Abstract: An apparatus for use in extracting primary zinc metal from ore concentrates is described. The apparatus includes first and second electrolytic cells, the first cell receiving an acid zinc sulfate solution derived from an ore concentrate, and having an anode which is insoluble in said solution, and the second cell containing an alkaline electrolyte and having a cathode which is insoluble in said electrolyte. A common electrode is also provided which is insoluble both in the acid zinc sulfate solution and in the alkaline electrolyte. The common electrode can be transferred between the first cell, in which it acts as a cathode, and the second cell, in which it acts as an anode. The zinc sulfate solution is subjected to electrolysis in the first cell with the common electrode acting as a cathode, thereby causing primary zinc metal to be deposited as a coating on the common electrode.

Abstract: An electrode compartment is a part of a filter press type electrolytic cell for electrolyzing an alkali metal chloride. The electrode compartment comprises lower, upper and side frames to form an electrolyzing chamber, and current lead bars which are inserted from the bottom of the lower frame in the vertical direction to be parallel to lifting flow of an electrolyte and the electrode being mechanically held through fitting means on the lead bars in the electrolyzing chamber.

Abstract: An apparatus for the manufacture of halate, such as sodium chlorate, includes an electrolytic cell having a plurality of anodes and cathodes, clearance passageways between which have electrolyte, hypohalite and gaseous electrolysis product, principally hydrogen, moving upwardly between them, an enclosure covering the tops of at least four such passageways and narrowing down to a passageway extending upwardly from the top of the enclosure and a downward passage for circulation of electrolyte which includes an upper baffled portion and a lower unbaffled portion, the unbaffled part being alongside the electrodes and extending to the bottom of the cell, from which electrolyte is drawn upwardly past the electrodes. Natural circulation due to gravity flow and density differences between the liquid electrolyte and that entrained in gas or having gas entrained in it is normally sufficient so that stirring or pumping means are not required.

Abstract: An electrolytic cell comprises an electrolyzing chamber having a pair of terminal electrodes located therein and adapted to be connected to the poles of a D.C. source. A plurality of bipolar electrodes in the form of parallel flat annular discs are located in the chamber between the terminal electrodes and are rotatable about a common central axis through their centers. An electrolyte inlet is located radially outwardly of the bipolar electrodes. In order to provide vigorous scouring of the bipolar electrodes with relative low fluid flows to the cell, the electrolyte inlet comprises one or more elongate slots formed in the cylindrical wall of the chamber and extending in a direction generally perpendicular to the planes containing the bipolar disc electrodes.

Abstract: Electrochemical, especially organo-electrochemical, reactions are carried out with improved current efficiency in a continuous-flow cell with the use of bipolar electrodes placed in a frame of non-conducting material, especially a polyolefin. Preferably, the electrically active part of the electrodes consists of glass-like carbon the cathode face of which is coated with a material reducing the hydrogen overvoltage, for example titanium carbide or tungsten carbide.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a method of minimizing shunt currents in electrochemical devices which have a plurality of cells connected, at least in part, in series and which have an electrolyte which is a common electrolyte to at least two of the cells and which includes shared electrolyte, whereby an electrical electrolytic conductive bypass path is created around such cells and through said shared electrolyte, resulting in undesirable shunt currents. The method involves applying a protective current through at least a portion of said conductive bypass path through said shared electrolyte in a direction which is the same as the shunt current through said shared electrolyte and of a magnitude which effectively at least reduces said shunt currents. Thus, a single protective current is applied in series with at least a portion of the conductive bypass path such that shunt currents are minimized, and preferably are totally eliminated.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrolyte feed system for feeding an individual supply of electrolyte to electrolytic cells in a filter press cell circuit. The system includes a primary electrolyte feed line, having one closed end and a plurality of outlets, or orifices, therein spaced along the length of the line. The primary feed line is encased in a larger, secondary feed line. The secondary feed line has a plurality of outlets, or orifices, therein spaced along its length corresponding to the outlets in the primary feed line. In a preferred embodiment, the feed lines are circular in cross-section and are in the form of pipes or tubes. The outlets in the primary and secondary feed lines are spacedly aligned, and the outlets in the secondary feed line are communicatively connected with the electrolyte inlets in the cell compartments of the individual cells in the cell circuit.

Abstract: A sodium chlorate plant comprising a plurality of cell units linked in parallel flow relationship is described. The plant utilizes a single acidification, brine make up and heat exchange for liquor circulating therein. Each cell unit includes a plurality of individual chlorate cells linked in parallel-flow manner with a single reaction tank. The individual chlorate cells have a box-like body structure with lower inlet and upper outlet mild steel manifolds welded thereto. The cell box is cathodic on three sides and constructed of mild steel, the fourth side being an anode plate bolted to and insulated from the remainder of the cell box. Spaced interleaved vertical thin anode and cathode plates are located within the cell box and are welded into vertical slots formed in the respective backing plates to provide a plurality of parallel vertical electrolysis paths between the lower inlet and the upper outlet manifolds.

Abstract: A spacer element for spacing apart interleaved electrodes in an electrolytic cell is constructed of electrically non-conducting and corrosion-resistant material. The spacer element has an integral one-piece structure including a short cylindrical portion of length slightly greater than the thickness of the electrode plate onto which it is to be mounted and a circular head portion located at each end with an inner flat surface to engage the outer surface of the electrode plate with which the spacer element is assembled. Assembly of the spacer element with the electrode plate is effected in a unique procedure.

Abstract: A plurality of individual treaters, each containing a pair of oppositely charged electrodes, are arranged circularly around a centrally disposed tank into which all of the treaters empty. A common supply manifold for all of the treaters brings waste water or other liquids into the system for treatment by any selected one of the treaters upon opening a control valve associated with such selected treater and closing control valves associated with the remaining treaters. Each treater contains an electrode that is constructed from a material differing from that of electrodes in the remaining treaters so that a particular treater may be selected for use based upon the predicted reaction of the material from which its electrode is made with the particular constituents of the waste liquid being treated.

Abstract: An apparatus for degerminating fluids by the use of an electrolytic cell, a pair of main electrodes opposed in the electrolytic cell to each other, a voltage source connected to the main electrodes, and a plurality of auxiliary electrodes disposed between the main electrodes. The main electrodes are biased in such a way that the fluid flows through a region of varying potential thereby effectively increasing the degerminating rate of the cell. The main electrodes cover the entire cross section of flow, they are provided with openings to allow the passage of the fluid. The auxiliary electrodes may be connected to parts of the overall voltage thereby providing an electrolytic cell which may be directly powered by solar energy.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electrolytic gold and silver refining cell for extracting gold and silver contained in a material. The cell is part of a plurality of cells arranged in at least one common vessel provided with a solution feeding inlet, an exhausted solution outlet, and a stirrer. The cell is also provided with a plate cathode consisting of an acid-proof material and a plate anode consisting of the abovementioned material containing Au and Ag. The material is introduced into a filtering bag. The cathode and anode electrodes are suspended parallel to each other within the common vessel and are inserted in parallel in a d.c. supplied network. The invention is characterized by the fact that the vessel, housing a plurality of side by side cells, is provided with a hopper bottom with an outlet conduit controlled by a first normally open valve and connected to a larger conduit provided at its end with a second normally closed valve.

Abstract: A process for producing sodium hypochlorite comprising electrolyzing an aqueous solution of sodium chloride as an electrolyte solution in a non-diaphragm electrolytic cell comprising at least one unit cell in which the ratio of the actual area of the anode to the actual area of the cathode is at least about 1.5: 1. In a preferred embodiment higher concentrations of sodium hypochlorite can be attained by performing the electrolysis while cooling the electrolyte solution to about 50.degree. C. or less.

Abstract: A treating chamber operable as an electrolytic cell is provided, in which the electrodes have large surface areas relative to the volume of the electrolyte. The anode is composed of a quantity of aluminum particles and the cathode is composed of a quantity of iron particles disposed in close proximity to the aluminum. Waste water containing inpurities is introduced into the treating chamber and utilized as the electrolyte. An electric current is applied to the electrodes to dissolve aluminum and iron, and produce floc in the treating chamber. The impurities in the water are adsorbed and retained by the floc. The waste water may be continuously recirculated from the treating chamber to a holding chamber, or may be moved across the aluminum and iron electrodes in a continuous flow-through system at a predetermined flow rate. The floc containing the adsorbed impurities is separated from the water by conventional means.

Abstract: An improved assembly of bipolar electrode elements for use in the electrochemical preparation of hypochlorites or chlorine from dilute water solutions of chlorides, particularly mildly saline swimming pool water, is described. The end of each bipolar electrode element is enclosed in a nonconductive plastic strip, and guard baffles of corresponding thickness and height are inserted on each side of the bipolar electrode. A desired number of these elements are grouped and cemented together by solvent welding. Special adhesives enhance the sealing of the bipolar electrodes. With this electrode assembly, the deposition of mineral deposits on the electrode surfaces can be minimized by reversing the flow of direct current as often as twice a day or as seldom as once every two weeks.

Abstract: There is disclosed a bipolar electrolytic cell comprising a row of spaced-apart electrodes which include at least one bipolar intermediate electrode. There are an inlet for the supply of electrolyte liquid and an outlet for the discharge of treated liquid, the cell being such that liquid can flow from the inlet to the outlet via a path in which it passes in succession through all the spaces between the electrodes in the row, in each case across the faces of the two electrodes on opposite sides of the space. There is a coating of electrically insulating material on that external surface of each of the electrodes which is on the outside of the row, the insulating material for example being a plastics material such as nylon.

Abstract: An electrolysis cell having a housing with an inlet and an outlet for a through-flowing electrolyte and at least three monopolar electrodes, each comprising plates fastened on a common carrier in parallel array. The plates of one polarity extend into the gaps formed between the plates of the other polarity and at least one electrode to on polarity is disposed between two electrodes of the other polarity.

Abstract: Outlet weir of tank is lower than inlet and electrolyte is forced to flow in alternately downward and upward paths between anodes and cathodes at velocities in excess of 10 feet per minute and preferably 20 to 100 feet per minute. Cathodes (or anodes) are spaced from bottom of tank for flow underneath and anodes (or cathodes) have an upper edge of active area over which electrolyte flows, to produce upward and downward paths. Difference of electrolyte level between downward and upward flow cycles is at least 1/4 inch and not more than 6 inches, while spacing between adjacent electrodes is at least 1/4 inch and not more than 3 inches. Levels of upper edges of active areas may be consecutively lower and bottom of tank may slope downwardly to correspond.

Abstract: A novel electrolytic cell is described for carrying out electrochemical reactions in which a gas and a liquid electrolyte flow co-currently through a fluid permeable conductive mass which acts as an electrode. The cell has an anode and cathode in spaced apart relationship, with one electrode being in the form of a fluid permeable conductive mass e.g. a porous matrix or a packed bed of graphite particles, separated from the counter electrode by a barrier wall. This barrier wall can be either anion specific membrane dividing the cell into separate cathode and anode chambers or a porous insulating wall permitting flow of electrolyte between the cathode and anode. A liquid electrolyte and a gas are passed co-currently through the electrode bed perpendicular to the current flow and the reaction product is generated in the solution within the electrode bed.

Abstract: A filter press halate cell is disclosed, where a plurality of electrode units are arranged to form a cell. Each unit comprises a synthetic organic polymeric electrolytic cell frame housing an anode and a cathode in spaced relationship with each other. The cell frame contains electrolyte, initially a metal halide solution, and is arranged to allow electrical current to be conducted through the solution and between the anode and cathode, partially electrolyzing the solution to halogen, metal hydroxide and hydrogen. The halogen and metal hydroxide react at least partially in the cell to form hypohalite, halide and water. Means are taught for introducing feed through an inlet, and withdrawing electrolyte through an outlet. Clearance means and passageway means are taught for conducting reaction products upwardly between the anode and cathode and through the cell, as are means for removing hydrogen at the top of the cell.

Abstract: An electrolytic cell assembly for the treatment of an ore slurry including a number of flowthrough cells formed between spaced parallel electrode plates. Slurry is fed to the bottom of the cell assembly through slots in a non-conductive manifold connected to outlet pipes from a stream splitter which is connected with a main slurry conduit.

Abstract: Disclosed is an electrolytic cell for the generation of low cost halogen biocidally active agent from an aqueous solution having a low halogen salt content for use in the treatment of sewage or other liquid affluents, especially those of fresh water swimming pools or fresh water cooling towers. The electrolytic cell is used in line with pumps generally associated with the distribution of waters for swimming pools or cooling towers.

Abstract: Apparatus for reclaiming silver from solution. Photographic film is transported through a plurality of compartments within which fluids act upon the constituents in the film coating. One of the compartments contains fluid that includes a silver complex dissolved therein, and a silver precipitating unit is positioned within that compartment. The precipitating unit includes anode-cathode elements connected to a source of electrical potential for depositing silver upon the elements.

Abstract: Bipolar cells are designed to permit the introduction of full wave, half wave, or time proportioned, rectified and unfiltered current into a special electrolysis zone which contains coated titanium anodes and steel cathodes with nonconducting baffles which protrude beyond each bipolar electrode in water containing dilute salt solutions. Thereby voltage transformers are eliminated and amperages are very much decreased and easily controlled. For the chlorination of swimming pools, all of the filtered pool water is passed directly through the bipolar electrodes at velocities between 3 and 6 feet per second. This direct liquid flow combined with time proportioned electric current and with iron or stainless steel cathodes prevents the accumulation of precipitates in the cell and permits the control of a wide range of chlorine concentrations while prolonging the life of the coated anodes.

Abstract: An electrolytic cell for production of alkali metal chlorates has pairs of spaced flat parallel perforate cathodes and has flat imperforate anodes resident within each pair of cathodes, with each cathode having a plurality of horizontal slots therethrough, within an electrically conductive tank. Electrically insulative chemically resistive bumpers on either side of each anode maintain the anode spaced from the pair of cathodes within which the anode resides. The cell bottom and two sides are formed of a single member; the cell top is electrically insulated from the remainder of the cell.

Abstract: Describes an electrolysis cell and method of operation in which metal anodes (preferably titanium) provided with an electrically conducting electrocatalytic coating, in an anode compartment, face metal cathodes (preferably diaphragm covered) in a cathode compartment, in which the anodes are spaced from an imperforate valve metal separating partition by a separating wall behind which the anolyte can recirculate downward. The anodic gases rising in the anode compartment discharge into a brine box above the anode compartment near the center thereof and the anolyte recirculates downward near at least one end of the anode compartment, and a method of operation which provides circulation from front to back of the anode compartment and from center to the sides of the anode compartment.

Abstract: A vessel is described for facilitating the removal of difficultly oxidizable impurities such as phenol and/or polychlorinated biphenyl from dilute aqueous solutions or dispersions. The vessel contains stacked, packed beds having characteristics of alternating high and low electrical conductivity with separately controlled pairs of electrodes for the two alternate types of beds. An aqueous solution containing contaminants is admitted to the vessel and passed through the successive beds wherein the solution or dispersion is subjected to an alternating current field for decomposition of the contaminants in the high resistivity beds and oxidization thereof in the lower resistivity beds by hydrogen peroxide produced by alternating current electrolysis of water. The preferred electrodes are hollow and water cooled. In addition, the bed is jacketed and cooling water is circulated through the jacket to maintain a more efficient, lower process temperature.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for electrolytically preparing in an electrolytic cell metal, preferably zinc, in pulverulent form from a compound of the metal, for example, zinc oxide, in an aqueous ionized solution, for example potassium hydroxide of a concentration of 100 to 800 g/l, the solution preferably containing 10 to 350 of zinc per liter. The cathode at the bottom of the electrolytic cell comprises a layer of the same pulverulent metal, for example zinc, into which a grid cathode current input is introduced, the cathode current applied being sufficient to prevent the formation of metal in continuous form, preferably between 8 and 18 A/dm.sup.2. The anode is disposed in the cell above the cathode. New solution is injected about the lower periphery of the cell so as to set the solution and pulverulent metal is turbulent suspension.

Abstract: The disinfecting effect of electric current passing between a contaminated aqueous liquid and an anode immersed in the liquid is enhanced by providing bipolar electrodes between the directly energized anode and cathode so that the flow channels for the liquid between the electrode faces are limited to a width of 3 mm or less, the auxiliary electrodes being insulated from each other and from the directly energized electrodes and disposed in such a manner that the potential difference between each pair of adjacent electrodes is equal.

Abstract: The housing of an electrolytic purification apparatus defines a receiving chamber and an electrolytic cell. The receiving chamber communicates with a filling aperture at the top of the housing which is upwardly open in the operating position of the apparatus. A first conduit connects a bottom portion of the chamber with an inlet portion of the cell, and a second conduit connects an outlet portion of the cell, upwardly spaced from the inlet portion but lower than the filling aperture, with a discharge aperture at the lower end of the housing. The chamber, cell, and conduits define a continuous path of liquid flow from the filling to the discharge aperture, the path extending downward in the chamber, upward in the cell, and downward again in the second conduit. Two electrodes, offset from the flow path in the cell in opposite, transverse directions, are supplied with direct current for passage of the current in the cell through liquid flowing in the afore-described flow path.

Abstract: An electrolytic cell of the diaphragm type, for electrolysis of alkali chlorides, is provided having a base comprising an insulating material with the said anode extensions passing through it, connecting means are connected to at least one current cooling bar, and a rigid structure with the distributing bar and the base of the cell resting on it, the bar being disposed between the base of the cell and the rigid structure.

Abstract: An electrolytic cell without a diaphragm is provided, having anodes and cathodes mounted, respectively, on an anode end and a cathode end, the ends being substantially vertical so as to provide an open space above the anode and cathode units; the cathodes being perforated, particularly at the top, so as to make the cathode space communicate with the open space provided above the anode and cathode units. The cell is particularly applicable to the production by electrolysis of alkali chlorates.

Abstract: A novel electrolytic system, especially suitable for chlorate manufacture, is provided constituted by a novel electrolyzer and a novel reactor. The novel separate electrolyzer is designed for multicell assembly employing sheet metal electrodes and includes novel internal construction specially designed to hold the electrodes in place and to minimize internal liquor overflow between adjacent cells. The novel reactor provides suitable electrolyte retention time, temperature and product composition control respectively as well as gas separation with liquor level controlled for flooded electrolyzer system. The electrolyzer and the reactor are connected by liquor interconnection means.

Abstract: A molded electrolytic cell body or frame for housing electrodes and a membrane has a passageway therein communicating an anolyte drain header or manifold or an anolyte discharge header with the anolyte compartment of the cell, through which passageway a conductor of material resistant to electrolytic attack is passed to connect the liquid in the anolyte drain or discharge header with the anode. The conductor acts as a target anode and inhibits electrolytic damage to the anode, thereby lengthening its life.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell with a nonpartitioned electrolyte chamber and plane electrodes, which form a stack, the chamber filled by the electrolyte forming narrow gaps between the electrodes, and the electrode stack being assembled on a fixed baseplate so that its axis is essentially vertical.

Abstract: Disclosed is a bipolar electrolyzer having a plurality of individual electrolytic cells electrically and mechanically in series. Each of the cells has an anolyte chamber, a catholyte chamber, and catholyte liquor withdrawal means. A catholyte liquor trough is disposed along side the electrolyzer and beneath the catholyte liquor withdrawal means. The bipolar electrolyzer is characterized by apparatus for limiting the emission of catholyte liquor laden moisture from the cell liquor trough while simultaneously being capable of indicating a low catholyte liquor level in an individual electrolytic cell of the electrolyzer. Additionally, the apparatus may interrupt the flow of catholyte liquor between the catholyte chambers of the individual electrolytic cells and the catholyte liquor trough, thereby reducing corrosion of the perc pipes. The emission limiting means and low catholyte liquor level indicating means include a top on the cell liquor trough.

Abstract: A unit for the recovery and removal of metal from solution employing a series of concentric cylindrical wire mesh electrodes. Alternating concentric electrode elements are connected to one another to provide interleaved anode and cathode elements. The cathode is a relatively fine wire mesh that is sandblasted to provide maximum cathode surface area. The electrode arrangement is held and positioned within a cylindrical container by a base plate having a series of annular concentric grooves into which the bottom edges of the electrode elements are received. The base plate stands up off the floor of the container to provide a shallow chamber between the base plate and a central inlet opening to the container. A plurality of holes in the base plate admit fluid from the chamber into the annular channels between the electrode elements. The configuration facilitates streaming of the solution along the channels and thus along the cathode surfaces.

Abstract: Contaminating ions are removed from an aqueous medium, e.g. hexavalent chromium ions from cooling tower waters, by an electrochemical method which includes formation of an insoluble iron compound or complex of the contaminant ion, utilizing an anode of iron, iron alloy or insoluble iron compound. The electrodes are treated with an acid solution at regular intervals to remove any substances formed on or lodged between the electrodes. The electrolytic cell includes a plurality of closely spaced generally parallel plate electrodes with electric potential applied to the two end electrodes, and an electrode near each end electrode is of a size protecting the end electrode from flux field effects.

Abstract: Novel vertical multiunit electrolyzers with bipolar metallic electrodes for the electrolysis of halide containing electrolytes to produce oxidized halogen compounds and to a novel electrolysis of electrolytes which is designed to produce a gas lift effect to sweep solid deposits off the electrodes and out of the electrolyzer.

Abstract: An apparatus for interrupting the passage of electrical current along a mixed stream of gas and liquid.

Abstract: Removable orifice defining members for improving conventional electrolytic cells of the type where fluid is fed into individual anode and cathode compartments by separate fluid supply headers. The removable orifice defining members are elongated and threadedly located in orifice receiving apertures extending through the headers and communicating with the individual anode and cathode compartments. The members each include an appropriate orifice extending generally longitudinally therethrough for properly metering fluid flow from the headers into the associated compartment. The orifice defining members may be conveniently installed or removed from outside the cell structure and separate end caps are also provided for conveniently closing the outermost ends of the orifice receiving apertures.

Abstract: This invention relates to welding, brazing or the like utilizing a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen generated in substantially stoichiometric proportions in an electrolytic cell by electrolytic dissociation of water, the mixture so generated being passed from the generator through a flash-back arrestor and thence to a burner where the gases are ignited. The invention also relates to atomic welding in which the above mentioned mixture is passed through an arc causing dissociation of both the hydrogen and oxygen into atomic hydrogen and oxygen which on recombination generate an intensely hot flame.

Abstract: An improvement on the known brine-chlorine gas separting vessel disposed on the anode chambers of a vertical diaphragm type electrolytic cell for caustic soda production by connecting said brine-chlorine gas separating vessel to a secondary brine-chlorine gas separating vessel through a chlorine gas pipe and a brine pipe, and connecting the secondary brine-chlorine gas separating vessel to a tertially brine-chlorine gas separating vessel similarly through a chlorine gas pipe and a brine pipe.

Abstract: In a caustic alkali producing multiple vertical diaphragm type electrolytic cell, wherein a plurality of vertical flat box shaped unit anode chamber sets are assembled in parallel in a large cell case acting as a common cathode chamber, each said unit anode chamber set comprising an anode chamber, both main walls of which are formed of a pair of diaphragms and a pair of cathode wire nets stretched on the outside of said diaphragms, and a pair of anode plates received in said anode chamber so as to face said diaphragms, an improvement characterized in that, where the plural unit anode chamber sets are assembled in parallel in the cell case, the cathode wire nets can be electrically connected easily to the cathode bottom plate of said cell case by press-mounting the unit anode chamber sets thereon.

Abstract: Sodium chloride in aqueous solution is converted to hypochlorite and chlorate by electrolysis in groups of cells whose electrodes are connected to a DC source in series circuit while the electrolyte is pumped through the cells in parallel flow between a distribution manifold and a collecting manifold connected to the cells by glass pipes. The manifold system consists of flangedly connected titanium pipes protected against electrolytic corrosion by electrical insulation between the sections and a small protective electrode having a platinum alloy surface and conductively connected to the anode pipe end adjacent the insulation.

Abstract: There is provided a membrane-free axial flow electrolytic cell in which the anodes and cathodes are perforated and lie transversely of a conduit through which an ion containing and conducting medium is pumped. This device is especially useful in the electrolytic recovery of metal values from acid leach solutions from low grade ores, e.g., copper, and for the carrying out of electrochemical reactions such as the production of sodium hypochlorite or sodium chlorate from NaCl.

Abstract: An improved process and apparatus for electrolysis of a high purity metal from an aqueous pregnant liquor acid electrolyte at high efficiency and high current density in the presence of impurities. In one embodiment the electrolysis cell employed in such process is provided with a fluid cover.

Abstract: An electropolished, copper plated, beryllium copper wire is plated with a composite coating of a nickel-iron-cobalt alloy. Such coating consists of a layer having a high anisotropic field parameter, of the order of 6 oersteds or higher, adjacent the surface of the wire, superimposed by a layer having a lower anisotropic field parameter, of the order of 4 oersteds or less. The wire is plated in two plating cells, the first of which is provided with a plurality of passages directing the flow of a plating electrode with a major component of flow across the wire and a minor component of flow in one direction along the wire. The second plating cell is provided with a plurality of passages directing the flow of a plating electrolyte substantially transverse to the wire. The electrolyte supplied to the first cell contains salts of iron, nickel and cobalt, with cobalt being present in a relatively high concentration.

Abstract: A process and apparatus designed to recover metal ions from a solution in which the anode is in the form of a vortex diffuser. The vortex diffuser radiates an electrolyte solution upon an ion collector plate in such a manner that the fluid impinges upon the collector perpendicular and then turning parallel to its surface to thereby wipe away any tendency toward dendritic metal formation.

Abstract: A water decomposition apparatus for producing detonating gas or oxyhydrogen gas comprising a number of successively bounding electrolysis cells. These cells are arranged within a common compartment and constructed as vessels open at the top and equipped with openings or mouths which are located at different elevational positions. Each cell opens into the next bounding lower situated cell. The cell having the highest located mouth flow communicates via an opening at its floor with the lower portion of the common compartment.