Abstract: The invention relates to an implant or medical tool made of a metal or having a surface made of a metal for use in a therapeutic treatment, wherein the implant or the tool has, on its/the surface, a coating with polycrystalline doped electrically conductive diamond, wherein the therapeutic therapy is a treatment of a microbial infection of a human or animal body, wherein the implant or the tool is connected as anode (12) in an electrochemical system in the body, wherein the electrochemical system comprises, in addition to the anode (12), a cathode (16), a power source connected in an electrically conductive manner to the anode and to the cathode, and an electrolyte comprising or consisting of a body fluid, or consists of the anode (12), a cathode (16), a power source connected in an electrically conductive manner to the anode and to the cathode, and an electrolyte comprising or consisting of a body fluid, or wherein the implant or the tool is disposed within an electrical field, by means of which a negativ

Abstract: Provided in the present invention are a flexible electrochemical electrode, a subcutaneous continuous glucose monitoring sensor equipped with the electrochemical electrode, and a preparation method thereof. The electrode directly uses gold layers on both sides of a chemically plated film, respectively as a working electrode and a reference-counter electrode, so as to form an electrochemical two-electrode system. Petaloid platinum nanoparticles are electrodeposited on a surface of the configured working electrode as a catalytic layer; a carbon nanotube/Nafion mesh layer functions as an anti-interference layer, and is formed thereon with an enzyme biochemical sensitive layer by means of electrostatic adsorption, after crosslinking and curing in glutaraldehyde, polyurethane mass transfer is coated to limit a protection layer, so as to prepare a flexible continuous glucose monitoring sensor.

Abstract: Low profile antennas for ingestible devices, such as ingestible event markers, are provided. Aspects of the ingestible devices of the invention include low profile signal transmission antennas configured such that they are flexible or degrade after use, allowing the antenna and attached components to pass easily through the body. Embodiments of the low profile antennas are configured to emit a detectable signal upon contact with a target physiological site. Also provided are methods of making and using the devices of the invention.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to a nanoporous composition including a number of clusters of nanoparticles dispersed in a liquid, a nanoporous layer formed of the nanoporous composition, a glucose-oxidation electrode including the nanoporous layer, and a glucose-sensing device and system including the glucose-oxidation electrode. This disclosure also relates to a method of making the nanoporous composition, the nanoporous layer, the glucose-oxidation electrode and the glucose-sensing device and system. Further, this disclosure also relates to devices, systems and methods for continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and blood glucose monitoring (BGM).

Abstract: A pressure-measuring cell having a ceramic measuring membrane and a ceramic counter body, wherein the measuring membrane is joined to the counter body in such a way that a pressure chamber is formed between the measuring membrane and the counter body. The pressure-measuring cell also has a capacitive transducer for detecting a pressure-dependent deformation of the measuring membrane, which capacitive transducer has at least one membrane electrode arranged on the measuring membrane and at least one electrode on the counter body side, wherein according to the invention at least one membrane electrode comprises a titanium oxide.

Abstract: The present invention aims to provide an activated cathode enabling a long-time stable operation with hydrogen overvoltage maintained at a low value, keeping a high remaining rate of the catalyst element after a cease of operation for a short-circuiting and after an electrolysis operation at a high current density, restricting catalyst loss to a little, and having a strong resistance to contamination caused by electrolyte impurity elements. The present invention relates to a cathode for hydrogen evolution with a catalyst layer formed on the cathode substrate, having, at least, three elements comprising platinum, cerium and palladium, as essential element, in a state of metal, metal oxide, or hydroxide, contained, where the mole fraction of respective element being x, y, and z, within a range of 5 mol %?x?90 mol %, 5 mol %?y?55 mol %, 5 mol %?z?65 mol %.

Abstract: An electrode for electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide and water forming carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The electrode includes a metal substrate. A self-assembled monolayer is bonded to the metal substrate. A selectivity of reaction products of carbon monoxide and hydrogen produced by the electrode is regulated relative to a bare metal substrate.

Abstract: Disclosed is an alloy of the formula: Fe3?xAl1+xMyTzTat wherein M represents at least one catalytic specie selected from the group consisting of Ru, Ir, Pd, Pt, Rh, Os, Re and Ag; T represents at least one element selected from the group consisting of Mo, Co, Cr, V, Cu, Zn, Nb, W, Zr, Y, Mn, Cd, Si, B, C, O, N, P, F, S, CI, Na and Ti; and Ta represents tantalum. Such an alloy can be used as an electrode material for the synthesis of sodium chlorate. It can also be used as a coating for protection against corrosion.

Abstract: The cathodized gold nanoparticle graphite pencil electrode is a sensitive enzymeless electrochemical glucose sensor based on the cathodization of AuNP-GPE. Cyclic voltammetry shows that advantageously, the cathodized AuNP-GPE is able to oxidize glucose partially at low potential (around ?0.27 V). Fructose and sucrose cannot be oxidized at <0.1 V, thus the glucose oxidation peak at around ?0.27 V is suitable enough for selective detection of glucose in the presence of fructose and sucrose. However, the glucose oxidation peak current at around ?0.27 V is much lower which should be enhanced to obtain low detection limit. The AuNP-GPE cathodization increases the oxidation peak current of glucose at around ?0.27 V. The dynamic range of the sensor is in the range between 0.05 to 5.0 mM of glucose with good linearity (R2=0.999). Almost no interference effect was observed for sensing of glucose in the presence of fructose, sucrose and NaCl.

Abstract: The present invention aims to provide a high-load durable anode for oxygen generation and a manufacturing method for the same used for industrial electrolyses including manufacturing of electrolytic metal foils such as electrolytic copper foil, aluminum liquid contact and continuously electrogalvanized steel plate, and metal extraction, having superior durability under high-load electrolysis conditions.

Abstract: An electrowinning system is provided that is capable of suppressing accumulation of a side reaction product on an anode and a rise of an electrolysis voltage caused thereby, and an electrowinning method is provided using the system. To solve this problem, the electrowinning system of the present invention applies predetermined electrolysis current between an anode and a cathode placed in an electrolyte, thereby depositing a desired metal on the cathode, in which the electrolyte is a sulfuric acid-based or chloride-based solution containing ions of the metal, and the anode has a Catalytic layer, containing amorphous iridium oxide or amorphous ruthenium oxide, formed on a conductive substrate.

Abstract: A device is presented having reversibly changeable and optically readable optical properties. The device comprises a substrate having an electrically conductive surface and carrying a redox-active layer structure. The redox-active layer structure may be a monolayer or a multi-layer structure and is configured to have at least one predetermined electronic property including at least one of electrodensity and oxidation state. The electronic property of the layer structure defines an optical property of the structure thereby determining an optical response of the structure to certain incident light. This at least one electronic property is changeable by subjecting the redox-active layer structure to an electric field or to a redox-active material. The device thus enables effecting a change in said electronic property that results in a detectable change in the optical response of the layer structure.

Abstract: The present invention aims to provide an anode for oxygen generation and a manufacturing method for the same used for industrial electrolyses including manufacturing of electrolytic metal foils such as electrolytic copper foil, aluminum liquid contact and continuously electrogalvanized steel plate, and metal extraction. The present invention features an anode for oxygen generation and a manufacturing method for the same comprising a conductive metal substrate and a catalyst layer containing iridium oxide formed on the conductive metal substrate wherein the coating is baked in a high temperature region of 410° C.-450° C. in an oxidation atmosphere to form the catalyst layer co-existing amorphous and crystalline iridium oxide and the catalyst layer co-existing the amorphous and crystalline iridium oxide is post-baked in a further high temperature region of 520° C.-560° C. in an oxidation atmosphere to crystallize almost all amount of iridium oxide in the catalyst layer.

Abstract: An electrode for use with a manufacturing apparatus to deposit a material onto a carrier body with the carrier body having a first end and a second end spaced from each other with a socket disposed at each end of the carrier body. The electrode includes a shaft having a first end and a second end. The electrode also includes a head disposed on one of the ends of the shaft for coupling with the socket. The shaft and the head have an exterior surface having a contact region adapted to contact the socket. The electrode further includes an exterior surface and an exterior coating disposed on the exterior surface outside of the contact region, the exterior coating having an electrical conductivity of at least 9×106 Siemens/meter and corrosion resistance higher than silver in a galvanic series based upon room temperature sea water as an electrolyte.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electrode suitable for decreasing the chemical oxygen demand of waste-water comprising: a) a permanent component; and b) a sacrificial component arranged face-to-face and releasably attached to the permanent component and in electrical contact therewith, said permanent component consisting of a Substrate of a valve metal equipped with a catalytic coating containing noble metals or oxides thereof, said sacrificial component containing elemental iron. Further the invention relates to a method for abatement of the chemical oxygen demand in an aqueous waste containing oily compounds, glycols or waxes, optionally consisting of a foundry waste, by an electrolytic process involving anodic chlorine evolution in the presence of trivalent iron. Chlorine evolution may be carried out on the surface of an anode consisting of a catalytically activated-valve metal permanent component coupled to an iron-containing sacrificial component.

Abstract: The present invention aims to provide an anode for oxygen generation and a manufacturing method for the same used for industrial electrolyses including manufacturing of electrolytic metal foils such as electrolytic copper foil, aluminum liquid contact and continuously electrogalvanized steel plate, and metal extraction. The present invention features an anode for oxygen generation and a manufacturing method for the same comprising a conductive metal substrate and a catalyst layer containing iridium oxide formed on the conductive metal substrate wherein the coating is baked in a low temperature region of 370° C.-400° C. in an oxidation atmosphere to form the catalyst layer containing amorphous iridium oxide and the catalyst layer containing amorphous iridium oxide is post-baked in a further high temperature region of 520° C.-600° C. in an oxidation atmosphere to crystallize almost all amount of iridium oxide in the catalyst layer.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods of treating a semiconductor surface by nitridation and deposition of a ruthenium alloy. Also disclosed are semiconductors treated with these methods, their incorporation into photoelectrochemical cells, and their use in photoelectrochemical water splitting.

Abstract: The present invention discloses the use of a metal nanoparticle which comprises at least one semiconductor attached to it, wherein the at least one semiconductor is an atomic quantum cluster (AQC) consisting of between 2 and 55 zero-valent transition metal atoms, as photocatalysts in photocatalytic processes and applications thereof.

Abstract: An electrode for electrochemical processes comprises a substrate of titanium or other valve metal, an intermediate protection layer based on valve metal oxides and a catalytic layer based on oxides of tin and of iridium doped with small amounts of oxides of elements selected between bismuth, antimony, tantalum and niobium. The electrode used in electrometallurgical processes, for example in the electrowinning of metals, as anode for anodic oxygen evolution presents a reduced overvoltage and a higher duration.

Abstract: An electrode for solar conversion including a porous structure configured to contain therein at least one of a catalyst, a chromophore, and a redox couple. The porous structure has a set of electrically conductive nanoparticles adjoining each other. The set of electrically conductive nanoparticles forms a meandering electrical path connecting the nanoparticles together. The porous structure has an atomic layer by layer deposited semiconductive coating disposed conformally on the electrically conductive nanoparticles to form an exterior surface for reception of charge carriers.

Abstract: An alkaline production system comprising an electrochemical unit comprising a hydrogen-oxidizing anode, a cathode compartment comprising a cathode and a hydrogen delivery system configured to deliver hydrogen gas to the anode, wherein the system configured to sequester carbon dioxide with the cathode electrolyte; and methods thereof. In another embodiment, a system comprising a hydrogen-oxidizing anode in communication with a cathode electrolyte comprising bicarbonate ion; and an hydrogen delivery system configured to deliver hydrogen gas to the anode; and methods thereof.

Abstract: A process for wet-chemical production of a catalyst coating on an electrically conductive support for electrodes for chloralkali or hydrochloric acid electrolysis with electrocatalytically active components based on noble metal oxides, in which the catalyst coating is produced by; producing a coating solution or dispersion comprising a precursor compound of a noble metal and/or a metal oxide of a noble metal, and a solvent or dispersant, with addition of one or more acids to the coating solution or dispersion, where the molar ratio of the total of the amounts of acid (in mol) present in the coating solution or dispersion to the sum of the amounts of the metals from the metal-containing components present in the coating solution or dispersion is at least 2:1; applying the coating solution or dispersion to the support; substantially freeing the layer applied of solvent or dispersant by drying; and subjecting the dried layer obtained to a thermal treatment to form the catalyst coating.

Abstract: Electrocatalyst, electrode coating and an electrode for preparing chlorine and process for producing the electrode, the electrocatalyst comprising a noble metal oxide and/or a noble metal of transition groups VIIIa of the Periodic Table of the Elements and at least one finely divided pulverulent oxide of another metal, in which one or more components are doped and the base metal oxide powder is chemically stable in the presence of aqueous electrolytes.

Abstract: A device is presented having reversibly changeable and optically readable optical properties. The device comprises a substrate having an electrically conductive surface and carrying a redox-active layer structure. The redox-active layer structure may be a monolayer or a multi-layer structure and is configured to have at least one predetermined electronic property including at least one of electrodensity and oxidation state. The electronic property of the layer structure defines an optical property of the structure thereby determining an optical response of the structure to certain incident light. This at least one electronic property is changeable by subjecting the redox-active layer structure to an electric field or to a redox-active material. The device thus enables effecting a change in said electronic property that results in a detectable change in the optical response of the layer structure.

Abstract: A cathode catalyst used for conversion of a carbon dioxide gas by an electrochemical reduction includes at least one first catalyst layer and at least one second catalyst layer disposed on a surface of the at least one first catalyst layer. The at least one second catalyst layer is a porous structure. The at least one first catalyst layer and the at least one second catalyst layer are physically combined with each other, and materials of the at least one first catalyst layer and the at least one second catalyst layer are different. A cathode material and a reactor include the cathode catalyst are also provided.

Abstract: A cathode catalyst for a fuel cell includes a carrier, and an active material including M selected from the group consisting of Ru, Pt, Rh, and combinations thereof, and Ch selected from the group consisting of S, Se, Te, and combinations thereof, with the proviso that the active material is not RuSe when the carrier is C.

Abstract: An efficient and low environmental impact method is disclosed for the recovery of lithium from aqueous solution, for example, brines from high altitude salt lakes. The method comprises the use of an electrochemical reactor with electrodes which are highly selective for lithium, where lithium ions are inserted in the crystal structure of manganese oxide in the cathode, and extracted from the crystal structure of manganese oxide in the anode. Also disclosed are three-dimensional carbon electrodes embedded in manganese oxides formed by impregnating a porous support, for example a carbon felt, with a manganese oxide/carbon black slurry.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electrode for electrolytic processes, particularly to a cathode suitable for hydrogen evolution in an industrial electrolysis process comprising a metal substrate coated with an external catalytic layer containing crystalline ruthenium oxide having a highly ordered rutile-type structure with Ru Ru and Ru O bond length characterised by a Debye-Waller factor lower than a critical value. The catalytic outer layer may contain rare earth oxides, such as praseodymium. The electrode may also comprise an internal catalytic thin layer platinum-based, which gives an enhanced protection against accidental current reversal events.

Abstract: A composition and method of manufacture of electrodes having controlled electrochemical activity to allow the electrodes to be designed for a variety of electro-oxidation processes. The electrodes are comprised of a compact coating deposited onto a conductive substrate, the coating being formed as multiple layers of a mixture of one or more platinum group metal oxides and one or more valve metal oxides. The formation of multiple layers allows the concentrations of platinum group metal and valve metal to be varied for each layer as desired for an application. For example, an electrode structure can be manufactured for use as an anode in electroplating processes, such that the oxidation of the organic additives in the electrolyte is markedly inhibited. Another electrode can be manufactured to operate at high anodic potentials in aqueous electrolytes to generate strong oxidants, e.g., hydrogen peroxide or ozone.

Abstract: A nanoscale lithographic method in which a reusable conductive mask, having a pattern of conductive surfaces and insulating surfaces, is positioned upon a substrate whose surface contains an electrically responsive resist layer over a buried conductive layer. When an electric field is applied between the conductive mask and buried conductive layer, the resist layer is altered in portions adjacent the conductive areas of the mask. Selective processing is performed on the surface of the substrate, after mask removal, to remove portions of the resist layer according to the pattern transferred from the mask. The substrate may be a target substrate, or the substrate may be utilized for a lithographic masking step of another substrate. In one aspect of the invention the electrodes to which the charge is applied are divided, such as into a plurality of rows and columns wherein any desired pattern may be created without the need to fabricate specific masks.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to methods for producing nanoparticles. The nanoparticles may be made using ethanol as the solvent and the reductant to fabricate noble-metal nanoparticles with a narrow particle size distributions, and to coat a thin metal shell on other metal cores. With or without carbon supports, particle size is controlled by fine-tuning the reduction power of ethanol, by adjusting the temperature, and by adding an alkaline solution during syntheses. The thickness of the added or coated metal shell can be varied easily from sub-monolayer to multiple layers in a seed-mediated growth process. The entire synthesis of designed core-shell catalysts can be completed using metal salts as the precursors with more than 98% yield; and, substantially no cleaning processes are necessary apart from simple rinsing. Accordingly, this method is considered to be a “green” chemistry method.

Abstract: An interdigitated microelectrode (2) comprising a substrate (4), a first layer (6) of a first metal on the substrate (4), and a second layer (8) of a second metal on the substrate (4), the first layer (6) comprising a plurality of line microelectrodes (10) which are connected at a first end (12) and are not connected at a second end (14), the second layer (8) comprising a plurality of line microelectrodes (16) which are connected at a first end (18) and are not connected at a second end (20), the line microelectrodes (10) of the first layer (6) and the line microelectrodes (16) of the second layer (8) being such that they extend into each other but do not touch each other thereby to form an interdigititated microelectrode array (22), and the first metal being different from the second metal. A process for producing the interdigitated microelectrode (2) is also disclosed.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a surface renewable iridium oxide-glass or ceramic composite hydrogen ion electrode and, more particularly, a surface renewable iridium oxide-glass or ceramic composite hydrogen ion electrode, which has a long life due to its excellent physical strength, pH dependency approximate to a theoretical value (59 mV/pH unit), and high surface renewability, and a method of manufacturing the same. The iridium oxide composite hydrogen ion electrode according to the present invention is effective in that, when the electrode is contaminated or inactivated, the surface of the electrode can be regenerated through a simple grinding process because the electrode has high surface renewability, unlike conventional electrodes.

Abstract: An electrolytic electrode includes an electrode surface layer formed by a high-temperature heat treatment under a low oxygen partial pressure of 100 Pa or less and includes a valve metal oxide film, the electrode surface layer having, just beneath, a layer which includes a valve metal and a noble metal excluding silver and the noble metal is precipitated and dispersed in a crystal grain boundary of the valve metal, wherein a crystal of the valve metal in a range of down to 30 ?m in a vertical depth direction from the electrode surface is a crystal grain being elongated in a vertical cross-section from the electrode surface and a content of the noble metal in a range of down to 10 ?m in the vertical depth direction from the electrode surface is 5 at % or less.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electrode for electrolytic applications, optionally an oxygen-evolving anode, obtained on a titanium substrate and having a highly compact dual barrier layer comprising titanium and tantalum oxides and a catalytic layer. A method for forming the dual barrier layer comprises the thermal decomposition of a precursor solution applied to the substrate optionally followed by a quenching step and a lengthy thermal treatment at elevated temperature.

Abstract: A method of coating a carbon article with a metal by reductively electropolymerizing the metal via cyclic voltammetry on the carbon article, thereby forming a metal coating on the carbon article and the polymerized metal-coated carbon article made by the method. A polymerized metal-coated carbon article having a carbon article and a metal coating disposed on an exterior surface of the carbon article, the coating being present in an amount less than about 0.1 mg/cm2. A method of using a fuel cell by forming a fuel cell with a polymerized metal-coated carbon article as a working electrode and reducing oxygen, thereby providing power to a vehicle. A fuel cell including a polymerized metal-coated carbon article as a working electrode.

Abstract: An electrode surface coating for manufacturing the electrode surface coating comprising a conductive substrate; and one or more surface coatings comprising one or more of the following metals titanium, niobium, tantalum, ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, palladium, or gold, or an alloy of two or more metals, or a combination of two or more alloys or metal layers thereof having an increase in the surface area of 5 times to 500 times of the corresponding surface area resulting from the basic geometric shape.

Abstract: A gas diffusion electrode is described, especially for use in chloralkali electrolysis, said gas diffusion electrode having finely divided components on the liquid side. The electrode is notable for a low perviosity to gases and a lower operating voltage.

Abstract: Subject The present invention aims to provide an anode for electrolysis by an ion exchange membrane process and the manufacturing method thereof which can show a lower concentration of by-product oxygen gas in chlorine gas and a lower overvoltage stably for a long time, compared with conventional anodes.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrode for hydrogen generation of which the hydrogen overvoltage is sufficiently low and which is not affected by poisoning due to iron ions, and furthermore, of which the durability is superior because during operations and stop-and-start control, the hydrogen overvoltage does not rise and exfoliation of the supported material does not occur. The present invention also provides a method for manufacturing the aforementioned hydrogen generation electrode and an electrolysis method using the electrode for hydrogen generation as a cathode. An electrode for hydrogen generation is used in which a platinum alloy including platinum and one metal selected from the group consisting of nickel, cobalt, copper, silver, and iron, or an amorphous material of a transition metal element and platinum is supported on a conductive base material.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for producing an electrode for electrochemical reaction, wherein a conductive diamond layer is formed on an electrode substrate in the electrode; and the electrode substrate on which the conductive diamond layer is formed is kept at a temperature of 400° C. or more and 1,000° C. or less in a water vapor, thereby forming a micropore in the conductive diamond layer. Also, the present invention provides an electrode for electrochemical reaction obtained by the foregoing production process.

Abstract: An electrode suitable for use as hydrogen-evolving cathode in electrolytic processes is obtained by thermal decomposition of a precursor consisting of an acetic solution of nitrates of ruthenium, and optionally of rare earths. The electrode displays a low cathodic hydrogen evolution overpotential, an improved tolerance to current reversal phenomena and a high duration in industrial operating conditions.

Abstract: The present invention aims to provide an activated cathode enabling a long-time stable operation with hydrogen overvoltage maintained at a low value, keeping a high remaining rate of the catalyst element after a cease of operation for a short-circuiting and after an electrolysis operation at a high current density, restricting catalyst loss to a little, and having a strong resistance to contamination caused by electrolyte impurity elements. The present invention relates to a cathode for hydrogen evolution with a catalyst layer formed on the cathode substrate, having, at least, three elements comprising platinum, cerium and palladium, as essential element, in a state of metal, metal oxide, or hydroxide, contained, where the mole fraction of respective element being x, y, and z, within a range of 5 mol %?x?90 mol %, 5 mol %?y?55 mol %, 5 mol %?z?65 mol %.

Abstract: An inert anode material for use in electrolytic processes comprises calcium ruthenate. [Note that the nominal formula for this compound is CaRuO3, although different stoichiometries may apply in practice].

Abstract: A cathode for electrolytic processes, particularly suitable for hydrogen evolution in chlor-alkali electrolysis comprises a metal substrate provided with a catalytic coating made of two layers containing palladium, rare earths (such as praseodymium) and a noble component selected between platinum and ruthenium. The rare earth percent amount by weight is lower in the outer layer than in the inner layer.

Abstract: The present invention provides a cathode that has a conductive substrate and a catalyst layer formed on the conductive substrate. The catalyst layer comprises a first layer and a second layer. The first layer at least includes palladium element and platinum element. The second layer at least includes iridium element and platinum element. The first layer is located on the conductive substrate, and the second layer is located on the first layer. The cathode is useful because it has a low hydrogen overvoltage and degradation and peel-off of the catalysis layer is reduced against reverse current generated when electrolysis is stopped.

Abstract: The present invention has a problem aiming to provide an electrowinning system capable of suppressing accumulation of a side reaction product on an anode and a rise of an electrolysis voltage caused thereby, and also to provide an electrowinning method using the system. To solve this problem, the electrowinning system of the present invention applies predetermined electrolysis current between an anode and a cathode placed in an electrolyte, thereby depositing a desired metal on the cathode, in which the electrolyte is a sulfuric acid-based or chloride-based solution containing ions of the metal, and the anode has a catalytic layer, containing amorphous iridium oxide or amorphous ruthenium oxide, formed on a conductive substrate.

Abstract: A process is described for the production of graphite electrodes coated predominantly with noble metal for electrolytic processes, especially for the electrolysis of hydrochloric acid, wherein the surface of a graphite electrode is coated with an aqueous solution of a noble metal compound and then tempered at 150 to 650° C. in the presence of reducing and/or extensively oxygen-free gases.

Abstract: A cathode for electrolytic processes, particularly suitable for hydrogen evolution in chlor-alkali electrolysis comprises a metal substrate provided with a catalytic coating made of two layers containing palladium, rare earths (such as praseodymium) and a noble component selected between platinum and ruthenium. The rare earth percent amount by weight is lower in the outer layer than in the inner layer.

Abstract: A system for plating according to one embodiment includes a plating cell containing plating solution; an anode in contact with the plating solution; a cathode in contact with the plating solution; and a hydrogen electrode in contact with the plating solution.