Abstract: The disclosure is directed to the area of electrochemical processing of liquids and production of gases, and is used for anolyte and catholyte synthesis. The electrolytic cell comprises an assembled anode and a diaphragm. Elements of the anode and the diaphragm are assembled in axial alignment with help of sleeves, and free ends of the anode and the diaphragm are fixed in a coaxial manner with solid of electrolyte input and output covers. The cathode is made solid from a single pipe with current terminals on each side. The cathode is the internal electrode of the electrolytic cell, while the anode is the external one. The anode is may be provided with a visual indicator as a positive electrode.

Abstract: The commercial unipolar activation of water to disinfect raw water supply from rivers or wells, seawater, or waste water from sewage, animal waste, processing plant waste, cooling tower water, swimming pool and spa water, ship ballast water and similar polluted waters. Disinfection is accomplished by hydrogen peroxide and ozone including biocides from chlorine and sulphur compounds in the water that are produced during the electrolytic unipolar activation of the water. Unipolar activation can also be used to perform chemical reactions such as in the activation of seawater. This invention can also produce alkaline water that is beneficial for health.

Abstract: My electrolytic cell is uniquely designed to improve the ionic flow of the dissociated ions present in the electrolytic bath when a direct current is present. The cell consists of an outer cylinder made of palladium, a middle cylinder made of platinum, and a center electrode also made of palladium. The middle platinum cylinder is perforated with holes, allowing for the electrolyte and dissociated ions to flow from the outer interior cell chamber to the inner interior cell chamber and vice versa. A dual polarity, direct current power supply is connected to the cell by either a double pole, double throw switch or by an integrated switching circuit. The purpose of the switch is to periodically reverse the polarities of the cell's palladium electrodes creating a fluctuating and alternating ion flow.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electrolytic reaction system (1) for generating gaseous hydrogen and oxygen, comprising a reaction chamber (2) for accommodating an electrolyte and an electrode arrangement (3) comprising a plurality of anodic and cathodic electrodes (5, 6). The electrode arrangement (3) comprises a plurality of plate-shaped electrodes (5, 6) fanned out in a star-shaped arrangement, and a virtual fanning axis (7) of the star-shaped electrode arrangement (3) lies at least approximately on a virtual, central cylinder or vertical axis (8) or is congruent with a virtual, central cylinder or vertical axis (8) of the reaction chamber (2). At least one electromagnetic coil (13) is disposed above and/or underneath the star-shaped electrode arrangement (3) in the axial direction of the virtual cylinder or vertical axis (8), the electromagnetic field of which acts on the electrolyte and on the electrode arrangement (3) when exposed to electrical energy.

Abstract: A system for separating small particles from liquid media comprising: a reactor vessel(s), a hollow primary electrode(s) within the reactor vessel(s), a secondary electrode(s) within the primary electrode(s), an air delivery apparatus configured to deliver coarse air bubbles within the primary electrode(s), an electrical charge apparatus, a separation vessel fluidly coupled to the reactor vessel(s), tertiary electrodes within the separation vessel, and a skimming device configured to collect flocculated material.

Abstract: A multi-cell or single-cell electrolysis type electrolyzer for the production of hydrogen gas and oxygen gas with a delivery system through tubes, bubbler and check valve to internal combustion engine, generator, turbine or similar combustion device for the enhancement of hydrocarbon fuels and/or gas combustion device is disclosed. This device comprises at least one or more chambers of sealed containers, distilled water, a variety of electrolytes, multi or single strand stainless steel, nickel or platinum wire, a plastic, glass, or ceramic insulator within a stainless steel, nickel, or platinum tube and an ultrasonic piezo crystal allowing water and or a weak electrolyte solution to decompose into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas.

Abstract: An electrolysis cell is provided, which includes an inlet, an outlet, and coaxial, cylindrical inner and outer electrodes. A cylindrical ion-selective membrane is located between the inner and outer electrodes and forms respective first and second electrolysis reaction chambers on opposing sides of the membrane. Fluid flow paths along the first and second chambers join together as a combined inlet flow path through the inlet and a combined outlet flow path through the outlet.

Abstract: A method of treating electrically conductive nanoparticles using a dynamic processing electrochemical cell.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and apparatus for removing impurities from waste water by electroflotation. The waste water to be cleaned is conducted through an electrolytic cell. Electrolysis is performed between two electrodes (1, 2) of different electronegativities, such that the more electronegative electrode (1), which is non-wearing in a cleaning process, is used for producing hydrogen gas and hydroxyl ions from water. The less electronegative electrode (2), which is an active, wearing electrode in a cleaning process, is used for producing metal ions in a solution to be cleaned. In addition to this basic reaction, a desired oxidation-reduction reaction is initiated in the cell in a strictly controlled electric field for removing one or more designated impurities from cleaned water.

Abstract: Disclosed are embodiments of an electroplating system and an associated electroplating method that allow for depositing of metal alloys with a uniform plate thickness and with the means to alter dynamically the alloy composition. Specifically, by using multiple anodes, each with different types of soluble metals, the system and method avoid the need for periodic plating bath replacement and also allow the ratio of metals within the deposited alloy to be selectively varied by applying different voltages to the different metals. The system and method further avoids the uneven current density and potential distribution and, thus, the non-uniform plating thicknesses exhibited by prior art methods by selectively varying the shape and placement of the anodes within the plating bath. Additionally, the system and method allows for fine tuning of the plating thickness by using electrically insulating selectively placed prescribed baffles.

Abstract: A method serves the production of one or more gases, in particular of oxyhydrogen. A liquid, preferably water (9), is electrolytically treated in the method. To improve the efficiency of a method of this type, a substance is present in the liquid (9) to which the or one of the gases to be produced adheres, in particular an ion exchanger (10) (single FIGURE).

Abstract: A pulse current from a pulse current supply side is fed to a middle part of an anode holding body to which anodes are connected; both end portions of a cathode holding body, to which cathodes are connected, are connected to a negative pole on the pulse power source side; and inductances of wiring between adjacent anodes and inductances of wiring between adjacent cathodes are set at a ratio of 1:2:3:4 in a direction of spacing from a connection to the pulse power source side. Pulse currents are equally fed to each work and it can be ensured that chromium plating treatment of each work is made equal.

Abstract: In a method for treating sludge (1), at least two electrodes (2) are provided for generating an electric field. Water present in the biosludge is electrolyzed and OH° radicals (OH°) are generated at least in part.

Abstract: The invention provides an improved method for creating at least two flows of water from a reactor, derived from substantially pH7 water, for various applications and having widely divergent pH readings between 2 and 14 without need for chemicals. In addition, the reactor generates said divergent flows without need of an RF or A/C generator.

Abstract: A system electroplates the interior or exterior cylindrical surfaces of an elongated workpiece, such as a pipe or shaft. The workpiece is continuously electroplated with metallic solutions via a traveling anode that gradually plates along the axial length of the workpiece instead of plating the entire part or large portions of the part at one time.

Abstract: An axial flow electrolytic cell includes an outer layer made of a polyolefin material and formed as a tube. An outer layer liner lines an inside surface of the outer layer. The outer layer liner is formed as a metal tube. A middle layer is mounted inside the outer layer. The middle layer further includes a middle flow inlet and a middle flow outlet. The middle layer is formed as a metal tube. An inside layer is mounted inside the middle layer. The inside layer has an inside flow inlet and an inside flow outlet. The inside layer is formed as a middle tube. The first electrical connector is mounted to the middle layer at a middle layer connection. The first electrical connector passes through the outer layer and outer layer liner at an outer layer opening. A second electrical connector mounts to the outer layer liner and the inside layer.

Abstract: An adjustable anode assembly for a wet processing apparatus to allow selective tuning of the electrical field density distribution within a wet process chemical of the apparatus, which in turn allows the process specification or specifications to be selectively varied across the process surface of a wafer when processed by the apparatus. The adjustable anode assembly includes an anode which may be divided into several plates, at least one of which is capable of being moved from a first plane to at least a second plane.

Abstract: The invention relates to methods and devices for the decontamination of fluid, particularly the removal of heavy metals and/or arsenic and/or their compounds from water, by means of electrolysis, wherein the water to be purified subjected to electrodes of different polarities. The invention can include means for control of the pH of the fluid. The invention can also include control systems that allow self-cleaning of electrodes, self-cleaning of filters, and automatic monitoring of maintenance conditions.

Abstract: Apparatus for dissociating water into hydrogen and oxygen, comprising a tank and the quantity of water contained in said tank is dissolved. A quantity of a conductivity promoting material suspended or dissolved in said water to form an electrically conductive fluid and a plurality of plates suspended in said electrically conductive fluid and a reactive agent selected from the group consisting of derivatives of vegetable materials, derivatives of highly resinous vegetable materials, derivatives of vegetable materials taken from pinion pine, derivatives of vegetable materials taken from blood of dragon, water soluble derivatives of partially oxidized vegetable materials, water soluble derivatives of partially oxidized highly resinous vegetable materials, water soluble derivatives of partially oxidized vegetable materials taken from pinion pine, and water soluble derivatives of partially oxidized vegetable materials taken from blood of dragon.

Abstract: In one embodiment of the present invention an electrolytic cell is provided comprising a containment vessel; a first electrode; a second electrode; a source of electrical current in electrical communication with the first electrode and the second electrode; an electrolyte in fluid communication with the first electrode and the second electrode; a gas, wherein the gas is formed during electrolysis at or near the first electrode; and a separator; wherein the separator includes an inclined surface to direct flow of the electrolyte and the gas due to a difference between density of the electrolyte and the combined density of the electrolyte and the gas such that the gas substantially flows in a direction distal to the second electrode.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an improved electrolytic cell. The cell includes at least one pair of electrodes, an anode and a cathode. In general the anode includes at least one dimension, which is substantially greater than the cathode. In an exemplary embodiment, the length and the width of the anode are greater than the length and width of the cathode. In a first embodiment of a multi-cell chlorine generator, unequal dimension electrodes are stacked together. In a second embodiment of such a generator, the electrodes are of equal dimensions. In another exemplary embodiment of the improved electrolytic cell in accordance with this invention, the cathode forms a U-shaped member and the anode of at least one dimension being greater is located there between. Another embodiment of the chlorine generator includes at least two cells having the U-shaped cathode. In a first exemplary of embodiment of such a chlorine generator, the electrode are parallel to one another.

Abstract: An electroplating apparatus can form a plated film having a more uniform thickness and good film quality over an entire surface of a substrate having a conductive layer (seed layer) whose resistivity is equal to or higher than that of copper.

Abstract: The present invention provides electrocoagulation devices and methods for using the same to treat water to remove at least a portion of suspended, dissolved solids, or a combination thereof.

Abstract: An electrolytic bath includes a shell, an upper cover joined on an upper end of the shell, an outer supporting member held in the shell, a hollow cylindrical positive electrode plate held in the outer supporting member, a hollow cylindrical negative electrode plate held in the positive electrode plate, an inner supporting member held in the negative electrode plate, a lower cover joined on a lower end of the shell, and a base member on a bottom of the lower cover; a space exists between the positive and the negative electrode plates; the electrolytic bath has a waste water outlet and a water outlet hole for acid waste water and alkaline water to flow out therethrough respectively; because the electrode plates are hollow cylindrical and completely open, they can't change shape easily, and there is no need for a separating plate, and scale can't form on the electrode plates easily.

Abstract: [Object] To provide an electrochemical reactor that is small in size but high in throughput capacity, does not generate NOx or carbon dioxide, can be operated at a low running cost, is easy to handle during assembling, and has a simple structure and high durability, a method for manufacturing the reactor, a gas decomposing element, an ammonia decomposing element, and a power generator. [Solution] An electrochemical reactor 10 includes a porous anode 2, a porous cathode 5 that is paired with the anode, and an ion conductive material 1 having an ion conductivity and being interposed between the anode and the cathode. The anode 2 includes surface-oxidized metal particle chains 21.

Abstract: It consists of a compact apparatus, easy to install, which allows the optimal dissipation of the heat produced during the electrochemical reaction, composed of a first tank (1) wherethrough water (9) enters and a second tank (2) wherethrough the hydrogen gas (7) and oxygen gas (8) resulting from the electrolysis exit mixed with the water (9), and which includes pipes (3) independent of each other, without superficial continuity therebetween, connecting both tanks (1, 2), the outer surface of which is in direct contact with the air or through the intermediation of dissipating flaps (10) to facilitate the dissipation of the heat generated during the electrolysis.

Abstract: Apparatus for on demand production of hydrogen by electrolysis of water including an elongated, tubular housing with a first open end and second open end, wherein the first end is closed with a first lid and the second end is closed with a second lid; a solid rod anode is arranged centrally within said tubular housing and a electrical connector of the rod anode reaches through the first lid; a plurality of tube shaped cathodes is arranged concentrically with respect to the central anode, wherein the tube shaped cathodes are arranged at a certain pitch within the tubular housing and a connector element is provided within the tubular housing for electrically connecting the tube shaped cathodes, wherein at least one connector which is attached to the connector element reaches through the first lid; at least one neutral conductive tube is placed between two consecutive tube shaped cathodes; and at least one neutral conductive tube is placed between the rod anode and the first tube shaped cathode surrounding the r

Abstract: The present device a hydrogen generator includes a housing for an electrolytic core, wherein the housing containing electrolyte solution. The electrolytic core includes an inner cathode concentrically oriented inside an outer anode immersed in the electrolyte solution for electrolysis. Additionally a vertically oriented separation pipe concentrically surrounds the upper part of the anode such that there is an overlap portion between the anode and the separation pipe, wherein the separation pipe extending above an electrolyte level. There is also a device for applying electrical power to the anode and cathode to create electrolysis there between which releases hydrogen and oxygen gases.

Abstract: The present invention generally relates to apparatus and methods for plating conductive materials on a substrate. One embodiment of the present invention provides an apparatus for plating a conductive material on a substrate. The apparatus comprises a fluid basin configured to retain an electrolyte, a contact ring configured to support the substrate and contact the substrate electrically, and an anode assembly disposed in the fluid basin, wherein the anode assembly comprises a plurality of anode elements arranged in rows.

Abstract: Reactors with agitators and methods for processing microfeature workpieces with such reactors. The agitators are capable of obtaining high, controlled mass-transfer rates that result in high quality surfaces and efficient wet chemical processes. The agitators generate high flow velocities in the fluid and contain the high energy fluid proximate to the surface of the workpiece to form high quality surfaces when cleaning, etching and/or depositing materials to/from a workpiece. The agitators also have short stroke lengths so that the footprints of the reactors are relatively small. As a result, the reactors are efficient and cost effective to operate. The agitators are also designed so that electrical fields in the processing solution can effectively operate at the surface of the workpiece.

Abstract: A system for hydrogen gas generation is provided according to the present invention which includes a hydrogen gas electrode assembly including a first anode in electrical communication with a first cathode; a microbial fuel cell electrode assembly including a second anode in electrical communication with a second cathode, the microbial fuel cell electrode assembly in electrical communication with the hydrogen gas electrode assembly for enhancing an electrical potential between the first anode and the first cathode. A single chamber housing contains the hydrogen gas electrode assembly at least partially in the interior space of the housing.

Abstract: A portable apparatus for treating polluted water by electrocoagulation. The apparatus comprising at least two electrodes (1,2). The apparatus also includes a housing (4), electrically isolated from the at least two electrodes (1,2), to which the at least two electrodes (1,2) are fixed spaced apart from one another. When the at least two second electrodes (1,2) are at least partly submerged in the polluted water and provided with an electrical potential, one of the at least two electrodes (2) is sacrificial so as to provide ions to the polluted water.

Abstract: A system and method for coating a desired portion of the workpiece with a layer of paint comprises an upper reservoir for storing paint. A female shell has at least two sections joined together to generally surround the workpiece with a gap. An energy source applies a first voltage of a first polarity to at least one of the shell, a conductive layer of the shell, or conductive inlet associated with the shell. The energy source provides a ground or a second voltage of a second polarity, which is different in polarity to the first polarity, to the workpiece. A lower reservoir receives excess paint that flows off the workpiece. A foam reduction module receives the excess paint positioned between the workpiece and the lower reservoir.

Abstract: A plating apparatus has a tubular electrode (16) placed in a hollow section (12) of work (11). The tubular electrode (16) has a through-hole (16a) formed in the longitudinal direction. A circular tube-like gap (S1) in which a plating liquid (17) flows is formed between the tubular electrode placed in the hollow section and an inner peripheral wall (14) of the hollow section. The plating liquid flows spirally from the lower end of the gap to the upper end by action of a vortex producing flow path (29) communicating to the lower end of the gap. The plating liquid having reached the upper end circulates through the through-hole of the tubular electrode.

Abstract: The present invention intends to provide a water purification apparatus that is small and easy-to-use, yet being capable of efficiently creating flocs of impurities and removing the impurities from the wastewater in a single pass. To achieve this objective, an inner tubular anode 12 made of stainless steel or carbon is inserted into an outer tubular cathode 11 made of aluminum, leaving a predetermined intermediate space 13 between them, and electrolysis is carried out to produce aluminum hydroxide. The aluminum hydroxide thus produced serves as the medium for flocculating the impurities in the wastewater ascending the intermediate space 13. The wastewater containing the flocs of impurities is filtrated with a filter 18 within a filtering and settling tank 17. As a result, the impurities are completely removed from the wastewater.

Abstract: An organic compound hydrogenation apparatus 1 of the present invention includes a reaction cell 13 to which an electrolytic solution is supplied, and an anode 11 and a cathode 12 arranged in the reaction cell 13, in which the cathode 12 is made of a material including a hydrogen storage material, the cathode being arranged as a tubular member so that an organic compound as an object to be treated circulates thereinside. The present invention having the arrangement described above can provide a method for hydrogenating organic compounds and an organic compound hydrogenation apparatus that can enhance efficiency of hydrogenation of the organic compound.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for local polishing and deposition control in a process cell is generally provided. In one embodiment, an apparatus for electrochemically processing a substrate is provided that selectively polishes discrete conductive portions of a substrate by controlling an electrical bias profile across a processing area, thereby controlling processing rates between two or more conductive portions of the substrate.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for electrochemically processing microfeature wafers. The apparatus can have a vessel including a processing zone in which a microfeature wafer is positioned for electrochemical processing. The apparatus further includes at least one counter electrode in the vessel that can operate as an anode or a cathode depending upon the particular plating or electropolishing application. The apparatus further includes a supplementary electrode and a supplementary virtual electrode. The supplementary electrode is configured to operate independently from the counter electrode in the vessel, and it can be a thief electrode and/or a de-plating electrode depending upon the type of process. The supplementary electrode can further be used as another counter electrode during a portion of a plating cycle or polishing cycle.

Abstract: A plating process apparatus (1) for small objects, including a treatment cell (2) formed by combining a base plate (23), a bottom plate (24), an electrode ring (21) and a cover (25) using bolts (26), energizes a plating solution within the treatment cell (2) while bringing the small objects (100) into contact with the electrode ring (21) and circulating the plating solution (4) from the inside of the treatment cell (2) to the outside thereof through a flow-out means by rotating the treatment cell (2) with a vertical rotation shaft (3), thereby plating the small objects (100). The apparatus (1) is characterized in that the flow-out means is a gap channel formed between adjacent sheet members (61) by sandwiching the sheet members (61), each having a dimension smaller than a minimum dimension of each small object (100), between the bottom plate (24) and the electrode ring (21) circumferentially at appropriate intervals.

Abstract: Durable replication tools are disclosed for replication of relief patterns in desired media, for example in optical recording or data storage media. Methods of making such durable replication tools are disclosed, including recording and developing a relief pattern on a selected surface of a support cylinder, creating a durable layer with a complementary relief replica of the pattern, separating the durable layer from the support cylinder. Apparatus are disclosed for fabricating such replication tools, including systems and apparatus for recording a desired relief pattern on a surface of a support cylinder. Also disclosed are electro deposition cells for forming a durable tool sleeve having a desired relief pattern. The replication tool relief features may have critical dimensions down to the micron and nanometer regime.

Abstract: A hydrogen gas generating system comprising at least one electrolytic cell having nested annular electrodes, a water distribution system arranged to contain and deliver an aqueous electrolytic solution to the electrolytic cell, and a gas collection network having at least one module for drying the hydrogen gas stream. The system delivers the hydrogen gas into the aft intake of an internal combustion engine to supplement the fuel. A supplemental electrical signal is supplied to the engine oxygen sensor to prevent the engine computer from compensating for the drop in oxygen content.

Abstract: An apparatus for generating a fuel additive comprises a canister having an inlet and an outlet. An electrode may be concentrically aligned within the canister and project from the canister. A plurality of electrode plates may be included, the plates generally concentric to the electrode. A plurality of insulation layers may also be included, wherein each insulation layer may be disposed between the plates. The apparatus may also include a transparent column externally mounted to the canister. A ball may be disposed in the sleeve.

Abstract: An electrochemical reactor and process for electrolyzing a substance to change at least a portion of the substance from a first state to a second state. The reactor comprises a tubular body having a first end portion defining an opening and a second end portion defining an electrolysis chamber. The electrolysis chamber includes a well adapted to hold the substance and at least two electrodes for electrolyzing the substance in the well. The volume of the well is less than about 3 milliliters. The reactor further comprises a coupling for releasably and sealingly connecting the reactor body to an auxiliary device body. The coupling is adapted to provide a vacuum tight seal between the reactor body and the auxiliary device and to allow the reactor body to rotate about an axis of rotation independent of the auxiliary device while the reactor body is sealingly connected to the auxiliary device.

Abstract: A high current density cathode for electrorefining in a molten electrolyte for the continuous production and collection of loose dendritic or powdery deposits. The high current density cathode eliminates the requirement for mechanical scraping and electrochemical stripping of the deposits from the cathode in an anode/cathode module. The high current density cathode comprises a perforated electrical insulated material coating such that the current density is up to 3 A/cm2.

Abstract: Chemical decontamination method of dissolving oxide film adhered to contaminated component including, preparing decontamination solution in which ozone is dissolved and oxidation additive agent, which suppresses corrosion of metal base of the contaminated component, is added, and applying the decontamination solution to the contaminated component, thereby to remove the oxide film by oxidation.

Abstract: Systems and processes for producing hydrogen using bacteria are described. One detailed process for producing hydrogen uses a system for producing hydrogen as described herein, the system including a reactor. Anodophilic bacteria are disposed within the interior of the reactor and an organic material oxidizable by an oxidizing activity of the anodophilic bacteria is introduced and incubated under oxidizing reactions conditions such that electrons are produced and transferred to the anode. A power source is activated to increase a potential between the anode and the cathode, such that electrons and protons combine to produce hydrogen gas. In one system for producing hydrogen is provided which includes a reaction chamber having a wall defining an interior of the reactor and an exterior of the reaction chamber.

Abstract: The invention relates to methods and devices for the decontamination of fluid, particularly the removal of heavy metals and/or arsenic and/or their compounds from water, by means of electrolysis, wherein the water to be purified subjected to electrodes of different polarities. The invention can include means for control of the pH of the fluid. The invention can also include control systems that allow self-cleaning of electrodes, self-cleaning of filters, and automatic monitoring of maintenance conditions.

Abstract: The present invention provides an apparatus for plating pretreatment of a cylinder block that includes an electrode performing a plating pretreatment of the cylinder inner wall surface. A gap flow channel communicates with an in-electrode flow channel at a position closest to a seal jig, the gap flow channel being adapted to introduce a treatment liquid to the cylinder inner wall surface, the in-electrode flow channel being adapted to receive the treatment liquid having passed through a communicating hole. The present invention is provided a method for pretreating before plating a cylinder block including disposing an electrode to face the cylinder inner wall surface so as to form a gap flow channel, and introducing a treatment liquid to the gap flow channel thereby flowing through the treatment liquid toward a seal jig and then into an in-electrode flow channel through a communicating hole.

Abstract: The invention relates to a cylindrical electrode for gas evolution comprising a non-activated conductive core whereto an easily detachable and replaceable component provided with catalytic activation is secured, for instance an undulated sheet or a mesh.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electrochemical gas generator including a substrate for providing a surface for electrode deposition, a first electrode deposited on the surface for providing an electrical connection with a conducting medium, a second electrode deposited on the substrate for generating a gas, and a plurality of members extending from at least one side of the first electrode placed alternately with a plurality of extensions protruding from at least one side of the second electrode for improving generator efficiency.