Abstract: In a method for cathodically protecting and/or passivating a metal section in an ionically conductive material such as steel reinforcement in concrete or mortar, an impressed current or sacrificial anode communicates ionic current to the metal section and a storage component of electrical energy which can be a cell, battery or capacitor is provided as a component of the anode. A current limiter is provided which prevents excess current draining the supply. This can be a semi-conductive device such as a transistor or diode is connected in the path from the anode to the metal section to limit the cathodic protection current to a value of the order of 1 milliamp. When a diode or similar device is used the current can be limited to the reverse leakage current of the diode.

Abstract: A skin treatment device and a method to cleanse and balance pH value of skin. The skin treatment device includes a nozzle to be directed into contact with the skin of a subject. A vacuum pump may be operably coupled to the nozzle for generating a suction force of the nozzle to evacuate impurities from the skin. A liquid replenishing assembly may be operably coupled to the nozzle for atomizing liquid at a pre-defined pH value. The liquid from the liquid replenishing assembly may pass into the nozzle based on the pre-defined pH value. The first control valve may be connected to an outlet of the vacuum pump and an outlet of the liquid replenishing assembly for communication with the nozzle.

Abstract: A portable sterilizer according to an embodiment of the present application is capable of spraying ultra-fine chemicals, and includes a housing in which a space is formed and an injection nozzle is provided at a front end thereof, a chemical tank provided on one side of the space of the housing, a chemical feed pipe formed between the chemical tank and the injection nozzle, and a water pump which is installed on one side of the chemical supply pipe to supply the chemical to the injection nozzle through the chemical supply pipe.

Abstract: A system including a solar panel device; an electric conducting plate implement that is configured to submerge within a water expanse containing at least salt to produce at least one of, a sodium hypo-chloride and chlorine; a power transformer coupled to the solar panel device and said electric conducting plate implement, wherein the power transformer is configured to regulate the electricity produced by the solar panel device and provide the regulated power to the electric conducting plate implement; an electronic timer device that is configured to switch a flow of current through the electric conducting plate implement at a predetermined interval; a sealed aluminum air tight frame for housing the solar panel device to substantially prevent water from leaking into the solar panel device; and a buoyant implement for receiving the sealed aluminum air tight frame and configured to keep the solar panel device above water.

Abstract: An electrochemical reaction device, comprises: an anode to oxidize a first substance; a first flow path facing on the anode and through which a liquid containing the first substance flows; a cathode to reduce a second substance; a second flow path facing on the cathode and through which a gas containing the second substance flows; a porous separator provided between the anode and the cathode; and a power supply connected to the anode and the cathode. A thickness of the porous separator is 1 ?m or more and 500 ?m or less. An average fine pore size of the porous separator is larger than 0.008 ?m and smaller than 0.45 ?m. A porosity of the porous separator is higher than 0.5.

Abstract: According to a first aspect, the invention relates to a device (10) for electrochemically releasing a composition and comprising: one working electrode (30) comprising an electroactive conjugated polymer (40) containing or doped with said composition, a counter electrode (50), and a reference electrode (60). The device (10) is characterized in that it comprises electrical means (95, 100; 320; 165, 180) connected to the working electrode (30) and to the counter electrode (50) for obtaining at said working electrode (30) at least one composition releasing sequence (65) with respect to said reference electrode (60), each composition releasing sequence (65) comprising: a first voltametric pulse (70), followed by a rest period (80) during which no current is able to flow through said working electrode (30), followed by a second voltametric pulse (90), followed by an intermediate period (160) during which no current is able to flow through said working electrode (30).

Abstract: Direct current plating methods inhibit void formation, reduce dimples and eliminate nodules. The method involves electroplating copper at a high current density followed by electroplating at a lower current density to fill through-holes.

Abstract: Direct current plating methods inhibit void formation, reduce dimples and eliminate nodules. The method involves electroplating copper at a high current density followed by a pause in electroplating and then turning on the current to electroplate at a lower current density to fill through-holes.

Abstract: A hydrogen energy supply system including 10 or more water wheel impeller type power generation devices that are supported to float in water by first floating bodies and generate electric power by using ocean currents; a second floating body on which a seawater electrolysis device, a hydrogen liquefaction device, and a liquid hydrogen tank are arranged; a hydrogen transporting ship that accommodates the liquid hydrogen stored in the liquid hydrogen tank and transports it by sea to land; an overland liquid hydrogen tank that stores the liquid hydrogen supplied from the hydrogen transporting ship; a small cylinder that accommodates the liquid hydrogen supplied from the overland liquid hydrogen tank; and a hydrogen transporting vehicle that transports the small cylinder to a consumer on land.

Abstract: A substrate holder includes: inner contacts (45) to be brought into contact with a periphery of a substrate (W) for passing an electric current to the substrate; outer contacts (42) each having elasticity, the outer contacts (42) having contact surfaces (42a), respectively, to be brought into contact with a feeding terminal (51) coupled to a power source (18), the outer contacts (42) being coupled to the inner contacts (45), respectively; and a conductive block (60) arranged in back of the contact surfaces (42a) and located away from the outer contacts (42). The outer contacts (42) are deformable until the outer contacts (42) are brought into contact with the conductive block (60) when the contact surfaces (42a) are pressed against the feeding terminal (51).

Abstract: A novel process for metal content reduction of hydrocarbon oil is disclosed, which is primarily aimed at reduction of vanadium and nickel. The process uses electricity to accelerate the demetallation process, but only the flow of electrons of the electric current is used to expedite the reaction, instead of the electrolysis effect of the electric current. The process is carried out by adding inter-phase surface active reagent and phase transfer catalyst at a relatively low temperature range of 80 to 200° C. and achieves metal content reduction for vanadium and nickel. Aqueous phase alcoholic derivatives of amine solution is treated with hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, etc. by additive reaction to render it more suitable for carrying more electric current and make them more active for metal reduction.

Abstract: A hydrogen generation system includes a signal generation system configured to generate a driver signal, wherein the driver signal is a pulsed DC signal. A signal processing system is configured to process the driver signal and generate a chamber excitation signal. A hydrogen generation chamber is configured to receive the chamber excitation signal and generate hydrogen from a feedstock contained within the hydrogen generation chamber. The hydrogen generation chamber includes: at least one hollow cylindrical anode configured to contain the feedstock, and at least one cathode positioned within the at least one hollow cylindrical anode. The signal processing system includes: a positive reactive circuit coupled to the anode of the hydrogen generation chamber, a negative reactive circuit coupled to the cathode of the hydrogen generation chamber, and a feedback circuit that is configured to couple the cathode of the hydrogen generation chamber to the anode of the hydrogen generation chamber.

Abstract: An electrolytic treatment method in which a predetermined treatment is performed using treatment subject ions contained in a treatment liquid, the method including: an electrode positioning step for positioning a direct electrode and a counter electrode so as to sandwich the treatment liquid, and positioning an indirect electrode for forming an electric field in the treatment liquid; a treatment subject ion migration step for applying a voltage to the indirect electrode and thereby moving the treatment subject ions in the treatment liquid to the counter electrode side; and a treatment subject ion redox step for applying a voltage between the direct electrode and the counter electrode and thereby oxidizing or reducing the treatment subject ions which have migrated to the counter electrode side.

Abstract: An apparatus for electroplating a layer of metal onto the surface of a wafer includes an auxiliary electrode that is configured to function both as an auxiliary cathode and an auxiliary anode during the course of electroplating. The apparatus further includes an ionic current collimator (e.g., a focus ring) configured to direct ionic current from the main anode to central portions of the wafer. The provided configuration effectively redistributes ionic current in the plating system allowing plating of uniform metal layers and mitigating the terminal effect. In one example, the auxiliary electrode functions as an auxiliary cathode in the beginning of electroplating when the terminal effect is pronounced, and subsequently is anodically biased.

Abstract: Systems and methods for controlling chlorinators for pools and spas are provided. A controller communicates with a processor positioned within a replaceable cell cartridge of a chlorinator, to allow for remote control and diagnosis of the chlorinator and/or cell cartridge. The cell cartridge stores, in non-volatile memory on board the cartridge, one or more parameters associated with the cartridge. The controller can obtain this information from the processor of the cell cartridge, and can use same to configure operation of the chlorinator. Information relating to remaining cell life can be updated by the controller and stored in the non-volatile memory of the cell cartridge. Electrical and software-based mechanisms are provided for ensuring operation of only compatible cell cartridges with the chlorinator. A system for remotely diagnosing errors associated with the chlorinator is also provided.

Abstract: A system for extracting hydrogen from seawater includes a hollow chamber defined by a cylindrical wall, a cylindrical member within the chamber, a mechanism for recirculating conductive fluid through the chamber, a power supply connected via reactive circuits to the chamber wall to form an anode and to the cylindrical member to form a cathode and providing an input pulse DC voltage during a duty cycle on portion and an off cycle chamber return load circuit connected to the reactive circuits, and an off cycle chamber return load circuit connected to the positive and negative reactive circuits wherein the reactive circuits and the off cycle chamber return load circuit: process voltages returning from the chamber during an off portion of the duty cycle, the returning voltages resulting from an electro-chemical reaction in the chamber without surface reaction on the cylindrical member, and return the processed voltage to the chamber, wherein the chamber releases hydrogen gas.

Abstract: An apparatus for stereo-electrochemical deposition of metal layers consisting of an array of anodes, a cathode, a positioning system, a fluid handling system for an electrolytic solution, communications circuitry, control circuitry and software control. The anodes are electrically operated to promote deposition of metal layers in any combination on the cathode to fabricate a structure.

Abstract: The object of the present invention is to provide a metal container washing apparatus which can obtain hydrogen peroxide for generating hydroxyl radicals and electrolytes using a simple configuration and a simple method and which is small and has excellent portability and storability, and the present invention provides a washing apparatus that washes a metal container of the present invention includes a negative electrode that applies a negative voltage to a metal container to which a washing solution, in which a hydrogen peroxide generating agent generating hydrogen peroxide when dissolved in water is dissolved, is added; a positive electrode that applies a positive voltage to the washing solution; and a power supply that applies a voltage between the negative electrode and the positive electrode, and the inner surface in the container is washed with hydroxyl radicals generated at the time of application of the voltage.

Abstract: An apparatus for substrate metallization from electrolyte is provided. The apparatus comprises: an immersion cell containing metal salt electrolyte; at least one electrode connecting to at least one power supply; an electrically conductive substrate holder holding at least one substrate to expose a conductive side of the substrate to face the at least one electrode; an oscillating actuator for oscillating the substrate holder with an amplitude and a frequency; at least one ultrasonic device with an operating frequency and an intensity, disposed in the metallization apparatus; at least one ultrasonic power generator connecting to the ultrasonic device; at least one inlet for metal slat electrolyte feeding; and at least one outlet for metal salt electrolyte draining.

Abstract: A cell frame in which the structure of a positive electrode electrolyte flow path and the structure of a negative electrode electrolyte flow path are different from each other, a cell stack in which the structure of at least one of the positive electrode electrolyte flow path and the negative electrode electrolyte flow path differs between the cell frame positioned at the center and the cell frame positioned at an end, the cell stack being configured such that electrical resistance in at least one of the positive electrode electrolyte flow path and the negative electrode electrolyte flow path increases from the cell frame positioned at the center toward the cell frame positioned at the end, and a redox flow battery utilizing them.

Abstract: It stands out mainly for consisting of a nested configuration of electrolysis units (5), independently operated, the nominal power values of which are descendant in such a manner that, for any unit of the system, the sum of the nominal power of the smaller electrolysis units (5) is always greater than or equal to the “dead band” (DB) of said units, allowing reduction of the dead band of said hydrogen production system (4) to negligible levels, avoiding loss or discharge of the energy generated in said renewable power stations, preferably one or several wind farms (2) formed by a group of wind turbines (1), connected to the power grid (3) as a consequence of the implementation of a primary control service therein or, in general, of any other active power control service, thereby optimizing the total energy obtained.

Abstract: An electrochemical compressor type heat pump system is described. An electrochemical compressor compresses a mixed gas refrigerant whereby heat from the compression can be used to heat an object. The electrochemical compressor is capable of producing high pressure gas from a mixed fluid system including an electrochemically-active component, such as hydrogen, and at least one refrigerant fluid, for example water. Any suitable proton associable compound, such as any suitable ionic or polar solvent compound, may be used in the mixed gas refrigerant. The electrochemical compressor may be configured in a hot water heater along with a secondary type heating source to produce a hybrid hot water heater.

Abstract: A moisture removal device 10 actively discharges moisture in a complex-shape headlamp 1 using an electrolyte member 14. In order for the electrolyte member 14 not to be heated up when the moisture removal device 10 is used in an atmosphere in which a combustible gas exists, electrode members 19, 20 made of a metal having a sufficient heat-transfer effect are used. Further, by use of electrode portions 15, 15a of the electrode member 19, an opening portion 13 of a cylindrical convex portion 12 that protrudes into the headlamp 1 is closed, to thereby protect the electrolyte member 14.

Abstract: A device and a process for producing high purity CO by electrolysis of CO2 in a Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell stack and a gas separation unit, also the gas separation unit may be a Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell stack.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to a method for tuning the performance of at least one electrochemical cell of an electrochemical cell stack. The method includes supplying power to an electrochemical cell stack. The electrochemical cell stack includes a plurality of electrochemical cells. The method further includes monitoring a parameter of at least one electrochemical cell and determining if an electrochemical cell becomes impaired. The method also includes diverting a fraction of the current flow from the impaired electrochemical cell during operation of the electrochemical cell stack.

Abstract: A water electrolysis system includes a high-pressure hydrogen production unit for electrolyzing water to generate oxygen and high-pressure hydrogen (the pressure of the high-pressure hydrogen being higher than that of the oxygen), and a gas-liquid separation unit for removing water contained in the high-pressure hydrogen. The gas-liquid separation unit is placed on a hydrogen pipe for discharging the high-pressure hydrogen from the high-pressure hydrogen production unit. In addition, the water electrolysis system includes a high-pressure hydrogen supply pipe for transferring dewatered high-pressure hydrogen from the gas-liquid separation unit, a cooling unit, which is placed on the high-pressure hydrogen supply pipe and is capable of variably controlling the temperature of the high-pressure hydrogen to adjust the humidity of the high-pressure hydrogen, and a control unit.

Abstract: An electrochemical reduction device is provided with an electrode unit, a power control unit, an organic material storage tank, a water storage tank, a gas-liquid separator, and a control unit. The electrode unit has an electrolyte membrane, a reduction electrode, and an oxygen evolving electrode. The electrolyte membrane is formed of an ionomer. A reduction catalyst used for the reduction electrode contains at least one of Pt and Pd. The oxygen evolving electrode contains catalysts of noble metal oxides such as RuO2, IrO2, and the like. The control unit controls the power control unit such that a relationship, VHER?20 mV?VCA?VTRR, can be satisfied when the potential at a reversible hydrogen electrode, the standard redox potential of an aromatic hydrocarbon compound or an N-containing heterocyclic aromatic compound, and the potential of the reduction electrode are expressed as VHER, VTRR, and VCA, respectively.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a component comprises forming a component on a conductive build plate. The component defines at least one access port and includes an inner surface that defines at least one internal passage. The method further includes forming at least one electrode within the at least one internal passage, wherein the at least one electrode is electrically isolated from the component. An electromotive force is applied to the at least one electrode to facilitate smoothing the inner surface.

Abstract: A galvanic cell and methods of using the galvanic cell is described for the recovery of uranium from used nuclear fuel according to an electrofluorination process. The galvanic cell requires no input energy and can utilize relatively benign gaseous fluorinating agents. Uranium can be recovered from used nuclear fuel in the form of gaseous uranium compound such as uranium hexafluoride, which can then be converted to metallic uranium or UO2 and processed according to known methodology to form a useful product, e.g., fuel pellets for use in a commercial energy production system.

Abstract: A multifunction domestic station includes a reaction chamber connected to a source of a pressurised mixture of water and air, to a first source of a first fuel capable of endothermically reacting with the mixture and to a second source of a second fuel. The station also includes heating devices capable of heating the first fuel to a combustion temperature in order to prime the reaction between the fuel and the mixture; and devices for utilising the thermal energy generated by the reaction, in order to make the station operate as an electric power generator, a heat generator and a device for the disposal of domestic wastes. A device for powering the station with the second fuel and a method of operating the station are also provided.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for an amount of Cu or Sb dopant incorporated into a zinc-based layer as the layer is being formed. The layer is formed over a coated substrate using an electrochemical deposition (ECD) process. In the ECD process, the bias voltage and plating solution composition may be systematically changed during the electrochemical deposition process to change the amount of Cu or Sb dopant incorporated into the plated layer.

Abstract: An Apparatus that generates onsite three antimicrobial solutions by electrolyzing a dilute brine solution. At least one of the generated solutions can be used to dissolve protein, emulsify oils and fats making it an effective general purpose cleaner. A second solution can be used as a non-corrosive, fast active general purpose sanitizer and a third solution can be used as a high level disinfectant, capable of killing all microorganism, including MRSA (methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureaus), C. diff (clostridium difficle), VRE (vancomycin resistant enterococci) and acinetobactor baumannii. The onsite generated antimicrobial solutions reduce the occurrence of infectious diseases in hospitals, other human or animal health care settings, cruise-ships, hotels and other facilities whereas there is a higher risk of spreading infectious diseases.

Abstract: The present invention provides a permanent and cost-effective composite electrode for electrolytically producing alkaline water, comprising an electrode core made of steel, a filler densely packed around the electrode core, said filler capable of creating a mildly aqueous and alkaline environment to motivate formation of a layer of magnetite over a surface of the electrode core, and a housing enclosing the filler, said housing having a pore size selected such that very low permeation of gas and liquid takes place. The invention also provides an apparatus comprising the composite electrode, and the use of the alkaline water produced by the apparatus of the invention. According to the invention, no additional undesired side products, such as toxic chlorine gas and other pollutants, are produced and discharged to the environment.

Abstract: Provided is a method for obtaining a particular metal at high purity, with safety, and at low cost, from a treatment object containing two or more metal elements. The present invention provides a method for producing a metal by molten salt electrolysis, the method including a step of dissolving, in a molten salt, a metal element contained in a treatment object containing two or more metal elements; and a step of depositing or alloying a particular metal present in the molten salt, on one of a pair of electrode members disposed in the molten salt containing the dissolved metal element, by controlling a potential of the electrode members to a predetermined value.

Abstract: An electroplating apparatus includes an anode configured to electrically communicate with an electrical voltage and an electrolyte solution. A cathode module includes a cathode that is configured to electrically communicate with a ground potential and the electrolyte solution. The cathode module further includes a wafer in electrical communication with the cathode. The wafer is configured to receive metal ions from the anode in response to current flowing through the anode via electrodeposition. The electroplating apparatus further includes at least one agitating device interposed between the wafer and the anode. The agitating device is configured to apply a force to gas bubbles adhering to a surface of the wafer facing the agitating device.

Abstract: Provided are electrochemical devices that are rechargeable, where the regeneration techniques are based on a batchwise application of current or current density to the cells, where there are a service mode where no current or current density is applied and a recharge mode where a current or current density is applied. Electrochemical and EDI systems according to the embodiments herein are suitable for deionization and/or purification of typical municipal tap quality water in applications where demand for purified, low-TDS water is intermittent. Such operations avoid the use of chemical additions for regeneration purposes. In addition the cells provided herein are amenable to small footprints for consumer and commercial applications such as: dishwashers, washing machines, coffee and espresso makers, ice makers, steam tables, car wash water sources, and steamers.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods for controlling mercury emissions, and more particularly, to methods for controlling mercury re-emissions from a wet flue gas desulfurizer by using applied electrochemical potential.

Abstract: The invention concerns a device to conduct an electrochemical reaction on the surface of a semiconductor substrate (S), characterized in that the device comprises: a container (10) intended to contain an electrolyte (E), a support (20) arranged in the container, said support being adapted for attachment of the semiconductor substrate (S) on said support (20), a counter-electrode (30) arranged in the container (10), illumination means (50) comprising a source (51) emitting light rays and means (52) to homogenize the light rays on all of said surface of the semiconductor substrate (S), so as to activate the surface of the semiconductor substrate (S), and an electric supply (40) comprising connection means for connection to the semiconductor substrate and to the counter-electrode in order to polarize said surface of said semiconductor substrate (S) at an electric potential permitting the electrochemical reaction.

Abstract: A safe and low cost deodorization and sterilization apparatus is provided for continuously deodorizing in a restroom, around a garbage box, in an indoor room and the like for a long period of time, utilizing a deodorization power of a hypochlorous acid, not requiring frequent supplement of water. The deodorization and sterilization apparatus is adapted to control a electric current value ratio or a electric current amount ratio of an electrode with a diaphragm (a salt path with ion conductivity and very slight flow of water) and an electrode without diaphragm or to control a positive/negative electric current amount of the electrodes in electrolysis of an aqueous chloride salt solution, so that a PH value and the hypochlorous acid concentration are adjusted, thereby evaporating and diffusing the generated hypochlorous acid for deodorization and sterilization.

Abstract: A system (10) for generating a chlorine-containing compound includes an anodic chamber (12), a cathodic chamber (20), and a brine chamber (30). The anodic chamber (12) includes an anodic electrode (14) and the cathodic chamber (20) includes a cathodic electrode (22). A membrane (28) separates the anodic and cathodic chambers (12), (20). The brine chamber (30) includes an anodic electrode (32) and a cathodic electrode (34). Concentration and type of the chlorine-containing compound can be selectively and consistently controlled by the system (10) in real time.

Abstract: A device suitable for the electrochemical processing of an object is at least provided with a chamber that is to accommodate an electrolyte, a support for the object that is to be processed in the chamber, at least one set of electrodes located in the chamber such that during operation at least one electrode is located opposite each portion of a surface of said object that is to be processed. The device also includes a controller configured to provide an electric current between the object that is to be processed and the electrodes.

Abstract: An anodizing apparatus configured to perform an anodization on a metallic material to be processed provided with a projecting portion on a surface thereof, includes: an electrolysis tank configured to store electrolytic solution for anodization; a first electrode portion formed of a metal and electrically connected to the material in an immersed state immersed in the electrolytic solution in the electrolysis tank; a second electrode portion formed of a metal and opposing the material in the immersed state; an electrode apparatus configured to apply a predetermined voltage between the first and second electrode portions; a retaining device configured to retain and rotate the material in the immersed state; and a first injection device configured to inject the electrolytic solution toward a predetermined area deviated from the material in a storage space in the electrolysis tank so that the material is deviated from a line in the direction of injection.

Abstract: An electrochemical reactor for removing mining constituents from a fluid is disclosed. The electrochemical reactor includes a housing defining a flow path and a pump configured to continuously move fluid through the flow path at a flow rate. The electrochemical reactor also includes a power supply coupled to the housing, an anode and a cathode coupled to the power supply, and a controller configured to selectively engage the power supply power supply. The power supply applies an electrical potential between the anode and the cathode when engaged.

Abstract: Methods, apparatus, and systems for depositing copper and other metals are provided. In some implementations, a wafer substrate is provided to an apparatus. The wafer substrate has a surface with field regions and a feature. A copper layer is plated onto the surface of the wafer substrate. The copper layer is annealed to redistribute copper from regions of the wafer substrate to the feature. Implementations of the disclosed methods, apparatus, and systems allow for void-free bottom-up fill of features in a wafer substrate.

Abstract: An embodiment of a system and method provides a current regulating device that controls or regulates the current provided to electrolysis chambers that produce hydrogen and oxygen gases. One embodiment of the current regulating device uses the temperature of the fluid in the electrolysis chambers to control the widths of the pulses delivered to the electrolysis chambers to regulate production. Another embodiment of the current regulating device regulates and limits the average current delivered to the electrolysis chambers by adjusting the pulse widths, according to the current demanded during each conduction pulse.

Abstract: The methods, systems, and apparatus disclosed herein employ natural, common salts, that are electrochemically activated (ECA) in an aqueous solution to result in an ECA product solution that is safe and non-toxic. Various implementations include a portable table top design having a portable receptacle that includes electrodes. The receptacle fits on a base which provides power for the electrochemical activation. Continuous flow designs receive input water, mix the water with reactants then pass the solution between electrodes to electrochemically activate the solution. Using a metal halide salt, such as NaCl with citric acid may produce a sanitizer or disinfectant. Using a metal carbonate salt, such as K2CO3, as the reactant may result in a cleaning or degreasing solution. Another implementation is that of an immersion wand that can be placed in a reservoir to produce the ECA product solution.

Abstract: The instant disclosure provides an electrolysis cell, which includes: an anode; a cathode block; and a current collector bar configured to be at least partially disposed adjacent to and in electrical communication with the cathode block, wherein the bar comprises: at least one sidewall; an inner void enclosed by the sidewall; and an expandable material retained in the inner void via the at least one sidewall, wherein the expandable material is configured to exert pressure on the wall of the inner void while the bar is at operating temperature, such that the bar is conformed to the cathode block.

Abstract: An electrolysis device with a rectifier comprises: an electrolytic cell; a joint panel with a first surface joined to the electrolytic cell; an electrode module comprising a housing, a plurality of electrodes provided inside the housing, and an auxiliary panel joined to a second surface of the joint panel, the auxiliary panel having a first end installed in the electrolytic cell and a second end perpendicularly protruding from an external periphery of a second end of the housing; a rectifier module having a second side surface from which an electrode protrudes; an L-shaped panel joined to second surface of the joint panel and any side surface of the rectifier module; and a bus bar that connects the electrode of the electrode module to the electrode of the rectifier module.

Abstract: There is provided an electroplating method for a through-hole. The method includes: a first plating process, a second plating process, and a third plating process. The first plating process is a plating process of forming a metal film with a uniform thickness in the through-hole to reduce a diameter of the through-hole, the second plating process is a plating process of blocking up a central portion of the through-hole with the metal film using a PR pulsed current, and the third plating process is a plating process of completely filling the through-hole with the metal film using the plating current whose value is equal to or larger than a forward-current value of the PR pulsed current used in the second plating process.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus of reacting reaction components. The method comprises electro-chemically reacting reaction components on opposite sides of at least one membrane with at least one catalyst encompassing a respective volume. In another embodiment, the method includes conducting electrolysis, such as electrolysis of water. The apparatus includes at least one membrane with first and second sides encompassing a respective volume. The apparatus further includes at least one catalyst coupled to the first and second sides to electro-chemically react reaction components on the first and second sides in gaseous communication with the at least one catalyst, and a cover coupled to the at least one membrane to separate flow paths on the first and second sides.