Abstract: A cathode for a lithium secondary battery includes a cathode current collector, and a cathode active material layer including a plurality of active material layers sequentially disposed on the cathode current collector which include different types of cathode active material particles from each other. DA determined by the present disclosure of an active material layer closest to the cathode current collector among the plurality of active material layers is 0.5 ?m or less.

Abstract: The present disclosure is concerned with metal oxide nanowires, and more specifically, to crystalline ruthenium oxide (RuO2) nanowires, sol-gel synthetic methods for preparing the nanowires, and methods of using the nanowires in metal catalyzed oxidation of small organic molecules.

Abstract: An interconnect for a solid oxide fuel cell, its manufacturing method, and a solid oxide fuel cell including the same are provided.

Abstract: A non-magnetic watch component (1) comprising a substrate (4) made of a copper alloy, wherein at least one part of the substrate (4) has a surface layer (5) including CuxTiy intermetallics, and a method for manufacturing this watch component.

Abstract: Methods are described for treating aqueous solutions, including wastewater, to remove nitrogen-containing compounds using electrochemical processes. The method may be conducted electrolytically under an applied voltage or using endogenous current in a fuel cell arrangement. In some embodiments, energy is reclaimed in the form of hydrogen, methane, and other hydrocarbons or organic molecules. Microorganisms may be used as the catalyst for oxidation of the nitrogen-containing compound and/or reduction of hydrogen ions, carbon dioxide, or bicarbonate. Anaerobic or low-oxygen conditions may be used in the zone.

Abstract: Disclosed is a rapid, reproducible solution-based method to synthesize solid sodium ion-conductive materials. The method includes: (a) forming an aqueous mixture of (i) at least one sodium salt, and (ii) at least one metal oxide; (b) adding at least one phosphorous precursor as a neutralizing agent into the mixture; (c) concentrating the mixture to form a paste; (d) calcining or removing liquid from the paste to form a solid; and (e) sintering the solid at a high temperature to form a dense, non-porous, sodium ion-conductive material. Solid sodium ion-conductive materials have electrochemical applications, including use as solid electrolytes for batteries.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are doped perovskite oxides. The doped perovskite oxides may be used as a cathode material in an electrochemical cell to electrochemically generate ammonia from N2. The doped perovskite oxides may be combined with nitride compounds, for instance iron nitride, to further increase the efficiency of the ammonia production.

Abstract: A vibration-type actuator capable of suppressing reduction in holding torque or holding force under influence of humidity. A vibration-type actuator 10 includes a vibrating body 2 and a driven body 1. The vibrating body 2 has a piezoelectric element 2c and an elastic body 2b. The driven body 1 is in contact with the vibrating body 2. The vibration-type actuator 10 moves the vibrating body 2 and the driven body 1 relatively to each other by vibration excited to the vibrating body 2. At least one of a first contact portion of the vibrating body 2 and a second contact portion of the driven body 1 includes a stainless-steel sintered body with pores and at least some of the pores are impregnated with a resin.

Abstract: Various examples are directed to a glucose sensor comprising a working electrode to support an oxidation reaction and a reference electrode to support a redox reaction. The reference electrode may comprise silver and silver chloride. The Glucose sensor may also comprise an anti-mineralization agent positioned at the reference electrode to reduce formation of calcium carbonate at the reference electrode.

Abstract: An electrode suitable for chlorine evolution in electrolysis cells consists of a metal substrate coated with two distinct compositions applied in alternate layers, the former comprising oxides of iridium, ruthenium and valve metals, for instance tantalum, and the latter comprising oxides of iridium, ruthenium and tin. The thus-obtained electrode couples excellent characteristics of anodic potential and selectivity towards the chlorine evolution reaction.

Abstract: A multilayer electrode includes a current collector, a first electrode mixture layer disposed on at least one surface of the current collector, and a second electrode mixture layer disposed on the first electrode mixture layer. The first and second electrode mixture layers include one or more types of conductive materials. A porosity of the conductive material contained in the second electrode mixture layer is greater than that of the conductive material contained in the first electrode mixture layer. Ion mobility to the inside of an electrode may be improved while maintaining electrical conductivity, by including a conductive material having a relatively great average particle diameter and pores in the conductive material itself. Output characteristics of a lithium secondary battery and charging and discharging performance may be improved.

Abstract: Described are devices, systems, kits, methods, and techniques for analyzing test fluids to determine presence, absence, or concentration of analytes in the test fluids and useful for performing diagnostic testing, such as to quickly identify whether or not an individual may have a particular disease or condition, such as infection by SARS-CoV-2 or a SARS-CoV-2 variant or vaccine-induced immunity or natural immunity to infection by SARS-CoV-2 or a SARS-CoV-2 variant. The devices, systems, kits, methods, and techniques described herein can be used to detect analytes in body fluids using a functionalized electrochemical test strip and potentiostatic measurements, allowing for prompt identification of whether or not an individual has a particular disease or condition, such as in a period of 5 minutes or less.

Abstract: Methods and techniques are described for analyzing test fluids to determine presence, absence, or concentration of analytes in the test fluids. The methods may correspond to diagnostic testing, such as quickly (within 5 minutes) identifying whether or not an individual may have a particular disease or condition, such as infection by SARS-CoV-2 or a SARS-CoV-2 variant or vaccine-induced immunity or natural immunity to infection by SARS-CoV-2 or a SARS-CoV-2 variant, or whether an individual would benefit from a vaccine booster. The test results can be used for a variety of applications including facilitating or controlling access at events, venues, or transportation systems, or generating exposure notifications.

Abstract: A plating-pattern plate is configured to transfer, to a substrate, a transfer pattern formed by plating. The plating-pattern plate includes a base body and transfer parts disposed on the base body. Each of the transfer parts has a transfer surface configured to have the transfer pattern to be formed on the transfer surface by plating. The transfer parts are disposed electrically independent of one another on the base body. The plating-pattern plate provides a fine conductive pattern with stable quality.

Abstract: An embodiment provides a method for compensating for inteferants in measurement of alkalinity in a reagent-less system, including: introducing an aqueous sample into a measurement device comprising one or more series of electrodes; applying an electrical signal to the aqueous sample using the one or more series of electrodes, wherein the electrical signal is selected from the group consisting of: current and voltage; identifying, during application of the electrical signal, that the electrical signal reaches an oxidation threshold and measuring, prior to reaching the oxidation threshold, a first electrical response to the electrical signal, the first electrical response attributable to interferants in the aqueous sample; identifying, during application of the electrical signal, that the electrical signal reaches an endpoint and measuring, from the oxidation threshold to the endpoint, a second electrical response to the electrical signal; and measuring an alkalinity of the aqueous sample based upon a differenc

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a flexible substrate includes a step of preparing a multilayered board and a step of electrolysis. The step of preparing the multilayered board includes forming a thin-film metal layer on a base; next, forming a transparent protective layer on the thin-film metal layer; and then forming a flexible underlay on the transparent protective layer so that the multilayered board is formed. The step of electrolysis includes providing an electrolytic cell; putting the multilayered board made up of the base, the thin-film metal layer, the transparent protective layer, and the flexible underlay in the electrolytic cell; and electrolyzing the thin-film metal layer, causing the thin-film metal layer to dissolve until the thin-film metal layer disappears, and causing the base to peel off the multilayered board. Lastly, the flexible substrate retaining the transparent protective layer and the flexible underlay is formed.

Abstract: An electroerosion machining system for trepanning and drilling operations is disclosed. The electroerosion machining system includes an electrode assembly configured to machine a desired configuration in a workpiece, a power supply configured to energize the electrode assembly and the workpiece to opposite electrical polarities, an electrolyte supply configured to pass an electrolyte between the electrode assembly and the workpiece, a working apparatus configured to move the electrode assembly relative to the workpiece, and a control system to control the power supply and the working apparatus. The electrode assembly further includes an electrode body in the form of a tube-shaped body, the tube-shaped body defining a hollow interior and one or more replaceable inserts affixed to the electrode body at a working end thereof positioned adjacent the workpiece, the one or more replaceable inserts constructed so as to be selectively attachable and detachable from the working end of the electrode body.

Abstract: A method for galvanic application of a surface coating, in particular a chromium coating, to a body, for example a machine component. Before the galvanic application of the surface coating, a layer of a compound that can be oxidized by an electrolyte solution that is used, preferably a polyhydroxy compound with a viscosity of at least 1000 mPas at 25° C., is applied to the body. A method for galvanic application of a surface coating, in particular a chromium coating, to a body, for example a machine component, wherein the surface coating is carried out in a closed reactor in an at least two-stage, preferably three-stage process, is also disclosed. An electrolyte solution contained in the reactor at a temperature T1 for carrying out a subsequent process stage is substituted by an electrolyte solution at a temperature T2?T1. A device for carrying out this method is also disclosed.

Abstract: The subject disclosure relates to electroplating niobium titanium (Nb/Ti) with a metal capable of being soldered to. According to an embodiment, a structure is provided that comprises a Nb/Ti substrate and a metal layer plated on a portion of the Nb/Ti substrate. The metal layer comprises an electroplated metal layer plated on the portion of the Nb/Ti substrate using electroplating. The metal layer can comprise a metal capable of being soldered to, such as copper. In another embodiment, a cable assembly is provided that comprises a niobium titanium wire, a metal layer plated on a first portion of the niobium titanium wire, and a metal coaxial connector soldered to the metal layer.

Abstract: A composition-of-matter comprising a plurality of particles is disclosed herein, the particles comprising a substance reversibly releasing an alkali metal while decreasing in volume and absorbing the alkali metal while increasing in volume. Some or all of the particles are encapsulated within a volume enclosed by a shell or matrix which conducts cations of the alkali metal, wherein a volume of the substance upon maximal absorption of the alkali metal does not exceed the volume enclosed by a shell or matrix. Further disclosed herein is a process for preparing a composition-of-matter by coating particles comprising the aforementioned substance with a conductor of cations of the alkali metal, when the substance is saturated with the alkali metal, as well as electrochemical half cells and batteries including the composition-of-matter.

Abstract: A thermoelectric element according to one embodiment of the present invention comprises: a first substrate; a plurality of P-type thermoelectric legs and a plurality of N-type thermoelectric legs that are alternately arranged on the first substrate; a second substrate disposed on the plurality of P- and N-type thermoelectric legs; and a plurality of electrodes that connect the plurality of P- and N-type thermoelectric legs in series, wherein the plurality of electrodes include a plurality of first electrodes disposed between the first substrate and the plurality of P- and N-type thermoelectric legs, and a plurality of second electrodes disposed between the second substrate and the plurality of P- and N-type thermoelectric legs, and grains constituting at least one of the plurality of first and second electrodes grow in the direction from the first substrate to the second substrate.

Abstract: The invention concerns non-ferrous metallurgy, particularly an anode for electrolytically obtaining aluminum by the electrolysis of fluoride melts. The anode for obtaining aluminum by means of the electrolysis of melts at a temperature of less than 930° C. consists of a base executed of an alloy containing 65-96%wt of iron, less than 35%wt of copper, less than 20%wt of nickel, and one or several additives from molybdenum, manganese, titanium, tantalum, tungsten, vanadium, zirconium, niobium, chromium, aluminum (less than 1%wt) cobalt, cerium, yttrium, silicon, and carbon totaling less than 5%, and a protective oxide layer comprising iron oxides and complex oxides of iron, copper, and nickel. The protective oxide layer on the anode surface is obtained by preliminary oxidation in air at a temperature of 850-1050° C. or subsequently in the electrolysis process by oxidation with oxygen evolving at the anode.

Abstract: Provided are an anode for alkaline water electrolysis that can achieve a low overpotential at low cost, and a method for producing the anode for alkaline water electrolysis. An anode for alkaline water electrolysis having electrode catalyst layers 2, 3 composed of a first catalyst component having either a nickel-cobalt spinel oxide or a lanthanide-nickel-cobalt perovskite oxide and a second catalyst component having at least one of iridium oxide and ruthenium oxide formed on the surface of a conductive substrate 1 composed of nickel or a nickel-based alloy, and a method for producing the anode for alkaline water electrolysis.

Abstract: A gas sensor having a reliable measurement accuracy for specific gases even if a pump electrode is heated and a method for manufacturing the same are provided. The gas sensor is provided with a measurement target gas chamber, a reference gas chamber, a solid electrolyte, a pump electrode, a sensor electrode, a reference electrode and a heater. The pump electrode includes Pt, Au and an aggregate. After the gas sensor has been manufactured, in a state that the pump electrode has not been heated to an activation temperature of the solid electrolyte yet, in the pump electrode, a pore is 5.2 vol % or less, a surface roughness Ra is 0.5 ?m to 9.1 ?m, and a content ratio of the aggregate is 4.9 vol % or more.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing an iron bus bar includes preparing an iron core and forming a copper layer having a thickness of 10 to 30 ?m on the iron core by coating. The manufactured iron bus bar has high strength and durability as well as excellent electrical conductivity can be manufactured at low cost.

Abstract: A method of forming a semiconductor device includes: loading a wafer onto a susceptor, wherein the susceptor is disposed inside a chamber; heating the inside of the chamber; and rotating the susceptor, and first forming a film on the wafer by outputting a reactive gas and a carrier gas from an injector disposed at a sidewall of the chamber to form a semiconductor device having a first layer, wherein the first layer is manufactured under a first condition, wherein the injector includes a first outlet exposed within the chamber to discharge the carrier gas directly into the chamber and a second outlet exposed within the chamber to discharge the reactive gas directly into the chamber, wherein the first outlet is disposed below the second outlet.

Abstract: Capacitors and methods of making the same are disclosed herein. In one embodiment, a capacitor comprises a structure having first and second oppositely facing surfaces and a plurality of pores each extending in a first direction from the first surface towards the second surface, and each having pore having insulating material extending along a wall of the pore; a first conductive portion comprising an electrically conductive material extending within at least some of the pores; and a second conductive portion comprising a region of the structure consisting essentially of aluminum surrounding individual pores of the plurality of pores, the second conductive portion electrically isolated from the first conductive portion by the insulating material extending along the walls of the pores.

Abstract: Described herein is a gas detection system (5) including a housing (10) having an inlet (20) in fluid communication with an atmosphere; an analyzer (25) within the housing (20) and configured to detect and measure a gas species in the atmosphere using a gas sensor (37); and a pneumatic system (60) contained within the housing (10) and in fluid communication with the inlet (20) to draw an air sample from the atmosphere. The pneumatic system (60) includes a pump (15); a low flow branch (65) in fluid communication with the pump (15) and having an airflow sensor (90) and a first orifice (85); and a high flow branch (70) in fluid communication with the pump (15) and having a second orifice (95). Such a system is particularly suitable for remote sampling because it prevents the high flow needed for remote sampling to be directed towards the gas sensor withstanding only low flow. Related apparatus, systems, methods and/or articles are described.

Abstract: A process for preparing or regenerating peroxodisulfuric acid and its salts by electrolysis of an aqueous solution containing sulfuric acid and/or metal sulfates at diamond-coated electrodes without addition of promoters is described, with bipolar silicon electrodes which are coated with diamond on one side and whose uncoated silicon rear side serves as cathode being used.

Abstract: A composite wire for use with a wire arc spray system and related methods. The composite wire can include: a low melting point material at a core region thereof and a cladding including a metal surrounding the core region, the low metal point material having a melting point less than that of the metal, wherein the low melting point material includes a polymer in the form of a powder having particles having a size of from approximately 1 nanometer to approximately 100 nanometers.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing an ammonium peroxydisulfate or alkali metal peroxydisulfate, to an undivided electrolytic cell which is composed of individual components, and to an electrolytic device composed of a plurality of said electrolytic cells.

Abstract: Chalcogenide-containing film forming compositions, methods of synthesizing the same, and methods of forming Chalcogenide-containing films on one or more substrates via vapor deposition processes using the Chalcogenide-containing film forming compositions are disclosed.

Abstract: An electronic device includes: electronic elements; expandable and contractible conductors each disposed between two of the electronic elements adjacent to each other; a seal which covers the electronic elements and the conductors except principal surfaces of the electronic elements and first surfaces of the conductors, the principal surfaces of the electronic elements and the first surfaces of the conductors being present on a same plane on which surfaces of the seal are present; and leading electrode films each of which is attached in a film-like form to three surfaces which are the surface of the seal positioned between one of the electronic elements and one of the conductors, the first surface of the conductor, and part of the principal surface of the electronic element, to electrically connect the electronic element and the conductor through the leading electrode film.

Abstract: An oxygen reduction electrode, e.g., an air cathode, comprising manganese oxides having octahedral molecular sieve structures as active catalyst materials and use of such an electrode as a component of a metal-air cell.

Abstract: Disclosed are electrolysis catalysts formed from cobalt, oxygen and buffering electrolytes (e.g. fluoride). They can be formed as a coating on an anode by conducting an electrolysis reaction using an electrolyte containing cobalt and an anionic buffering electrolyte. The catalysts will facilitate the conversion of water to oxygen and hydrogen gas at a range of mildly acidic conditions. Alternatively, these anodes can be used with cathodes that facilitate other desirable reactions such as converting carbon dioxide to methanol.

Abstract: Electrolytically treating water through influent inlet arrangements for cavitation and one or more pairs of electrodes. The electrodes can provide continuous anodic and cathodic operation for treating water. The pressurized influent premixed with oxidant gas can be pumped into the reactor vessel through the mixing nozzles arranged radially along the circumference. The polarity of the current to the electrode can be periodically reversed at a set interval. An electro-catalytic paddle electrode can be used for the treatment of flowback and produced water. The paddle electrode can consists of alternate pentagonal flat plate electrodes separated by adjustable variable distance Teflon spacers. The paddle electrode is provided with a chemical coating capable of switching/reversing the polarity of anodes and cathodes at ultra high frequencies under very high current flowing conditions thus making it more efficient, stable and durable under demanding field conditions.

Abstract: A chemically passivated photoelectrode, having a conductive substrate, a layer of conductive oxide, preferably zinc oxide (ZnO), over the conductive substrate, and an ultrathin layer of a chemically inert semiconductor material coating the conductive oxide layer, is disclosed. The ultrathin layer of chemically inert semiconductor material, which may be less than 5 nm thick, increases the efficiency of water splitting through passivation of surface charge traps and chemical stability in harsh environments, as opposed to being photoactive. A method of manufacture and a solar cell having the photoelectrode are also disclosed.

Abstract: An electrode for electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide and water forming carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The electrode includes a metal substrate. A self-assembled monolayer is bonded to the metal substrate. A selectivity of reaction products of carbon monoxide and hydrogen produced by the electrode is regulated relative to a bare metal substrate.

Abstract: Disclosed is an alloy of the formula: Fe3?xAl1+xMyTzTat wherein M represents at least one catalytic specie selected from the group consisting of Ru, Ir, Pd, Pt, Rh, Os, Re and Ag; T represents at least one element selected from the group consisting of Mo, Co, Cr, V, Cu, Zn, Nb, W, Zr, Y, Mn, Cd, Si, B, C, O, N, P, F, S, CI, Na and Ti; and Ta represents tantalum. Such an alloy can be used as an electrode material for the synthesis of sodium chlorate. It can also be used as a coating for protection against corrosion.

Abstract: An electrochlorination and electrochemical system for the on-site generation and treatment of municipal water supplies and other reservoirs of water, by using a custom mixed oxidant and mixed reductant generating system for the enhanced destruction of water borne contaminants by creating custom oxidation-reduction-reactant chemistries with real time monitoring. A range of chemical precursors are provided that when acted upon in an electrochemical cell either create an enhanced oxidation, or reduction environment for the destruction or control of contaminants. Chemical agents that can be used to control standard water quality parameters such as total hardness, total alkalinity, pH, total dissolved solids, and the like are introduced via the chemical precursor injection subsystem infrequently or in real time based on sensor inputs and controller set points.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the electrolytic splitting of water using a carbon-supported manganese oxide (MnOx) composite. Specifically, the present electrolytic splitting of water is carried under neutral electrolyte conditions with a high electrolytic activity, while using an oxygen evolution reaction (OER)-electrode comprising the present carbon-supported MnOx composite. Next, the present invention relates to a process for producing such a carbon-supported MnOx composite as well as to a composite obtainable by the present process for producing the same and to an OER-electrode comprising the carbon-supported MnOx composite obtainable by the present process.

Abstract: A negative electrophoretic photoresist is applied over a plurality of protruding disposable template portions on a substrate. A silo structure is placed on planar portions of the negative electrophoretic photoresist that laterally surround the plurality of protruding disposable template portions. The negative electrophoretic photoresist is lithographically exposed employing the silo structure and a first lithographic mask, which includes a transparent substrate with isolated opaque patterns thereupon. After removal of the silo structure, the negative electrophoretic photoresist is lithographically exposed employing a second lithographic mask, which includes a pattern of transparent areas overlying the planar portions of the negative electrophoretic photoresist less the areas for bases of metal structure to be subsequently formed by electroplating. The negative electrophoretic photoresist is developed to form cavities therein, and metal structures are formed by electroplating within the cavities.

Abstract: A cathode material for a lithium secondary battery capable of stably suppressing manganese dissolution even under high temperature and voltage conditions is provided. Further, by using the cathode material for a lithium secondary battery, a lithium secondary battery excellent in a charge/discharge cycle profile at a high temperature and a secondary battery module equipped with the battery are provided. The cathode material for a lithium secondary battery comprises a lithium manganese composite oxide and a coating layer formed on the surface of the lithium manganese composite oxide. The coating layer includes an oxide compound or a fluoride compound each containing M (wherein, M is at least one element selected from the group of Mg, Al and Cu), and a phosphorous compound. An atomic density of M at the side of the lithium manganese composite oxide in the coating layer is higher than an atomic density of M at the side of a surface layer of the coating layer facing to the electrolyte.

Abstract: A process for producing oxygen-consuming electrodes, in particular for use in chloralkali electrolysis, which display good transport capability and storage capability. In the process, a silver oxide-containing sheet-like structure as intermediate is electrochemically reduced. Also disclosed are methods of using these electrodes in chloralkali electrolysis or fuel cell technology or in metal-air batteries, and the fuel cells and metal-air batteries produced.

Abstract: A catalyst for the electrolysis of water molecules and hydrocarbons, the catalyst including catalytic groups comprising A1-xB2-yB?yO4 spinels having a cubical M4O4 core, wherein A is Li or Na, B and B? are independently any transition metal or main group metal, M is B, B?, or both, x is a number from 0 to 1, and y is a number from 0 to 2. In photo-electrolytic applications, a plurality of catalytic groups are supported on a conductive support substrate capable of incorporating water molecules. At least some of the catalytic groups, supported by the support substrate, are able to catalytically interact with water molecules incorporated into the support substrate. The catalyst can also be used as part of a photo-electrochemical cell for the generation of electrical energy.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrode for water-splitting reaction that is capable of increasing conductive path between a photocatalyst layer and a current collecting layer without inhibiting light absorption by photocatalyst, which comprises: a photocatalyst layer 10; a current collecting layer 30; and a contact layer 20 that contains semiconductor or good conductor and is provided between the photocatalyst layer 10 and the current collecting layer 30, wherein the contact layer 20 is provided along the surface shape of the photocatalyst layer 10 at the current collecting layer 30 side of the photocatalyst layer 10.

Abstract: Disclosed is an anode electrode including a nitride semiconductor layer. This nitride semiconductor layer includes an AlxGa1-xN layer (0<x?0.25), an AlyGa1-yN layer (0?y?x), and a GaN layer. The AlyGa1-yN layer is interposed between the AlxGa1-xN layer and the GaN layer. The value of x is fixed in the thickness direction of the AlxGa1-xN layer. The value of y decreases from the interface with the AlxGa1-xN layer f toward the interface with the GaN layer. The AlxGa1-xN layer is irradiated with light having a wavelength of 360 nm or less so as to reduce carbon dioxide.

Abstract: An electrode for use with a manufacturing apparatus to deposit a material onto a carrier body with the carrier body having a first end and a second end spaced from each other with a socket disposed at each end of the carrier body. The electrode includes a shaft having a first end and a second end. The electrode also includes a head disposed on one of the ends of the shaft for coupling with the socket. The shaft and the head have an exterior surface having a contact region adapted to contact the socket. The electrode further includes an exterior surface and an exterior coating disposed on the exterior surface outside of the contact region, the exterior coating having an electrical conductivity of at least 9×106 Siemens/meter and corrosion resistance higher than silver in a galvanic series based upon room temperature sea water as an electrolyte.

Abstract: The invention relates to a carbon-free electrocatalyst for fuel cells, containing an electrically conductive substrate and a catalytically active species, wherein the conductive substrate is an inorganic, multi-component substrate material of the composition 0X1-0X2, in which 0X1 means an electrically non-conductive inorganic oxide having a specific surface area (BET) in the range of 50 to 400 mVg and 0X2 means a conductive oxide. The non-conductive inorganic oxide 0X1 is coated with the conductive oxide 0X2. The multi-component substrate preferably has a core/shell structure. The multi-component substrate material 0X1-0X2 has an electrical conductivity in the range>0.01 S/cm and is coated with catalytically active particles containing noble metal. The electrocatalysts produced therewith are used in electrochemical devices such as PEM fuel cells and exhibit high corrosion stability.

Abstract: A photoactive article includes a substrate including a semiconductor to absorb light and to produce a plurality of charge carriers; a dielectric layer disposed on the substrate; a conductive member disposed on the dielectric layer and opposing the substrate such that the dielectric layer is exposed by the conductive member, the conductive member to receive a portion of the plurality of charge carriers from the substrate; and an electrolyte disposed on the dielectric layer and the conductive member. Making a photoactive article includes forming a dielectric layer on a substrate by rapid thermal oxidation, the dielectric layer comprising an oxide of a semiconductor; and forming a conductive member disposed on the dielectric layer.