Abstract: An electrolyzer having a partition plate produced by forming thin plates. The electrolyzer includes a vertical electrolyzer unit which has a partition plate formed by superimposing a pair of anode- and cathode-side partitions provided with mutually fittable recesses and projections, and an electrode plate connected to the projections on each side of the partition plate to define an electrolytic chamber. A gas-liquid separating chamber having a discharge opening is provided in the upper part of the electrolyzer unit such that the cross-sectional area of the gas-liquid separating chamber is larger at a part closer to the discharge opening than at a part remoter from the discharge opening, thereby preventing the fluctuation of pressure in the electrolytic chamber caused by pulsation occurring in the gas-liquid separating chamber.

Abstract: An ion conducting device having a plurality of solid electrolyte plates arranged into a stack, each electrolyte plate having electrode material adherent to a significant portion thereof. A plurality of individual spacers are disposed between adjacent electrolyte plates in the stack, each spacer spacing successive electrolyte plates apart, and defining a plurality of chambers in the spaces between adjacent electrolyte plates. The electrode material on the electrolyte plates is electrically connected whereby electrode material on every other successive plate is connected in series, from one end of the stack to the other, whereupon the electrical path wraps around the stack and extends back along the stack and connects in series the electrodes not previously connected.

Abstract: An apparatus for producing electrolyzed water comprising an electrolytic cell, wherein the electrolytic cell includes an anode plate having a through-hole, a cathode plate having a through-hole and a sealing member. The electrolytic cell is constructed of the anode plate, the cathode plate, and the sealing member with the sealing member interposed between the anode plate and the cathode plate. Thereby a electrolytic chamber for electrolyzing subject water to be electrolyzed is defined between the anode plate and the cathode plate. One of the through-holes of the anode plate and the cathode plate serves as an inlet for introducing the subject water into the electrolytic chamber, the other through-hole serves as an outlet for discharging the subject water into the electrolytic chamber.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for purifying water is provided for use in both recreational and industrial settings. The present invention significantly lessens or eliminates the need to use toxic chemicals in the purification process and achieves purification by altering the molecular structure of the water to free radical forms of oxygen.

Abstract: Electrolyte cell for Hypo-Halogenite generation comprising a closed chamber made of a base (1) above which an electrode chamber (2) is placed. The base (1) has means to install it in a hydraulic system where the electrolyte inlet (13) and outlet (14) are located giving the electrolyte an inverted "U"-shape course between the inlet (13) and the outlet (14). The chamber (2) has an internal set of electrodes (4) over which electrolysis occurs and whose terminals (5, 6) communicate outside through a hole (68) in the electrode chamber. The base (1) has an internal transversely placed vertical barrier (15) made of two transversal walls separated by a top gutter (16) with a centralized vertical passing slit (17) running from the top to its mid-height, so that the base (1) is divided into two symmetrically equal sub-chambers, an inlet chamber adjacent to the inlet hole (13) and an outlet chamber adjacent to the outlet hole (14).

Abstract: Method and device for pickling, and possibly for degreasing, of elongate metal items, in particular wires, strips and steel section. These items are placed in an electrolyte solution through which an electric current is passed by means of electrodes, said items being moved preferably in a substantially continuous manner lengthwise through at least two successive separate baths of an aqueous hydrochloric acid solution and/or a chlorine mineral salt solution. At least one electrode is placed in each bath and an electric voltage is applied to these electrodes so that the sign of the voltage on the electrode of one of the baths is always different from the sign of the voltage on the electrode of the adjacent bath, the baths being substantially insulated from each other so that the electric current flows between two adjacent baths mainly via that part of the item being moved between said two adjacent baths.

Abstract: An electroplating apparatus capable of forming a film of a uniform thickness on a substrate for printed wiring irrespective of a size of the substrate. Insoluble anode plates are arranged in a plurality of pairs in an electroplating tank in a manner to be juxtaposed to each other along a transfer passage along which the substrate is horizontally transferred and electrically independent from each other for every pair. The insoluble anode plates in each pair are arranged so as to be vertically spaced from each other with the transfer passage being interposed therebetween and are independently connected to an anode terminal of each of rectifiers. Cathode terminals of the rectifiers are electrically connected together to clips for holding the substrate. Electroplating on the substrate is carried out by feeding only the insoluble anode plates contained in a plane of projection of the substrate defined in a vertical direction of the substrate with electricity.

Abstract: An electroplating apparatus includes a casing having a large opening at the bottom, a substrate being electroplated in the casing, a plating solution injector penetrating through an upper part of the casing for introducing a plating solution into the casing, an exhaust port penetrating through an upper part of the casing for draining the plating solution, a vertically movable substrate stage disposed beneath the casing for holding the substrate and having an opening smaller than the substrate, and a spin chuck for carrying the substrate to the substrate stage. In this apparatus, initially, the substrate is put on the spin chuck. Then, the substrate stage moves up and closes the casing from the bottom, and the substrate is electroplated in the casing. After the electroplating, the substrate stage moves down, and the substrate is transferred to the spin chuck. Automatic transfer of the substrate is possible using a uniaxial robot that moves only in the vertical or horizontal directions.

Abstract: A process for treatment of a fluid in need of treatment. The process comprising the steps of: (i) feeding the fluid in need of treatment to a fluid treatment chamber having a fluid inlet and a fluid outlet; (ii) passing the fluid in need of treatment through the fluid inlet into the treatment chamber; (iii) forcing the fluid in need of treatment through at least one fluid permeable electrolytic cell disposed substantially transverse to flow of the fluid, the electrolytic cell comprising a channel defined by an outer, perforated first electrode and an inner, coaxially disposed second electrode; (iv) subjecting the fluid in need of treatment to electrolysis as it passes through the channel; (v) forcing the fluid to the fluid outlet; and (vi) allowing the fluid to exit the fluid outlet.

Abstract: An apparatus for sterilizing water by anodic oxidation. A reactor contains a plurality of anodes (3) and cathodes (4) arranged as parallel plates within the reactor. The anodes and cathodes are arranged in series within four modules (2). Each module includes two draw bolts (34, 44) extending through bores in the anodes and cathodes and threadably engaged to contact bolts (7) on either side of the module. The contact bolts provide high surface pressure to the anodes and cathodes so that high electrical currents can be conducted through the reactor. The anodes each consist of materials that provide a greater overvoltage with respect to oxygen generation than with respect to chlorine generation. Thus, the reactor can produce a sufficient quantity of oxidants to sterilize the water without adding chlorine compounds to the water.

Abstract: Electrolysis cell for the production of a gas, comprising at least two electrolysis chambers, respectively anodic (2) and cathodic (3), one at least of which is in communication, at its lower part, with an electrolyte entry pipe (5) and, at its upper part, with an electrolyte degassing chamber (7) sited above it and provided with a gas discharge opening (8) and with an electrolyte discharge opening (16), an electrolyte recycling pipe (10) connecting the degassing chamber (7) to the entry pipe (5) and including a valve (11) which is open or closed according to whether the pressure downstream (B) of the valve (11) is less than or greater than the pressure upstream (A) of the valve.

Abstract: An electroplating plant for the electrolyte deposition of metals on flat components such as printed circuit boards and the like, oriented parallel to the direction of feed and continuously supplied via a system for the transmission and supply of cathode current to the boards. The apparatus has at least one pair of electrolytic cells. Each of the cells is provided with a feed aperture and the aperture for the outflow of the electrolytic solution supplied continuously by a pump drawing the same from a recovery tank. Each cell is provided with anodes and a passage for regulating the flow the electrolytic solution. Each cell has its outflow aperture located opposite that of another cell in order to provide an empty space through which the board passes; the board to be thus placed in contact with the electrolytic solution.

Abstract: An electrochemical processor having a first frustoconical chamber for receiving a workpiece to be processed. A plurality of sources of process fluids are connected to the frustoconical chamber for sequentially cleaning, providing an electrolyte and sealing the surface of the workpiece. A first valve arrangement connected to the chamber and responsive to a signal from a central processing unit allows the selected fluid to recirculate to provide agitation and at the same time if need to either chill or heat the selected fluid to aid in the desired function of the selected fluid. A second valve arrangement responsive to a signal from the central processing unit allows the selected fluid to drain from the chamber for return to the original supply source or a second frustoconical chamber for processing workpieces in parallel with the first frustoconical chamber.

Abstract: A device is provided for brush electroplating a surface of a workpiece. The device includes an anode generally composed of a metal to be electroplated on the surface of the workpiece. The anode is selectively retained within a cavity formed in a lower surface of a carrier piece composed of a generally electrical non-conductive material. The lower surface of the carrier piece is shaped to conform to at least a portion of the surface of the workpiece. An absorbent material extends over the lower surface of the carrier piece to form a brush. The cover material and lower surface of the anode are spaced from each other to form a chamber. The device also includes an assembly, fluidly connected to the space between the anode and absorbent material, to inject a flow of the electrolytic fluid into the chamber.

Abstract: A water purifier comprising an electrolytic cell housed in an enclosure and an attaching apparatus. The enclosure attaches over an outlet fitting of a water circulation line in a swimming pool by the attaching apparatus. The attaching apparatus and the enclosure define apertures and outlet openings, respectively, having increasing areas in the direction of the water flow. This configuration increases flow rates through the apertures and outlet openings; the increased flow rates break off scale formations extending into the center of the apertures and outlet openings and thereby prevent scale from clogging the purifier.

Abstract: An apparatus for sterilizing water by anodic oxidation. A reactor contains a plurality of anodes (3) and cathodes (4) arranged as parallel plates within the reactor. The anodes and cathodes are arranged in series within four modules (2). Each module includes two draw bolts (34, 44) extending through bores in the anodes and cathodes and threadably engaged to contact bolts (7) on either side of the module. The contact bolts provide high surface pressure to the anodes and cathodes so that high electrical currents can be conducted through the reactor. The anodes each consist of materials that provide a greater overvoltage with respect to oxygen generation than with respect to chlorine generation. Thus, the reactor can produce a sufficient quantity of oxidants to sterilize the water without adding chlorine compounds to the water.

Abstract: An electrolytic filter system (16) is disclosed for use in treating fluid provided by a fluid source(12) to a supplied environment (14). The system includes an electrolytic cell(18) controlled by control circuit(20). Various alternative constructions of the cell are described in which the effective separation of active electrodes, as well as the effective area of the active electrodes can be altered by a switching circuit (94) and controller (96) included in the control circuit (20). The controller responds to inputs from a current sensor (92) reflecting variations in the resistivity of the water. As a result, the controller is able to alter the effective separation and area of the active electrode, in response to resistivity variations to provide optimal operation.

Abstract: Attaching apparatus which has a cell of electrodes (30) with an aperture (32) in the center, housed in an enclosure (34) containing a matching bore (36). A nipple (46) with a flange (50) on one end and a series of adjacent notches (48) is screwed into a pool adapter (58) retaining the enclosure tightly against the wall of the pool. Edge spacers (44) fill the gap where pools are contoured.

Abstract: This invention relates to a device for the separation of immiscible liquids of different specific gravities, using gravity. The process of separation is facilitated, and separation quality is improved by using the process of electrolysis within a gravity separator.

Abstract: For the electrolytic extraction of metal from a solution containing metal ions and situated in a first cell, metal is cathodically deposited by means of an anode on an electrically conductive endless band immersed partially into the solution, and is redissolved anodically in the electrolyte of an adjacent second cell by partial immersion of the circulating endless band; the metal dissolved in the second cell is again deposited in high purity on a cathode.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell for electrolytic treatment of aqueous solutions, particularly for cyanide detoxification or oxidation, has a solution container with a cell housing mounted on it, in which an electrode stack is located. Solution is delivered to the cell housing in the region of its housing bottom by a circulation device, and after passing through the electrode stack by an overflow over the side walls of the cell housing, is delivered to a cascadelike drain container with its own overflow for the sake of degassing; after passing through the second overflow, the now largely degassed solution is returned to the solution container and recirculated. The invention provides a compact structural form with a pressure-free recirculation system and simple maintenance of the electrode stack or individual electrodes.

Abstract: Plating cups 2 each hold therein respective semiconductor substrates to be plated. The temperatures of the plating solution in the plating cups are controlled at optimum levels by controlling the operations of heaters 13 and 16, based on the temperature of the plating cups as measured by thermometers 5 mounted on the plating cups 2. Metal ion concentration in the solution and the pH level and specific gravity of the solution are measured by an atomic absorption spectrometer 17, a pH gauge 18, and a gravimeter 19, respectively, for determining necessary amount of replenishing metal ions and solution from a solution level regulator 21, thereby maintaining the relevant parameters of the solution within a permissible range.

Abstract: This invention relates to an electrolytic ion water generator for producing alkali ion water containing alkali ions and acid ion water containing acid ions by introducing tap water or the like into an electrolytic cell comprising electrodes and ion exchange membranes arranged alternately which electrolyze the electrolytes in the water.Electrolytic cell unit panels having the same shape are constructed by attaching the electrode plate and ion exchange membrane onto each synthetic resin frame. The electrolytic cell unit panels are layered in a water-tight manner facing the front sides to front sides and the rear sides to rear sides via O-rings. A water-inlet external cover is attached at one end of the layered electrolytic cell unit panels, and a water-outlet external cover is attached at the other end of the layered electrolytic cell unit panels in a water-tight manner to secure the total assembly.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electrolytic cell (1) comprising an anodic end wall (6) and a cathodic end wall (5) facing each other and supporting alternately arranged plate-shaped anodes (8) and cathodes (10) extending substantially perpendicularly to said end walls. At least some of the anodes (8) and/or cathodes (10) cooperate with the opposite end wall (5,6) via electrically insulating spacer members (4), thus enabling compressive forces to be transmitted between the cell end walls (5,6). The invention also relates to an electrolyser comprising two or more cells (1) according to the invention. Further, the invention relates to a method of performing electrolyses.

Abstract: An electro-chemical cell suitable for chromic acid regeneration or the electro-chemical treatment of methane sulphonic acid has several plate shaped bipolar electrodes which are spaced by means of frames to form an electrolyte space between every two adjacent electrodes. The electrolyte spaces are closed at the sides and at the bottom so they are impermeable to liquids and adjacent bipolar electrodes are electrically insulated against each other. The electrodes are tightly secured against the frame by means of hose-shaped sealing elements that can expand if internal pressure is applied, these sealing elements each being located in a fixed position in a U-shaped groove inside the frames. The cell is not sealed at the liquid surface of the electrolyte, however, it can be equipped with a cover, depending on the application. In order to remove an electrode, the sealing pressure is decreased by means of a pressure reduction in the interior of the sealing elements.

Abstract: There is provided improvements in systems and methods for the recovery of ferrous or non-ferrous metals in an electrolytic cell system. The improvements include an automated process and system and an electrolytic cell which includes means for removing a plated metal from the anode/cathode to permit it to settle at the floor of the cell and means for removing the settled metal therefrom.

Abstract: An electrochemical fluorination process comprises passing by forced convection a liquid mixture comprising anhydrous hydrogen fluoride and fluorinatable organic compound, e.g., tripropyl amine, at a temperature and pressure at which a substantially continuous liquid phase is maintained, between the electrodes of a bipolar electrode stack. The bipolar electrode stack comprises a plurality of substantially parallel, spaced-apart electrodes made of an electrically-conductive material, e.g., nickel, which is essentially inert to anhydrous hydrogen fluoride and which, when used as an anode, is active for electrochemical fluorination, and the electrodes of the stack are arranged in either a series or a series-parallel electrical configuration. The bipolar electrode stack has an applied voltage difference which produces a direct current which can cause the production of fluorinated organic compound, e.g., perfluoro(tripropyl amine).

Abstract: An electrolyzer includes a stack composed of a plurality of upright electrolytic cell units, each unit including an electrolytic cell unit frame bounding a pair of electrode sheets. Each pair of electrode sheets are anode-side and cathode-side partitions having opposed recesses and projections that are engaged in nesting relationship with each other. A gas-liquid separation chamber is provided which is integral with an upper edge of the electrolytic cell unit frame.

Abstract: A multi-compartment electroplating system for electroplating two or more objects simultaneously such that the electrodeposited material is substantially uniform in thickness and composition. Electroplating solution is circulated between a reservoir and a multi-compartment tank which has one cathode-paddle-anode (CPA) assembly for each compartment. Each CPA assembly has an anode, a cathode adapted for holding a wafer and employing a single thieving electrode which covers all of the floor of the compartment not covered by the wafer, and a paddle. Also included is a cover which houses a single linear motor for driving all of the paddles in synchrony.

Abstract: An ion conducting device having a plurality of solid electrolyte plates arranged into a stack, each electrolyte plate having electrode material adherent to a significant portion thereof. A plurality of individual spacers are disposed between adjacent electrolyte plates in the stack, each spacer spacing successive electrolyte plates apart, and defining a plurality of chambers in the spaces between adjacent electrolyte plates. The electrode material on the electrolyte plates is electrically connected whereby electrode material on every other successive plate is connected in series, from one end of the stack to the other, whereupon the electrical path wraps around the stack and extends back along the stack and connects in series the electrodes not previously connected.

Abstract: In an electrolyzer system having metallic supply and discharge piping subjected to shunt currents, the improvement which comprises a removable target electrode in the section of said piping subjected to said shunt currents, said target electrode having a lower overvoltage than the metallic piping being protected.

Abstract: An electrolysis cell provides a plurality of electrode stacks arranged electrically and mechanically back-to-back in a vertical orientation to develop an electrically neutral effluent. The electrode stacks comprise a plurality of electrode plates that seal against an inert housing by seals with a U-shaped cross-section. The cell is fully insulated and provides a series electrolyte flow path.

Abstract: A waste stream contaminated with mercury is purified by flowing the stream cyclically and/or sequentially through at least one electrolytic cell provided with an anode (11) and a cathode (10) made of tin, copper, silver or alloys thereof and optionally comprising other alloying element(s). The cathode (10) is a microporous, high surface area body through which the electrolyte can pass, with the solution sweeping the microporous surfaces. After cycling through one cell or cell module (1) with cathodes of given microporosity, the solution is passed to the next cell or cell module with cathodes of finer miocroporosity. The microporous surfaces are periodically cleaned by counter-current flushing, preferably followed by a rest period. The waste stream may be an acidic waste stream containing organic mercury compounds.

Abstract: The invention is related to apparatuses and methods for recovering metals from solution using electroplating processes. Batch processing of electrolytic solution occurs by circulating electrolytic solution through a specified configuration of anodic and cathodic plates. One or more electrolytic cells are stacked upon a single holding tank. Automatic controls are provided.

Abstract: There is disclosed a system for treatment of wastewater effluent from a photographic process which produces a developer effluent, a bleach effluent and a fixer effluent. The system comprises a developer treatment zone, a bleach treatment zone and a fixer treatment zone. Within each zone, there are provided defined means of pH adjustment of the effluent and a defined electrolytic cell for electrolysis of the effluent. A process for conducting the system is also provided. The invention may be advantageously used to reduce the concentration of or eliminated chemicals contained in the effluent.

Abstract: A method enabling thorough purification of lacustrine water with simple operation in an energy-saving manner within a short period of time and being free from the possibility of secondary public nuisance, and further a filthy water purification boat for implementing said method. According to this invention, while operating filthy water purification boat having an electrolyzing device for calcium fluoride, DC current power source, and coagulant pouring device mounted thereon on lakes or marshes, the electrolyzing device is operated and coagulant is fed into a pipe having a coagulant pouring nozzle. Lacustrine water, while passed through electrodes, is fed with fluorine ion and coagulant, and polluting substances coagulate and turn into flocks of a large diameter.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for treating water by passing the water through an electrolytic bath provided with an anode and a porous cathode. The water is qualified by the decomposition and the reduction of chloride compounds in the water while the water passes through the porous cathode that occupies full area of a cross section of the flow path of the water.

Abstract: An apparatus for treating a liquid by electrochemical ion exchange comprises a flow channel (34) in which are arranged a cation-responsive ion exchange electrode (38) side by side with an anion-responsive ion exchange electrode (42), with a counter electrode (40,44) between them. By controlling the currents to the two ion exchange electrodes (38,42) independently, the pH of the treated liquid can be controlled at a desired value.

Abstract: The internal quality of continuously cast and other steel samples in the form of ingots, billets, blooms, slabs and bars is determined in rapid manner to enable potentially problem-causing casting conditions to be identified and corrected in timely manner. A steel sample from the casting, after grinding to remove any heat-affected zone and to provide a desired degree of surface roughness, is anodically etched using dilute hydrochloric acid at ambient temperature to etch away metal from the surface to reveal the internal quality. After removal of the sample from the etching apparatus, the sample is washed, dried, and visually examined to determine the internal quality.

Abstract: An electrolytic treatment apparatus for continuously electrolyzing an elongated product of aluminum or an aluminum alloy at a low electrolyzing voltage and reduced amount of electric power. The apparatus includes at least one electrolytic section and front- and rear-side power supply section disposed respectively at front and rear sides of the electrolytic section in the longitudinal direction of the elongated product in the electrolytic section. Each of the power supply sections contains at least one electrode, and the electrolytic section contains a plurality of electrodes. The electrolytic section and the power supply sections are filled with an electrolyte in which the elongated product and the electrodes is immersed.

Abstract: There is disclosed a method and an apparatus for treatment of water in an electrolytic cell having stacked plates of magnesium and copper in alternating array, separated by thin metal, brass washers. The stacked plates are disposed transversely across a cylindrical treatment chamber, preferably with four stacks aligned on equally angular spacings within the chamber. The water to be treated is introduced into the chamber tangentially to the inner wall thereof and is directed over the stacked plates. The tangential introduction of water into the treatment chamber generates a vortex flow of the water across the electrolytic cells which accelerates clarification of the water by forced separation of the precipitates which are collected in the bottom of the separation chamber and periodically removed. The clarified water is removed from the treatment chamber and passed through subsequent processing.

Abstract: Apparatus for plating electrical or electronic components, comprises a plating chamber (2) for receiving electrolyte through which a current is to be passed via a first anode (10) and cathode (13) pair, means being provided to arrange a component (12) to be plated as the cathode of said first pair, means for supplying the plating chamber with electrolyte enriched with plating material, the supplying means including a reservoir chamber (4) for receiving electrolyte through which a current is to be passed via a second anode and cathode pair (21, 22), means being provided to arrange a body of plating material (17) as the anode of said second pair, whereby in use plating material dissolved from the anode of the second pair enriches the electrolyte supplied to the plating chamber (2) and is deposited on the cathode of the first pair.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrolysis cell of the filter press type for the production of peroxy and perhalogenate compounds comprising alternatingly arranged cathodes and anodes provided with electrolyte feeds, wherein the cathodes (1) and anodes (2) consist of right parallelpiped-shaped hollow bodies between which are present frame-shaped seals (3) and which, via these seals (3), are connected together in a liquid-tight manner and insulated from one another to give a cell pile, the cathode hollow bodies (1) are liquid- and gas-permeable, the anode hollow bodies (2) possess, above and below a platinum layer, openings for the introduction and removal of the anolyte and the effective anode surface is formed by the platinum metal layer of a composite anode comprising a valve metal substrate and a platinum layer present thereon which is obtainable by the hot isostatic pressing of a platinum foil on to a valve metal carrier.

Abstract: Liquid is clarified by passing it between spaced plates of a stack including two interleaved sets of plates, one set being connected to one direct current lead and the other set being connected to the other direct current lead. The liquid may flow through the spaces between the plates in a single direction in parallel paths or may flow in a serpentine path. Impurities removed from the liquid adhere to the plates and may be purged from the plates periodically by reversing the direction of flow of current between the plates. Impurities sloughed off the plates are trapped in a filter in the cell outlet.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for treating water contained in a tank to remove contaminants by passing a current through a novel electrode arrangement characterized by vertically disposed electrodes plates. Positive and negative half length electrode pairs are arranged vertically with respect to one another. Such electrode pairs are used in conjunction with full length, active or passive vertical electrode plates which are each adjacent a vertical pair. Preferably the electrodes and tank are made of aluminium.

Abstract: The process for the electrochemical separation of metal mixtures and metal alloys comprises the steps of dissolving the starting material in an elecrolyte, substituting the metals dissolved in the electrolytic solution in succession in accordance with their electrochemical potential by electrochemically less noble metals in each case and depositing them. The electrolytic solution containing the dissolved metals is passed continuously through several cells, connected to each other, in which the electrolytic solution is brought into contact with said less noble metals. Several of the metals dissolved can be substituted simultaneously by one or more electrochemically less noble metals. Metals that are deposited simultaneously together are separated electrolytically from each other, and metals which have again gone into solution are again substituted outside the electrolysis cells by said less noble metals and deposited.

Abstract: In order to perform the electrochemical roughening of the surface of preferably strip-like metal substrate for the production of printing plates or the like so that the surface is free of smuts and stripes with an even distribution of the roughness, there is a roughening station with three zones and in each zone the current density, the frequency, the temperature of the electrolyte, the type of electrolyte and the residence time may be individually set. Accordingly in the first zone it is possible to use a higher frequency and a higher current density than in the second zone in order to produce a large number of points of attack. In the second zone a longer residence time serves to enlarge the points of attack which have already been formed. In the third zone a particularly high frequency may be used to remove smuts.

Abstract: A apparatus and method for the reduction and oxidation of constituents of a fluid is disclosed. The apparatus comprises a honeycomb-like structure of oxygen ion conducting ceramic having at least one passage. The passage is lined with a porous bipolar electrode and porous electrodes are formed outside the passage on the ceramic structure, the electrode in the passage being between the outside electrodes. If a voltage is applied to the outside electrodes, reducible and oxidizable constituents in a fluid passing over the passage electrode are oxidized and reduced. The capacity of the apparatus may be increased by increasing the number of passages/electrodes located between the outside electrodes.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for the removal of metal ions and other contaminates from a contaminated liquid comprises introducing the contaminated liquid into a vessel having an inlet section, an electrode section having a plurality of anodes and cathodes and an outlet section. Agitation is provided in the inlet section and the outlet section and the contaminated liquid is continuously recirculated from the outlet section to the inlet section. The combination of high electrode surface area, vigorous air agitation and recirculation allows for the economical reduction of the contaminate level and the waste solution to extremely low levels in the minimum amount of time.

Abstract: A submerged pool purifier which has a cell including an immersed enclosure (20) to which a number of electrodes (28) are disposed in parallel array along with a masking grid (29) on each electrode. Wires (30) are routed inside existing pool piping connected to opposed electrodes on one end and a power supply (58) to the other. The wires immerge from the pool piping at a convenient location and the egress is interfaced with a compression fitting (36) making the connection watertight. The power supply changes AC electrical power to DC and a polarity reversing timer (60) reverses the polarity at regular intervals to the cell eliminating scale deposits. The DC current to the electrodes that are submerged in pool water containing dilute halite salt cause an electrolytic action ultimately producing nascent oxygen and sodium hypochlorite. In a second embodiment, the electrodes utilize a copper-silver alloy creating copper and silver ions for pool purification.