Abstract: The present disclosure described herein generally relates to a dye-sensitized solar cell including an organic-inorganic composite dye having a perovskite structure, and a producing method of the same.

Abstract: An apparatus for detecting a presence of at least one analyte in a gas sample. The apparatus comprises a pump for drawing a gas sample from an ambient air, a passage having first and second ends, a chamber connected to the first end and containing a concentrating element for collecting at least one analyte from the gas sample, a chromatographic separator connected to a second end of the passage, and a gas source for streaming a carrier gas via the chamber to transfer the at least one analyte toward at least one chemical detector, via the chromatographic separator, in a first direction. The pump draws the gas sample via the chamber in a second direction and the first and second directions are substantially opposing to one another.

Abstract: Power pulsing, such as current pulsing, is used to control the structures of metals and alloys electrodeposited in non-aqueous electrolytes. Using waveforms containing different types of pulses: cathodic, off-time and anodic, internal microstructure, such as grain size, phase composition, phase domain size, phase arrangement or distribution and surface morphologies of the as-deposited alloys can be tailored. Additionally, these alloys exhibit superior macroscopic mechanical properties, such as strength, hardness, ductility and density. Waveform shape methods can produce aluminum alloys that are comparably hard (about 5 GPa and as ductile (about 13% elongation at fracture) as steel yet nearly as light as aluminum; or, stated differently, harder than aluminum alloys, yet lighter than steel, at a similar ductility. Al—Mn alloys have been made with such strength to weight ratios. Additional properties can be controlled, using the shape of the current waveform.

Abstract: An isolation chamber and disinfection system. The novel system includes an enclosure for providing a sturdy, lightless and soundproofed environment and for containing a solution for supporting a user in a state of floatation; a disinfection system for disinfecting the solution, the disinfection system including an ultraviolet disinfection system and an ozone injection system; and a pump for removing the solution from the enclosure and circulating it through the disinfection system at a predetermined flow rate. The enclosure is formed from interlocking, foam-insulated panels and lined with a potable liner that holds the solution. In relationship to the isolation chamber, in accordance with the present teachings, an improved method of disinfection is taught using UV radiation with ozone injection. Ozone has a short half-life and leaves substantially no toxic byproducts.

Abstract: A method of operating a fuel cell having an anode, a cathode and a polymer electrolyte membrane disposed between the anode and the cathode, includes feeding the anode with an impure hydrogen stream having low levels of carbon monoxide up to 5 ppm, and wherein the anode includes an anode catalyst layer including a carbon monoxide tolerant catalyst material, wherein the catalyst material includes: (i) a binary alloy of PtX, wherein X is a metal selected from the group consisting of rhodium and osmium, and wherein the atomic percentage of platinum in the alloy is from 45 to 80 atomic % and the atomic percentage of X in the alloy is from 20 to 55 atomic %; and (ii) a support material on which the PtX alloy is dispersed; wherein the total loading of platinum group metals (PGM) in the anode catalyst layer is from 0.01 to 0.2 mgPGM/cm2.

Abstract: A durable electrode material suitable for use in Li ion batteries is provided. The material is comprised of a continuous network of graphite regions integrated with, and in good electrical contact with a composite comprising graphene sheets and an electrically active material, such as silicon, wherein the electrically active material is dispersed between, and supported by, the graphene sheets.

Abstract: A method of forming an electrode includes casting a molten metal in a mold to form an electrode with a header portion and a blade portion. The blade portion of the electrode is then rolled after it has been cast. The blade portion may be rolled into at least two different thicknesses. In one embodiment the metal is lead or lead alloy and the method relates to the forming of a lead or lead alloy anode.

Abstract: An electroplating method can securely and efficiently fill a plated metal into deep high-aspect ratio vias in a bottom-up manner without producing defects in the plated metal. The electroplating method includes: immersing a substrate, having vias formed in a surface, and an anode in a plating solution in a plating tank, the anode being disposed opposite the surface of the substrate; and intermittently passing a plating current at a constant current value between the substrate and the anode in such a manner that the supply and the stop of the plating current are repeated, and that the proportion of a current supply time during which the plating current is supplied increases with the progress of plating, thereby filling a plated metal into the vias.

Abstract: An electrochemical device comprises an anode and a cathode. An electrocatalyst mixture is placed between said anode and cathode. The electrocatalyst mixture comprises at least one Catalytically Active Element and, separately, at least one Helper Catalyst comprising an organic molecule, an organic ion, or a mixture of organic molecules and organic ions. The electrocatalyst mixture electrochemically converts carbon dioxide to one or more carbonaceous reaction products via the reaction: CO2+2e?+2H+?carbonaceous reaction products, at overpotentials of 0.9 V or less.

Abstract: Sodium chlorate is produced industrially via electrolysis of brine and is thus an energy intensive process. An improved cathode for this and other industrial processes is a low nickel content stainless steel whose surface has been suitably modified. With an appropriate amount of surface roughening, the cathode provides for improved overvoltages during electrolysis while still maintaining corrosion resistance.

Abstract: A noble metal-based electrocatalyst comprises a bimetallic particle comprising a noble metal and a non-noble metal and having a polyhedral shape. The bimetallic particle comprises a surface-segregated composition where an atomic ratio of the noble metal to the non-noble metal is higher in a surface region and in a core region than in a sub-surface region between the surface and core regions. A method of treating a noble metal-based electrocatalyst comprises annealing a bimetallic particle comprising a noble metal and a non-noble metal and having a polyhedral shape at a temperature in the range of from about 100° C. to about 1100° C.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electrode composed of an Al-M-Cu based alloy, to a process for preparing the Al-M-Cu based alloy, to an electrolytic cell comprising the electrode, to the use of an Al-M-Cu based alloy as an anode and to a method for extracting a reactive metal from a reactive metal-containing source using an Al-M-Cu based alloy as an anode.

Abstract: Nanostructured microelectrodes and biosensing devices incorporating the same are disclosed herein.

Abstract: An inert anode for Al electrolysis, made of Cu—Ni—Fe—O based materials, comprising Fe in a range between about 10 and 20% by weight, Cu in a range between about 60 and about 80% by weight, Ni in a range between about 20 and about 30% by weight, and oxygen in a range between about 1 and about 3% by weight, and a method for producing the anode, comprising mechanically alloying metallic elements; oxygen doping; and consolidation.

Abstract: The invention relates to a permanent cathode (1) to be used as an electrode in the electrowinning of metals, including a permanent cathode plate (4) at least partially made of steel and providing the possibility of electrochemically depositing metal from an electrolytic solution onto its surface (6), in which case the dimensions of the grain boundaries (7) on the surface (6) of the permanent cathode plate (4) are arranged to be suitable for the adhesion of deposited metal on the surface and the stripping of metal from the surface at least in a part of the surface that is in contact with the electrolyte. The invention also relates to a method for treating the surface of a permanent cathode.

Abstract: The invention relates to a cathode for hydrogen evolution in electrolysis cells, for instance chlor-alkali cells or cells for producing chlorate or hypochlorite, obtained starting from a substrate of nickel or other conductive material galvanically coated with nickel co-deposited with an amorphous molybdenum oxide.

Abstract: A process for preparing a polyazole with an inherent viscosity, measured in at least 96% sulfuric acid at 25° C., greater than 2.9 dl/g, comprising the steps of i) mixing one or more aromatic tetraamino compounds with one or more aromatic carboxylic acids or esters thereof which comprise at least two acid groups per carboxylic acid monomer, or mixing one or more aromatic and/or heteroaromatic diaminocarboxylic acids, in polyphosphoric acid to form a solution and/or dispersion ii) heating the mixture from step i) under inert gas to temperatures in the range from 120° C. to 350° C. to form the polyazole, wherein in step ii), a mixture having a concentration of polyphosphoric acid, calculated as P2O5 (by acidimetric means), based on the total amount of H3PO4, polyphosphoric acid and water in the mixture, greater than 78.

Abstract: Methods for coating a metal substrate or a metal alloy with electrically conductive titania-based material. The methods produce metal components for electrochemical devices that need high electrical conductance, corrosion resistance and electrode reaction activities for long term operation at a low cost.

Abstract: The invention describes an electrode and an electrode coating which are based on a catalyst containing finely divided carbon modifications and noble metal (oxide)s.

Abstract: A photocatalyst material and a photocatalyst device capable of generating hydrogen from water by radiation of sunlight at high efficiency. The photocatalyst material according to the present invention includes a nitride-based compound semiconductor obtained by replacement of part of Ga and/or Al by a 3d-transition metal. The nitride-based compound semiconductor has one or more impurity bands. A light absorption coefficient of the nitride-based compound semiconductor is 1,000 cm?1 or more in an entire wavelength region of 1,500 nm or less and 300 nm or more. Further, the photocatalyst material satisfies the following conditions: the energy level of the bottom of the conduction band is more negative than the redox potential of H+/H2; the energy level of the top of the valence band is more positive than the redox potential of O2/H2O; and there is no or little degradation of a material even when the material is irradiated with light underwater.

Abstract: Provided are a catalyst, an electrode, a fuel cell, a gas detoxification apparatus, and the like that can promote a general electrochemical reaction causing gas decomposition or the like. A catalyst according to the present invention is used for promoting an electrochemical reaction and is chain particles 3 formed of an alloy particles containing nickel (Ni) and at least one selected from the group consisting of iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), tungsten (W), and copper (Cu).

Abstract: The present invention provides an excellent durable cathode for hydrogen generation, which has a low hydrogen overvoltage and reduced dropping-off of a catalyst layer against the reverse current generated when an electrolyzer is stopped, and a method for producing the same. The present invention provides a cathode for hydrogen generation having a conductive base material and a catalyst layer formed on the conductive base material, wherein the catalyst layer includes crystalline iridium oxide, platinum and iridium-platinum alloy.

Abstract: A metallic oxygen evolving anode for electrowinning aluminum by decomposition of alumina dissolved in a cryolite-based molten electrolyte, and operable at anode current densities of 1.1 to 1.3 A/cm2, comprises an alloy of nickel, iron, manganese, optionally copper, and silicon. Preferably, the alloy is composed of 64-66 w % Ni; Iron; 25-27 w % Fe; 7-9 w % Mn; 0-0.7 w % Cu; and 0.4-0.6 w % Si. The weight ratio Ni/Fe is in the range 2.1 to 2.89, preferably 2.3 to 2.6, the weight ratio Ni/(Ni+Cu) is greater than 0.98, the weight ratio Cu/Ni is less than 0.01, and the weight ratio Mn/Ni is from 0.09 to 0.15. The alloy surface can comprise nickel ferrite produced by pre-oxidation of the alloy. The alloy, optionally with a pre-oxidized surface, can be coated with an external coating comprising cobalt oxide CoO.

Abstract: Compositions, electrodes, systems, and/or methods for water electrolysis and other electrochemical techniques are provided. In some cases, the compositions, electrodes, systems, and/or methods are for electrolysis which can be used for energy storage, particularly in the area of energy conversion, and/or production of oxygen, hydrogen, and/or oxygen and/or hydrogen containing species. In some embodiments, the water for electrolysis comprises at least one impurity and/or at least one additive which has little or no substantially affect on the performance of the electrode.

Abstract: Soluble nickel and tin contained in a coating layer are eluted into an aqueous solution by bringing a cathode coated with a nickel-tin alloy into contact with an aqueous solution of an alkali metal hydrogen carbonate such as sodium hydrogen carbonate, thereby reducing the amounts of these metals eluted during electrolysis.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrode for hydrogen generation of which the hydrogen overvoltage is sufficiently low and which is not affected by poisoning due to iron ions, and furthermore, of which the durability is superior because during operations and stop-and-start control, the hydrogen overvoltage does not rise and exfoliation of the supported material does not occur. The present invention also provides a method for manufacturing the aforementioned hydrogen generation electrode and an electrolysis method using the electrode for hydrogen generation as a cathode. An electrode for hydrogen generation is used in which a platinum alloy including platinum and one metal selected from the group consisting of nickel, cobalt, copper, silver, and iron, or an amorphous material of a transition metal element and platinum is supported on a conductive base material.

Abstract: Disclosed is a novel method for producing high-purity silicon at low cost. Particularly disclosed is a novel method for producing high-purity silicon, which can be suitably used as a raw material for solar cells, at low cost.

Abstract: Nanoscale probes for forming stable, non-destructive seals with cell membranes. The probes, systems including these probes, and methods of fabricating and using the probes described herein may be used to sense from, stimulate, modify, or otherwise effect individual cells or groups of cells. In particular, described herein are nanoscale cellular probes that may be used to span the lipid membrane of a cell to provide stable and long lasting access to the internal cellular structures. Thus, the probes described herein may be used as part of a system, method or device that would benefit from stable, non-destructive access across a cell membrane. In some variations the nanoscale probe devices or systems described herein may be used as part of a drug screening procedure.

Abstract: Compositions for making wettable cathodes to be used in aluminum electrolysis cells are disclosed. The compositions generally include titanium diboride (TiB2) and metal additives. The amount of selected metal additives may result in production of electrodes having a tailored density and/or porosity. The electrodes may be durable and used in aluminum electrolysis cells.

Abstract: An electrolytic system for generating hydrogen gas includes a pair of electrodes and an electrolyte. The electrolyte includes colloidal silver, colloidal magnesium, and a nano-metal comprising nano-nickel, nano-iron or a nano-nickel-iron alloy. The electrodes include a first electrode of a non-magnetic material. A second electrode includes an electrode precursor of a magnetic material or an electro-magnet. When in its magnetic state, the electrode precursor exerts a magnetic force of sufficient strength to pull the nano-metal of the electrolyte onto at least a portion of its surfaces, to form the second electrode.

Abstract: An insoluble anode for metal wire electroplating capable of simultaneously electroplating a plurality of metal wires and uniformalizing the electroplating amounts of the metal wires stably for a long time. For realizing these, a plurality of insoluble electrode plates are disposed in a parallel alignment to be placed sandwiching a plurality of wire travel paths from both sides. A plurality of the insoluble electrode plates are tightened and fixed by through-bolts at a plurality of places along the travel path direction. A conductive spacer is interposed in each gap between the insoluble electrode plates at a tightening part by the through-bolt and also a conductive member is provided so as to contact all the electrode plates and the conductive spacers.

Abstract: Disclosed is a structural alloy with oxidation resistance for electrolytic reduction equipment for treatment of spent nuclear fuel. More particularly, the present invention relates to a structural alloy with oxidation resistance for electrolytic reduction equipment for treatment of spent nuclear fuel wherein Cr, Si, Al, Nb and Ti are added to a Ni-based substrate so as to form an oxide coating film which is stable in a LiCl—Li2O molten salt and, in addition, a process thereof and use of the same.

Abstract: There is provided a substantially permanent stainless steel cathode plate suitable for use in electrorefining of metal cathodes, the cathode being composed of a low-nickel duplex steel or a lower grade “304” steel, wherein operational adherence of an electrodeposition thereon is enabled by altering various qualities of the cathode surface. There is also provided a method of producing the above duplex or Grade 304 cathode plates, such that the desired operational adherence of the deposit upon the plate is not so strong as to prevent the deposit being removed during subsequent handling.

Abstract: An electroplating apparatus is provided that includes a plating tank for containing a plating electrolyte. A counter electrode, e.g., anode, is present in a first portion of the plating tank. A cathode system is present in a second portion of the plating tank. The cathode system includes a working electrode and a thief electrode. The thief electrode is present between the working electrode and the counter electrode. The thief electrode includes an exterior face that is in contact with the plating electrolyte that is offset from the plating surface of the working electrode. In one embodiment, the thief electrode overlaps a portion of the working electrode about the perimeter of the working electrode. In one embodiment, a method is provided of using the aforementioned electroplating apparatus that provides increased uniformity in the plating thickness.

Abstract: An electrocatalyst, suitable for use in a fuel cell, comprises an alloy having a single crystalline phase, wherein the alloy consists of 5-95 at % palladium, 5-95 at % ruthenium and less than 10 at % of other metals, provided that the alloy does not consist of 50 at % palladium and 50 at % ruthenium.

Abstract: Nanostructured microelectrodes and biosensing devices incorporating the same are disclosed herein.

Abstract: An electrode for electrochemical water treatment, the electrode including a nanodiamond and a conducting agent.

Abstract: An electrode material, an electrode and a process for hydrogen chloride electrolysis based on platinum metal as catalyst, in which the electrode material has a nanosize mixture of platinum particles and silver particles, is described.

Abstract: The present invention provides a cathode for hydrogen generation comprising a cathode substrate having provided thereon a catalytic layer, wherein the catalytic layer contains at least three components of platinum, cerium and lanthanum in amounts of 50 to 98 mol %, 1 to 49 mol % and 1 to 49 mol %, respectively, in the form of metal, metal oxide or metal hydroxide.

Abstract: A cadmium-free, zinc-based alloy suitable as a sacrificial anode substantially consists of 0.4-0.6% by weight of aluminum, 0.02-0.03% by weight of indium, max. 0.001% by weight of cadmium, maximum 0.005% by weight of copper, maximum 0.006% by weight of lead, maximum 0.0005% by weight of tin, maximum 0.10% by weight of other metals, in particular nickel and thallium, and balance zinc having a purity of about 99.995% The alloy shows advantageous properties with respect to resistance to cracking and breaking during post machining of the casting, especially when producing sacrificial anodes having relatively small dimensions.

Abstract: Aspects of the present disclosure are directed to electrochemical approaches for synthesis of platinum-iridium alloys with selected platinum-iridium ratio content and subsequently predetermined mechanical properties and electrochemical impedance properties. Such can provide a simple and cost-effective process for preparing these electrodes, as compared to conventional thin film processing techniques. A three-electrode electrochemical electrodeposition system is described including an electrochemical cell with a working electrode on which the electrodeposited film is deposited, a counter electrode to complete the electrochemical circuit and a reference electrode to measure and control surface potential. Mixed layers of platinum atoms and iridium atoms can be deposited from electrolyte solution onto the working electrode surface to create an electrically conductive surface with material properties related to the composition of the as-deposited film.

Abstract: An electrical discharge coating method comprising the steps of: generating pulsed discharge between a green compact electrode 3 and a treatment target surface 20 in a working fluid 10; thereby, depositing a component of the green compact electrode 3 onto the treatment target surface 20 so as to form a coating 21, wherein the generating includes using the green compact electrode 3 which is formed through compression molding of metal powder having an oxide layer on each particle surface 20 thereof, as a main component thereof, the oxide layer being thicker than an oxide film normally obtained in air at normal temperature, whereby the metal component of the green compact electrode 3 is deposited onto the treatment target surface 20 so as to form the coating 21 containing the metal component as a main component thereof.

Abstract: An electrode surface coating and method for manufacturing the electrode surface coating comprising a conductive substrate; a surface coating of platinum having a rough configuration and an increase in the surface area of 5 times to 500 times of the corresponding surface area resulting from the basic geometric shape of the electrode. A method for electroplating an electrode surface with platinum coating having a rough surface, comprising electroplating the surface of a conductive substrate at a rate such that the metal particles form on the conductive substrate faster than necessary to form shiny platinum and slower than necessary to form platinum black.

Abstract: There is provided a substantially permanent stainless steel cathode plate suitable for use in electrorefining of metal cathodes, the cathode being composed of a low-nickel duplex steel or a lower grade “304” steel, wherein operational adherence of an electrodeposition thereon is enabled by altering various qualities of the cathode surface. There is also provided a method of producing the above duplex or Grade 304 cathode plates, such that the desired operational adherence of the deposit upon the plate is not so strong as to prevent the deposit being removed during subsequent handling.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide an electrode for an electrochemical measurement apparatus that is less susceptible to influence from interference substances as compared to conventional technology and an electrochemical measurement apparatus using such an electrode. A working electrode 9 (an electrode 1 for an electrochemical measurement apparatus) used in an electrochemical measurement apparatus 3 of the present invention uses an alloy containing iridium and rhenium with such a composition that selectivity for hydrogen peroxide can be obtained.

Abstract: A nanostructured working electrode of an electrochemical sensor wherein the working electrode is composed of a material in the form of a film and is inserted onto the sensor. The electrode can be prepared from materials the use of which was impossible in the working electrodes known in the art (e.g. metals of defined purity). A method of manufacturing of the nanostructured working electrode and an electrochemical sensor containing the nanostructured electrode is disclosed.

Abstract: An active electrode structure is disclosed that includes fullerenes produced by conversion from a carbide. Also disclosed is an electrode that includes a fullerene covalently bonded to a carbide, the fullerene being an aligned or non-aligned array. The fullerene is included in an active electrode structure of the electrode that also includes about 50% or less non-crystalline carbon and about 5% or less of a transition metal that interferes with the ability of the active electrode structure to transfer electrons or detect an analyte. The active electrode substrate or the electrode may be included in a sensor.

Abstract: A composite anode assembly is provided, the assembly including a permeation resistant portion and a porous conductive portion circumscribing at least the bottom of the permeation resistant portion. The composite anode assembly reduces corrosion and restricts thermal expansion stresses.

Abstract: A gas diffusion electrode comprising an electrically conductive web, a non-catalyzed gas diffusion layer comprising at least one electroconductive filler and at least one binder, and a noble metal coating obtained by subjecting an electrically conductive web to a first ion beam having an energy not higher than 500 eV, then to a second beam having an energy of at least 500 eV, containing the ions of at least one noble metal.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a hydrogen generator with electrode and insulator configurations for providing hydrogen for fuel and reduced energy purposes.