Abstract: A method of using an electrochemical process in oil-based lubricants to form friction-reducing and wear-reducing molybdenum/iron phosphate films on cast iron surfaces. A cast iron surface acting as the anode means is first coated with a thin film of molybdenum and then bombarded with high energy inert gas ions to form a layer of molybdenum/iron alloy on the surface before the electrochemical process. An electrolytic additive of dialkyl hydrogen phosphate is added to the oil-based lubricant to improve its electrical conductance and to make it an ionic conductor. This method enables not only the formation of uniform molybdenum/iron phosphate films on cast iron surfaces but also the in situ repair of such films after damage has occurred.

Abstract: A lead oxide-coated electrode for use in electrolysis is disclosed, which comprises a primary layer comprising platinum and/or platinum oxide, an intermediate layer comprising .alpha.-PbO.sub.2, and a coating layer comprising .beta.-PbO.sub.2 successively coated on a substrate comprising a corrosion resistant metal. The electrode has a strong and durable lead oxide coating firmly bonded to the substrate, does not suffer from passivation, resistance increase, etc. and can be used stably for a long time at high current density. A process for producing the electrode is also disclosed.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electrodeposition method for forming a film of an electrochemically synthesizable and functional substance, e.g. Prussian blue useful as an electrochromic material, on an electrode plate having a conductive coating film relatively high in surface resistivity such as a tin dioxide or indium trioxide film. A desired film of uniform thickness can be formed even when the electrode plate is as large as 40 cm square or is still larger by providing the electrode plate with an elongate auxiliary electrode element formed of, for example, a metal wire or foil, which is attached to the outer surface of the conductive coating film so as to extend at least along the whole periphery of the electrode plate.

Abstract: The present invention is intended to provide a carrier to be used as a two-component developer, wherein a nuclide particle surface has a magnetic plated layer composed of an iron oxide. The carrier according to the present invention is to be used in the electrophotographic method, electrostatic recording method, and electrostatic printing method, and also provides an excellent developer which is lightweight and has a long service life.

Abstract: A method of electrodepositing a doped compound semiconductor film including tellurium and a metal selected from Group IIB of the Period Table of Elements by adding an effective concentration of dopant ions to the electrolyte bath. Cadmium telluride, mercury cadmium telluride and zinc cadmium telluride may be doped with copper, silver and gold. The conductivity type of the electrodeposited doped layers may be changed by a heat treatment. Thin film photovoltaic cells incorporating the doped layer to form a heterojunction with a semiconductor layer of the opposite conductivity type show substantial improvements in open circuit voltage, fill factor and efficiency over similar devices employing undoped electrodeposited layers.

Abstract: Anodic formation of amorphous iron phosphate films in a dialkyl hydrogen phosphate electrolytic medium containing hydrogen-rich cation exchange resin particles having a free moisture content between about 9% and about 33% by weight.

Abstract: A chromate treatment of metal coated steel sheets comprising subjecting the sheets to a cathodic electrolytic treatment to form a chromate film thereon and subjecting the sheet to an anodic electrolytic treatment to form an anodic electrolytic film on the chromate film and to convert the chromate film. The treatment is applicable to various metal coated steel sheets, such as those coated with zinc, zinc alloy, aluminum, aluminum alloy, lead and lead alloy, and is effective to improve the corrosion resistance of the sheets, the quality of paint coating applied on the sheets and the adaptability of the sheets to a cation electro-deposition paint coating.

Abstract: A method of improving the electrical characteristics of a thin film (1 or 9) formed on a substrate (3 or 11) by a Langmuir-Blodgett process. The method comprises immersing the film (1 or 9) in a fluid (5 or 13) and applying an electrical potential to the substrate (1 or 9) such that a self limiting electrochemical reaction within the fluid (5 or 13) causes any voids in the film (1 or 9) to be preferentially filled.

Abstract: A method of treating a zinc plated steel surface provides improved corrosion resistance and painting properties. The surface is rendered cathodic in the presence of an aqueous treatment liquor containing 5-70 g/l of hexavalent chromium, 0.01 to 5 g/l of trivalent chromium, 5-100 g/l of silica and/or silicate and 0.05-10 g/l of nitrate in which the ratio of Cr.sup.3+ /Cr.sup.6+ is within the range 1/50-1/3.

Abstract: Methods for depositing metals on or removing metals from substrates are provided which involve the use of electrolytic cells comprising an anode and cathode, sulfuric acid, and a chalcogen-containing compound soluble in said bath and having the empirical formula ##STR1## wherein X is a chalcogen, each of R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 is selected from hydrogen, NR.sub.3 R.sub.4 and NR.sub.5, at least one of R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 is other than hydrogen, each of R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 is hydrogen or a monovalent organic radical, and R.sub.5 is a divalent organic radical, in which the molar ratio of the chalcogen compound to sulfuric acid is about 1 or more, and the molar ratio of water to the combination of acid and chalcogen compound is about 20 or less.

Abstract: Electrically conductive layers are applied on to carbon fibers or filaments or sheet-like structures of these by a process in which monomers from the class consisting of the anilines or of the pyrroles or thiophenes are polymerized on the surface of the carbon structures in the presence of an electrolyte.

Abstract: A method of passivation of Hg.sub.1-x Cd.sub.x Te by anodic selenidization is disclosed; in preferred embodiments the selenidization is by anodic growing of the selenides in an electrolyte solution of sodium selenide in water and ethylene glycol or in a solution of sodium selenide plus sodium hydroxide in water and ethylene glycol. Also, infrared detectors incorporating such selenide passivated Hg.sub.1-x Cd.sub.x Te are disclosed.

Abstract: An improved process for preparing a phosphated metal surface for painting comprises electrolyzing the surface as cathode in an aqueous solution containing hexavalent and trivalent chromium in specified concentrations and weight ratios.

Abstract: A method of passivation of HG.sub.1-x Cd.sub.x Te by anodic selenidization is disclosed; in preferred embodiments the selenidization is by anodic growing of the selenides in an electrolyte solution of sodium selenide in water and ethylene glycol or in a solution of sodium selenide plus sodium hydroxide in water and ethylene glycol. Also, infrared detectors incorporating such selenide passivated Hg.sub.1-x Cd.sub.x Te are disclosed.

Abstract: A method of using an electrochemical process in oil-based lubricants to form friction-reducing and wear-reducing iron phosphate films on metal surfaces. An electrolytic additive of dialkyl hydrogen phosphate is first added to the oil-based lubricant to improve its electrical conductance and to make it an ionic conductor. This method enables not only the formation of uniform iron phosphate films on metal surfaces but also the in-situ repair of such films after damage has occurred.

Abstract: An article of manufacture having a metallic surface consisting of brass or stainless steel is overcoated with a first layer of nickel and a second layer of elemental niobium. The article may thereafter be color anodized in a solution of ammonium sulfate without the need for a hydrofluoric acid etch to produce a highly attractive and colorful ornamental surface finish. After anodization, the articles may be coated with clear epoxy or a sputter deposited transparent ceramic coating for added wear resistance.

Abstract: A process for polishing silicon wafers includes the step of carrying out last polishing step in the polishing operation in such a way that a protective film of silicon dioxide is produced on the surface of the polished wafer. The film does not interfere with e.g., the subsequent oxidation processes. The protective film protects the wafer surface from the many effects arising in subsequent processes which may unfavorably influence the quality of the surface.

Abstract: A dielectric film is formed on tantalum pellets by anodization up to 350 V in an electrolyte of an aqueous solution of an organic carboxylic acid with an ionization constant between 10.sup.-2 and 10.sup.-5. The tantalum pellets are suspended from aluminum-magnesium alloy bars into the electrolytic solution with the bar itself being suspended in the electrolyte. The organic carboxylic acid solute residue from anodization is readily volatile at 200.degree. C. The acid is sometimes combined in the electrolyte with ammonia or an amine having a boiling point less than 200.degree. C.; the electrolyte residues from anodization in these systems are also volatile at 200.degree. C. After anodization, tantalum pellet and aluminum-magnesium bar cleanup is thus accomplished by a brief heat treatment at 200.degree. C., eliminating the need for an extended rinse procedure.

Abstract: A tin-free steel strip comprising a steel strip, 40 to 150 mg/m.sup.2 of a metallic chromium layer on the steel surface, and 5 to 25 mg/m.sup.2 of a chromium compound containing layer thereon wherein the metallic chromium layer contains a plurality of protrusions, exhibits improved corrosion resistance and weldability and is thus useful in the manufacture of welded cans. Preferably, 1.times.10.sup.11 to 1.times.10.sup.14 protrusions having a diameter of 5 to 1000 nm at the base thereof are present per square meter of the metallic chromium layer surface. The tin-free steel strip is produced by chromium plating a steel strip in an aqueous solution containing CR.sup.6+ preferably to a weight of 40 to 140 mg/m.sup.2, subjecting the chromium plated strip to anodic electrolysis, preferably at an eectricity quantity of 0.1 to 10 C/dm.sup.2, and subjecting the strip to a cathodic treatment in an aqueous solution containing Cr.sup.

Abstract: An improved oxygen sensor is provided which gives oxygen concentration readings immediately and without the uncertain delays of a break-in period. The break-in period is decreased substantially by imparting to a copper counter electrode a uniform distribution of cuprous oxide throughout its structure. More reliable performance of the sensor is achieved.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process and apparatus for electrochemical treatment in a static mode or in a feed motion mode of the surface of metal products of elongate shape.The process is characterized in that cathodic and anodic zones are produced within the same volume of electrolyte, the zones being separated from each other and being displaced parallel to the product in a cyclic manner.The process is carried out in a cell having a single compartment in which there are at least four electrodes, two of which have voltage applied thereto.The invention is applied more particularly to aluminium, magnesium, titanium and alloys thereof, in order to provide for regular treatment of the entire surface of the product.

Abstract: A process for coating an article made of tantalum niobium or tantalum-niobium alloy with a film containing polycrystalline lithium metal oxide wherein the metal corresponds to the metal from which the article is made. More particularly, the process improves the surface properties including hardness, yield strength, elasticity and electrical properties so that the operating life can be increased and new application for such articles can be made.It is found that tantalum spinnerets treated in accordance with the process according to the present invention have longer operating life, clog less and produce a better quality fiber.

Abstract: Metals and alloys of metals which have the property of electrolytic rectification can be coated with an anticorrosive coating by immersion in a strongly alkaline aqueous bath comprising a water soluble fluoride, a water soluble iron salt, and mixtures thereof by the application of a sufficiently high voltage to obtain spark discharge at the surface to be coated, said potential being applied between the metal or alloy to be coated utilized as an anode and a cathode immersed in the aqueous bath. A durable coating is thereby applied to the surface of said metals or alloys thereof which is resistant to a corrosive salt spray environment.

Abstract: Photoactive pyrite layers, whose preparation and use represent a commercially highly interesting alternative to materials hitherto in common use. The semiconductor material chiefly used until now, e.g. for solar cells, is silicon. However, its costs of manufacture are too high to allow solar cells to be made at favorable cost. The significance of the disclosure and development of pyrite as a semiconductor material, especially for solar cells, lies in the fact that it is plentifully occurring and cheap, as well as environmentally compatible. Pyrite (iron pyrites, FeS.sub.2) can be used as a photoactive material in solar cells and in optoelectronic components. It is possible to use both naturally occurring pyrite, after a material treatment to improve the photosensitivity, as well as synthetically produced, single-crystal and polycrystalline pyrite.

Abstract: A method for enhancing the corrosion resistance of a metal surface at the edge portion which comprises applying direct current to said metal surface as previously zinc phosphated as a negative electrode in an acidic solution comprising zinc ion in a concentration of 2 to 3 g/L, phosphate ion in a concentration of 8 to 14 g/L and chloride ion in a concentration of 3 to 6 g/L under the condition of 5 to 15 A/dm.sup.2 (metal surface) at a temperature of 20.degree. to 40.degree. C. to make an electric zinc phosphate coating film having corrosion resistance.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a method of passivating mercury cadmium telluride substrates wherein a substrate surface is lapped and cleaned and then placed in an electrolyte solution containing sulfide ions to electrolytically grow a sulfide passivating layer on the lapped and cleaned surface. A preferred electrolyte solution is formed with sodium sulfide, water and ethylene glycol.

Abstract: A solid-state semiconductor photonic device is prepared by a photoelectrochemical deposition method. The device contains a highly conductive coating material including one or more metals and/or semiconductors on a substrate containing a semiconductor material. The device is utilized in photodetectors, including radiometric detection cells, in conversions of electrical energy to optical radiation, such as light-emitting-diodes and diodes lasers, and in photovoltaic cells, including Schottky-barrier cells.

Abstract: An improved process and aqueous electrolyte for imparting improved corrosion resistance to chromium substrates, and particularly nickel-plated substrates having a chromium plating thereover deposited from a trivalent chromium electrolyte. The post-treating solution contains solution soluble and compatible hexavalent chromium compounds including chromates and dichromates present in an amount sufficient to deposit a protective film on the chromium substrate and phosphate ions present in an amount of about 2.5 g/l up to the limit of solubility in the electrolyte. The electrolyte optionally, but preferably, further contains a buffering agent present in an amount to stabilize the pH of the solution within a range from about 2.5 up to about 10.

Abstract: A thin film of magnetic recording material is sputter deposited over a base layer of gold and tantalum on a polished substrate. A protective layer of gold and tantalum is deposited overlaying the magnetic recording film. A solid lubricant layer such as carbon, preferably in the form of graphite, gold, silver, tin, molybdenum disulfide, and tungsten disulfide is sputter deposited or ion plated over the protective layer to reduce wear. The recording contacting portion of the recording head is similarly coated with a solid lubricant material. Other suitable protective materials include tantalum, niobium, tungsten and nitrides and carbides of such metals. In a preferred method for making such recording members, the layers are successively sputter deposited in an evacuated sputter chamber, whereby the recording layers and protective coatings are formed in a continuous process requiring only one pump down.