a preferred range of the order of 12 to 14 and a deliquescent material to absorb moisture into the filler.