Abstract: A method for electrochemically purifying solutions with a pH higher than 14 to reduce metal impurities to the level of traces. The method comprises processing the solutions in an electrolytic cell in which the cathode has a fibrous web produced from a mixture of fibres including at least one fraction consisting of electrically conductive fibres and a binder selected from fluoropolymers, said fibrous web being deposited on an electrically conductive porous support. Said cathode may also be combined with a diaphragm or a membrane. A cathode having a fibrous web produced from a mixture of carbon fibres, cellulose compounds, and a cationic polymer such as cationic starch is also disclosed.

Abstract: An electrode, electrochemical cell, and electrochemical processes are disclosed. The electrode is a porous, multi-layered electrode which can have an element in flexible, strip form wound around a central, usually flat plate core, which core may serve as a current distributor. In any form, each layer can be represented by a very thin, highly flexible metal mesh. This can be a fine, as opposed to a coarse, mesh which has extremely thin strands and small voids. The electrode will have an active coating. For utilizing this electrode, the cell in one form will be a monopolar cell providing upward, parallel electrolyte flow through the porous, multi-layered electrode. A representative cell can have such electrode at least substantially filling an electrode chamber. The cells can be contained in a cell box that will provide the desired flow-through relationship for the electrolyte to the electrode.

Abstract: An auto-electrolyte hydrogen generating reactor having a plurality of cells. The cells are stacked in series in an electronically non-conductive housing. Each cell is separate from its neighbour by electronically conductive bipolar walls. Each cell comprises an anode with a metal whose standard oxidation potential is above that of hydrogen in the same electrolyte. There is a solid electrolyte and a cathode. The cathode is an inert electronic conductor with a surface in contact with a solid electrolyte. The surface is electrochemically catalytic for the formation of hydrogen.

Abstract: The device proposed for cleaning metal surfaces consist of pad (12, 34, 91) of insulating material held between a beak-shaped (11, 52, 94) electrode (10, 26, 46) and the metal surface (8) to be cleaned, plus a low-voltage a.c. power supply (2) which is connected via the other electrode to the metal (7). A pump supplies the pad with a highly corrosive, high-density, acid solution. The pad consists of a relatively thick hose or tape. The device has slots (36) into which the gases and vapors produced during cleaning are drawn by an extractor fan (40) and then passed through a washing bottle (41) where they are cleaned. The electrode may have various shapes, and it is possible to replace the tip (28, 94, 98). The electrode is preferably designed with bores through which the acid solution can be fed.

Abstract: A reactivation method for an electrolyzer for the production of sodium hydrochlorite and chlorate, equipped with interleaved plates acting as anodes and cathodes, wherein at least the anode plates are provided with foraminous sheets having an electrocatalytic coating and a planar profile, said sheets being applied to the anode plates by means of a multiplicity of connection points.

Abstract: A gas diffusion electrode comprising an electrically conductive web provided on at least one side thereof with a coating containing a rhodium--rhodium oxide catalyst on a carbon black support and a method for the preparation of the rhodium--rhodium oxide catalyst.

Abstract: A water treating apparatus for treating water, includes: an oil drop separator for separating oil drops from water to be treated which has an electrode in which an anode is made of amphoteric metal, a power source for supplying an electric power to the electrode, a treating tank for housing the electrode and the water, a water inlet through which the water is led to the treating tank, and a water outlet through which the treated water is exhausted from the treating tank; and a three-dimensional fixed bed type electrolytic tank for treating the water which has been treated by the oil drop separator which has a fixed bed type electrode, a power source for supplying an electric power in which a polarity is reversed periodically, to the fixed bed type electrode, a treating tank for housing the fixed bed type electrode and the water, a water inlet through which the water is led to the treating tank, and a water outlet through which the treated water is exhausted from the treating tank.

Abstract: An electrically regeneratable electrochemical cell (30) for capacitive deionization and electrochemical purification and regeneration of electrodes includes two end plates (31, 32), one at each end of the cell (30). Two end electrodes (35, 36) are arranged one at each end of the cell (30), adjacent to the end plates (31, 32). An insulator layer (33) is interposed between each end plate (31, 32) and the adjacent end electrode (35, 36). Each end electrode (35, 36) includes a single sheet (44) of conductive material having a high specific surface area and sorption capacity. In one embodiment, the sheet (44) of conductive material is formed of carbon aerogel composite. The cell (30) further includes a plurality of generally identical double-sided intermediate electrodes (37-43) that are equidistally separated from each other, between the two end electrodes (35, 36).

Abstract: A method and apparatus for electrolytically extracting lithium at high purity and high efficiency are disclosed, in which the apparatus 1 includes a partition 2 constituted mainly of a perovskite-type Li ion conducting solid electrolyte, a feed chamber formed on one side of the partition in which a crude liquid containing a lithium component and impurities is introduced so as to come into contact with the partition, a recovery chamber formed on the other side of the partition in which a liquid for recovery is introduced so as to come into contact with the partition, and a means for applying an electrical field to the partition in such a manner that the crude liquid side is positive and the recovery liquid side is negative. On applying an electrical field to the partition, the lithium component of the crude liquid selectively passes through the partition in the form of Li ions into the recovery side.

Abstract: An anode containment basket for holding soluble anodes in a horizontal plane within the plating bath of a continuous electroplating line. The basket includes a nonconductive conduit having a continuous sidewall, an interior space and open ends. One open end includes an end cap having a nonconductive open web plastic mesh that covers an open space defined by the conduit end. The conduit is positioned within the bath to place the nonconductive open web plastic mesh adjacent and across the horizontal surface of the substrate being electroplated. A conductive grid is housed within the interior space of the conduit, and the grid includes at least one hanger attached to an electrical energy source. The conductive grid both supports and delivers electrical energy to the soluble anodes contained within the basket.

Abstract: Electrode including a paste containing particles of electrochemically active material and a conductive support consisting of a three-dimensional porous material comprising strands delimiting contiguous pores communicating via passages, characterized in that the average width L in .mu.m of said passages is related to the average diameter .O slashed. in .mu.m of said particles by the following equation, in which W and Y are dimensionless coefficients:(W.times..O slashed.)+X.gtoreq.L.gtoreq.(Y.times..O slashed.)+ZwhereinW=0.16Y=1.69X=202.4 .mu.m andZ=80 .mu.

Abstract: Metallized cation-exchange membrane The present invention relates to a membrane/electrode composite comprising a membrane comprising a polymeric cation exchanger containing carboxylic acid, phosphonic acid or sulfonic acid groups, which cation exchanger is soluble in a solvent, where on at least one side of the membrane there are applied finely divided metals which catalyze the formation of water from H.sub.2 and O.sub.2. The part of the membrane covered with metal is porous, but contains no closed pores, and the metal can also be present in the pores.

Abstract: An electrode structure for electrolysis of water comprising a sheet formed from an electrically non-conductive material whose both sides are laminated with a sheet formed from an electrically conductive material, and a plurality of holes having been bored through said laminated sheet. A net shape sheet of an electrically non-conductive material or an electrically conductive material can be used as the electrically non-conductive sheet or as the electrically conductive sheet. After setting one said electrically conductive sheet as an anode and another one as a cathode, the sterilization of water by electrolysis is carried out by immersing at least a portion of the electrode structure into water, and applying an electric voltage across the anode and the cathode.

Abstract: An electrochemical apparatus and system for extracting and recovering metals from their compounds using electrochemical cells where the anolyte 10 is connected electrically to the catholyte 11 through an independent set of electrodes 13, 14 immersed in each electrolyte and connected to each other by a conductor 16. The specification details the application of this principle to commercial size cells and systems to extract metals from solutions, from ores in-situ, from ores in heaps and fixed beds, from fine metal concentrates dissolved either at the anode cell or in a separate leaching vessel. Alkaline electrolytes are also given for the extraction and recovery of nickel and copper from their oxide ores. A method for extracting gold from ores or residues is also included.

Abstract: An electrolysis cell for the efficient production of hydrogen and oxygen is described which comprises a substantially closed housing defining therewithin anode and cathode chambers and having first and second inlets and outlets for flowing electrolyte through the anode and cathode chambers; an ion exchange membrane within the housing separating the anode chamber from the cathode chamber; first and second electrically conductive sheet members disposed within the respective anode and cathode chambers adjacent the membrane and substantially coextensive therewith; discrete electrically conducting ultramicroelectrode particles, preferably in the 5 to 10 micron size range, disposed within the anode and cathode chambers and defining the anode and cathode of the cell; and a source of DC electrical current operatively connected to the first and second sheet members.

Abstract: The invention provides a process for reactivating an active cathode attached to an electrolyzer, wherein a porous cathode that is attached to the electrolyzer by means of a flexible member and has a decreased electrode catalyst activity is provided thereon with a fresh active cathode equivalent to, or smaller in wire diameter or pore diameter than, the porous cathode by bending a mounting piece formed around said fresh active cathode without removal of a deteriorated electrode catalyst substance.

Abstract: The invention relates to a multilayer electrode with a porous core structure produced by sintering and composed of an electrically conducting material for an electrolysis cell, especially with a solid electrolyte, in which the porous core structure contains at least two layers of spherical bodies made of metal packed densely together, said layers being formed by sintering and connected together, with the layer facing the electrolyte forming the active layer and being made as a fine layer of spherical bodies of the same or approximately the same size and the layer that covers the active layer on the back being made as a coarse layer of spherical bodies that are larger than the spherical bodies in the active layer.

Abstract: An insulating shield plate (1) divides a room of an electrolysis bath (2) into an anode chamber (13) and a cathode chamber (14). An anode (5) is disposed in the anode chamber (13), and a cathode (6), metallic waste (7) and heater (4) are disposed in the cathode chamber (14). An electrolyte (3) stored in the electrolysis bath (2) flows in a circulation path from a circulating pump (10) through a circulating line (12) and filter (11) to return the electrolysis bath (2). An exhaust gas processing device 9 is connected to the electrolysis bath (2). When a voltage is supplied to the anode (5) and cathode (6), a surface of the metallic waste (7) is charged in a positive polarity to dissolve a base metal of the metallic waste (7). Further, a cylindrical anode (33) is arranged in an electrolyte (32) in an electrolysis bath (31), and a cylindrical metal (34) as a metallic waste is arranged in the cylindrical anode (33).

Abstract: A cell for the production of aluminium by the electrolysis of a molten electrolyte, in particular the electrolysis of alumina dissolved in a molten fluoride-based electrolyte such as cryolite, comprises anodes immersed in the molten electrolyte above a cell bottom whereon molten product aluminium is collected in a pool containing bodies of aluminium-resistant material. Under the anodes are corresponding grids made of side-by-side upright or included walls aluminium-resistant material whose bottom ends stand on a ceramic-coated carbon cell bottom covered by the pool molten aluminium. The bottom ends of the grid walls form a base which is large compared to the height of the walls. Each grid on the cell bottom in stable manner during the operation of the cell and is easily removable from the cell and insertable in the cell.

Abstract: A gas diffusion electrode comprising a non-woven network of fibres, one or more catalysts components and at least one polymeric substance characterized in that the catalyst is embedded within the fibre network is disclosed.

Abstract: A porous gas diffusion electrode for membrane fuel cells on an ion-conducting polymer. The electrode contains a finely divided electrocatalyst which is dispersed in a proton-conducting ionomer and has a total porosity of more than 40 to less than 75%. It supplies considerably improved performance data in comparison to known electrodes. The electrode can be produced by using pore-forming materials which are dissolved during the re-protonation of the ion-conducting polymers with sulfuric acid or are decomposed by the action of temperature.

Abstract: A cell arrangement for the electrolysis of water to liberate hydrogen and oxygen gases is described. A cell unit (125) has a stacked arrangement of segmentation disks (114), a first type of (anode) cell plates (90), a second type of (cathode) cell plates (98) and separation membranes (116). Interconnecting conductive shafts (126-131) pass through holes (100, 102) of the cell plates (90,98) to have selective electrical interconnection therewith. Water and electrolyte are supplied by inlet ports (108, 110) to immerse the cell plates (90, 98). The membranes (116) normally isolate adjacent cathode and anode plates (90, 98) from the mixing of liberated oxygen and hydrogen gases while allowing ionic current to flow. By selective adjustment of the water/electrolyte pressure differential on the respective sides of the separation membranes (116), the admixture of the liberated gases can be produced. The liberated gases discharge through outlet ports (104,106).

Abstract: In an electrochemical fuel cell, an electrode substrate has an in-plane nonuniform structure. The electrode substrate having an in-plane nonuniform structure enables controlled transport of reactant toward the electrocatalyst layer and controlled transport of reaction product away from the electrocatalyst layer.

Abstract: An inexpensive electrowinning electrode has a cathode that is a porous form made from conductive filaments, and an anode. The electrowinning process dissolves a contaminated metal stream into an electrolyte to form a solution flow of dissolve metal and contaminants. Next, the solution is oxidized. Then, the dissolved metals in the solution are plated onto the porous cathode.

Abstract: The invention concerns an improved electrode particularly useful for electrochemical processes forming gaseous products. The electrode is made of a composite structure comprising a shaped sheet having a profile of the "venetian blind" type, which provides for ensuring the necessary stiffness and improved local fluodynamics, and a mesh having the same "venetian blind" profile, provided with an electrocatalytic coating. The mesh is fixed by spot welding to the sheet in order to have the two profiles substantially coincident.

Abstract: The invention concerns an improved electrode particularly useful for electrochemical processes forming gaseous products. The electrode is made of a composite structure comprising a shaped sheet having a profile of the "venetian blind" type, which provides for ensuring the necessary stiffness and improved local fluodynamics, and a mesh having the same "venetian blind" profile, provided with an electrocatalytic coating. The mesh is fixed by spot welding to the sheet in order to have the two profiles substantially coincident.

Abstract: An electrode, electrochemical cell, and electrochemical processes are disclosed. The electrode is a porous, multi-layered electrode which can have an element in flexible, strip form wound around a central, usually flat plate core, which core may serve as a current distributor. In any form, each layer can be represented by a very thin, highly flexible metal mesh. This can be a fine, as opposed to a coarse, mesh which has extremely thin strands and small voids. The electrode will have an active coating. For utilizing this electrode, the cell in one form will be a monopolar cell providing upward, parallel electrolyte flow through the porous, multi-layered electrode. A representative cell can have such electrode at least substantially filling an electrode chamber. The cells can be contained in a cell box that will provide the desired flow-through relationship for the electrolyte to the electrode.

Abstract: A device for electrolyzing water includes pivots separately arranged on two ends of an insulating container, and a cylindrical cathode and a cylindrical anode are separately and respectively connected to the two pivots. The cathode and the anode are coaxial to the container and a plurality of through-holes are defined in sidewall of the anode and the cathode. A direct current (DC) source is provided to attach the two pivots so that the cathode and the anode are charged. A power source is provided to separately rotate the two pivots so as to rotate the anode and the cathode. The rotation velocity of the anode is different from that of cathode, thereby inducing a layer of dialytic film therebetween. Two input and output vents are separately and respectively defined in two ends of the container. An output vent is arranged on a side of the pivot connecting the anode so as to collect acidic electrolyzed water.

Abstract: An electrode, electrochemical cell, and electrochemical processes are disclosed. The electrode is a porous, multi-layered electrode which can have an element in flexible, strip form wound around a central, usually flat plate core, which core may serve as a current distributor. In any form, each layer can be represented by a very thin, highly flexible metal mesh. This can be a fine, as opposed to a coarse, mesh which has extremely thin strands and small voids. The electrode will have an active coating. For utilizing this electrode, the cell in one form will be a monopolar cell providing upward, parallel electrolyte flow through the porous, multi-layered electrode. A representative cell can have such electrode at least substantially filling an electrode chamber. The cells can be contained in a cell box that will provide the desired flow-through relationship for the electrolyte to the electrode.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an improved electrolyzer for the production of sodium hydrochlorite and chlorate, equipped with interleaved plates acting as anodes and cathodes, wherein at least the anode plates are provided with foraminous sheets having an electrocatalytic coating and a planar profile, said sheets being applied to the anode plates by means of a multiplicity of connection points. The invention further discloses a reactivation method for electrolyzers fabricated according to the prior art teachings.

Abstract: The invention concerns an improved electrode particularly useful for electrochemical processes forming gaseous products. The electrode is made of a composite structure comprising a shaped sheet having a profile of the "venetian blind" type, which provides for ensuring the necessary stiffness and improved local fluodynamics, and a mesh having the same "venetian blind" profile, provided with an electrocatalytic coating. The mesh is fixed by spot welding to the sheet in order to have the two profiles substantially coincident.

Abstract: An anode basket according to the present invention for use in electroplating operations includes a container for suspending anode metal in plating solution. The container has mesh walls formed of conductive, corrosion resistant material and is connected to an electrical power source by a wire attached to the container at a location below the surface of the plating solution.

Abstract: A method of producing a gas diffusion electrode by forming a thin layer comprising a carbon power and a silver powder on the surface of a substrate comprising silver, copper, nickel or stainless steel and fluorinating the thin layer make the carbon water repellent.The gas diffusion electrode can be stably used for a long period of time in sodium chloride electrolysis, etc., without clogging the passage of gas and lowering the water repellency of the electrode.

Abstract: An electrode for an electrochemical cell used in strip coating systems for continuous metal sheets has a plate-shaped electrode carrier, to which activated electrode components are connected mechanically in a detachable manner. The electrode carrier contains a metal core of material with good electrical conductivity, which, with the exception of the points where the activated electrode parts are connected, is surrounded by a jacketing of valve metal; on the side of the electrode carrier facing the cell wall, a corrosion- resistant plastic body in attached, against which the support means, the spring elements, the positioning elements, or the flow guide elements extending from the cell wall rest, these supports or elements thus being unable to cause any damage to the valve-metal jacketing of the electrode carrier.

Abstract: A gas diffusion electrode is constituted by forming a porous layer comprising a super-fine particle catalyst of silver or gold and a fluorine-containing material on a substrate and connecting a gas-liquid permeable collector to the substrate.The gas diffusion electrode can be used stably as an oxygen cathode for a sodium chloride electrolysis, etc., for a long period of time without causing decreased water repellency of the fluorine-containing material in the gas diffusion electrode and without lowering the activity of the electrode substance.

Abstract: An electrode composed of a current element and a fiber element suitable for operation at low voltage and high amperage is disclosed.

Abstract: A high speed electrical plating apparatus employing a moving fluid and a tubular anode. The tubular anode contains pellets of the material being plated so as to make up for those utilized during the plating process. The electrodes are configured in such a way that the electrode need not be removed for servicing and also so that the pellets need not be serviced as frequently as with prior are constructions. In addition, the electrode is configured in such a way as to permit the pellets to shift as they dissolve without jamming and also to provide more uniform plating.

Abstract: An electrolytic cell comprising bipolar electrodes is employed for electrochemical deposition of copper, zinc, lead, nickel or cobalt. An interior space is provided between the cathode side and the anode side of a bipolar electrode. The electrolyte can flow substantially without an obstruction through the interelectrode space between adjacent electrodes. The current densities in the interelectrode space amount to 800 to 8000 A/m.sup.2. Gas is evolved on the anode side of the bipolar electrodes and causes liquid to flow along the anode side. In the middle of the height of the anode side that liquid flow has a vertical component having a velocity of 5 to 100 cm/second. Electrolyte solution flows from the upper edge portion of the anode side to a return flow space, in which the solution flows downwardly. From the return flow space the solution is returned to the lower portion of the interelectrode space.

Abstract: Electrolytic gas producer apparatus is provided wherein a water inlet has a pressure sensor and solenoid valve control passes water through a filter by pump to a reservoir. Cell chambers maintain electrolyte by supply pump and solenoid valve delivering to the cell via solenoid valves responsive to a level sensor. Gas outlet apertures extend into a polling manifold via solenoid valves and thence to a wash tank. The gas is removed from the tank via a manifold to a vacuum pump which draws the gas through a first filter including a drain line and a secondary filter for residual moisture removal. After the pump the gas passes under water in a flashback arrester filled with metal mesh. The gas then travels to a moisture removing filter and delivery pumps for delivery via intermediate solenoid valves, an outlet manifold, and final solenoid valves which control delivery to an electronically monitored outlet flashback arrester comprising infrared sensors to detect and signal a flashback condition.

Abstract: In the disclosed electrochemical cell for the production of an alkaline solution of peroxide, especially on-site production, the electrolyte is divided into an aqueous alkaline catholyte and an aqueous alkaline anolyte, and the cathode is a gas-diffusion electrode. The active material of the electrolyte side of the gas-diffusion cathode comprises a particulate catalyst support material having a surface area of about 50 to about 2000 m.sup.2 /g, and, deposited on the particles of this support material, 0.1 to 50 weight-%, based on the weight of the active layer, of gold or gold alloy particles having an average size >40 but less than about 200 .ANG.. These gold or gold alloy particles are substantially selectively catalytic for the reduction of oxygen to peroxide (e.g. HOO.sup..crclbar.). The electrolyte flow patterns are designed to avoid loss of peroxide resulting from oxidation at the anode. In the operation of the cell, a product with a hydroxyl:perhydroxyl ratio lees than 2:1 can be obtained.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell is provided for removal of metals such as copper, lead, silver, tellurium, platinum, palladium or nickel from dilute solutions of the metal. The cell comprises a porous tubular support (18) which is provided with a cathode comprising a porous carbon fiber material (19), a current feeder (15) for the cathode, a tubular anode (12) spaced from said cathode, a current feeder (16) for the anode, the anode and the cathode being enclosed by a non-porous outer casing (11). In use the dilute solution from which the metal is to be removed is introduced into the cell through an inlet (13) and flows through the porous carbon fiber cathode to an outlet (14). The cell is useful for removing harmful metals from wastes so that they are environmentally acceptable for disposal and for recovery of valuable metals.

Abstract: The apparatus consists of one or more electrolytic cells containing electrodes made out of metal foils perforated with a very large number of microscopic holes, through which electrolyte is sprayed or pumped, creating a large contact area between the electrolyte and the conductive electrode material. The apparatus can be used for the production of bleaching and oxidizing liquids, both "in-line" and "off-line," for de-lignification and/or bleaching of cellulose fibers or other solids in suspension, or for oxidizing of organic compounds in liquids in connection with COD reduction or disinfection. The apparatus can also be used to create electrostatic effects on fines, colloids and chemicals in liquids, and thereby influence surface tensions, transfer of charges, electrokinetics and adsorption.

Abstract: Catalytic particles, electrolytic cell and system for producing heat in a water-based liquid electrolyte. The catalytic particles are formed of clay doped with an active gent capable of becoming a proton carrier in the presence of hydrogen or an isotope of hydrogen, preferably lithium chloride, and temperature cured into a ceramic core. The active agent is taken from the groups now known to exhibit this proton carrier characteristic and include sulfonated or carbonated salts of alkali metal earths and resin based sulfonate salts or sulfonic acid. The ceramic cores are uniformly coated with a layer of one or more metals of a group of metals, each of which is highly capable of combining with hydrogen or an isotope of hydrogen to form a metal hydride or deuteride. The electrolytic cell of the system includes a non-conductive housing structured for liquid electrolyte flow therethrough and includes a bed of the catalytic particles held within the housing between spaced conductive grids.

Abstract: An electrolytic cell for obtaining a caustic alkali by closely contacting a gas diffusion electrode comprising a gas-liquid permeable metal substrate and a gas-liquid permeable collector connected to the substrate to a cation-exchange membrane while supplying an oxygen-containing gas from the opposite side of the cation-exchange membrane. Grooves for taking out a liquid containing a caustic alkali are formed in the contact surface of the gas diffusion electrode with the cation-exchange membrane.By the formation of the grooves, clogging of the perforations of the gas diffusion electrode with the caustic alkali so formed is prevented, whereby the gas supply can be smoothly carried out and the electrolysis can be stably carried out without reducing the cell voltage.

Abstract: An electrolytic cell, system and method for producing excess heat for use and for deactivation an actinide series metal by electrolysis in an aqueous media. The electrolytic cell includes a non-conductive housing having an inlet and an outlet and spaced apart first and second conductive grids positioned within the housing. A plurality of preferably cross linked polymer non-metallic cores each having an improved conductive exterior metallic surface formed of one or more of the actinides or daughter elements therefrom to form a bed of conductive beads are positioned within the housing in electrical contact with the first grid adjacent the inlet. The non-conductive cores are preferably sulfonated and then evaporation loaded with an actinide salt solution, dried and fired at decomposition temperature of the salt. An electric power source in the system is operably connected across the first and second grid whereby electrical current flows between the grids within the aqueous media flowing through the cell.

Abstract: An electrode plate of planar structure contains lamellar electrode elements, with adjacent electrode elements being separated from one another by a gap. For a better escape of the gas from the electrode/membrane area, the lamellar electrode elements are provided with an expanded-metal structure, the openings of which serve to improve the passage of gas. The electrode elements are provided with angled upper edge strips in order to facilitate the escape of gas in the vertical direction. The electrode configuration is particularly suitable as an anodically connected electrode in direct contact with an ion exchanger membrane, but can also be used as a cathode at a distance from the membrane.

Abstract: A filter press electrolyzer, such as for use in a chlor-alkali cell, has electrode assemblies which include a pan-shaped structure. The pan members have a planar floor and an upright side around the peripheral edge of the floor. The upright side terminates upwardly in a rim. The pan members are elongate, thereby providing long, at least substantially parallel sides at long pan edges as well as short sides at the top and bottom of the pan. On the pan floor are a series of parallel, rigid stand-offs, which project upwardly from the floor. These hold electrodes away from the back of the pan. These electrodes are typically large, somewhat flexible and at least substantially planar members, usually made of metal mesh. The stand-offs can include principal stand-offs located at the central area of the pan, plus additional stand-offs, typically one each at the top and bottom of the pan.

Abstract: An anode for cathodically-protected steel-reinforced concrete is embedded in an ion-conductive overlay on the concrete structure. The anode comprises at least one sheet of highly expanded valve metal mesh having a pattern of voids defined by a network of valve metal strands connected at a multiplicity of nodes. This provides a redundancy of current-carrying paths through the mesh which ensures effective current distribution throughout the mesh even in the event of possible breakage of a number of individual strands. The surface of the valve metal mesh carries an electrochemically active coating. At least one current distribution member is welded to the valve metal mesh. The entire area of the structure to be protected, excluding non-protected openings for obstacles and the like, is covered by a single piece of the mesh, or several pieces in close proximity with one another.

Abstract: End casing for an electrodialyzer, comprising a vertical panel (8) and a vertical frame (9) which define between them a cavity containing an electrode, the said electrode comprising a perforated vertical metal plate (12) which is arranged in the cavity, facing the panel and set back therefrom, so as to form a chamber (21) between the panel, the plate and the frame, the said chamber being divided into vertical channels (27, 28) by vertical partitions (29) and being in communication with an inlet conduit (23, 26) and a discharge conduit (22, 24) for electrolytes. Electrodialyzer comprising an alternating succession of selectively ion-permeable membranes (1, 1', 25, 25') and vertical frames (2) between two end casings (3, 3') as defined above.

Abstract: An electrolytic cell and system for electrolysizing and/or heating a liquid electrolyte containing water having a conductive salt in solution flowing through the cell. The electrolytic cell includes a non-conductive housing having an inlet and an outlet and spaced apart first and second conductive foraminous grids connected within the housing. A plurality of cross linked polymer microspheres each having improved conductive exterior multi-layers of uniform thickness are positioned within the housing in electrical contact with the first grid adjacent the inlet. The conductive microspheres are plated first with a metal cation which will reduce with hydrazine to form a conductive metal flash coating. The microspheres are then plated with a uniform layer of nickel, followed by plated layer of metallic hydride which is readily combineable with hydrogen or an isotope of hydrogen, then a uniform metallic support plating having a high hydrogen diffusion rate and a low hydride formation ratio.