Abstract: In a method for producing high-purity electrolytic copper, a first additive (A) containing an aromatic ring of a hydrophobic group and a polyoxyalkylene group of a hydrophilic group, a second additive (B) formed of polyvinyl alcohols, and a third additive (C) formed of tetrazoles are added to a copper electrolyte, copper electrolysis is performed by controlling each concentration of the first additive (A), the second additive (B), and the third additive (C), a current density and a bath temperature, and accordingly, electrolytic copper in which a concentration of Ag is less than 0.2 mass ppm, a concentration of S is less than 0.07 mass ppm, a concentration of all impurities is less than 0.2 mass ppm, and an area ratio of crystal grains having an average crystal grain misorientation (referred to as a GOS value) exceeding 2.5° is 10% or less is obtained.

Abstract: An electroplating apparatus includes a container containing plural portions and an ionic liquid plating solution that is capable of flowing therebetween. The plural portions include at least a first portion containing a counter electrode that includes coating donor material and a second portion that includes a workpiece. A porous scrubber separating the first and second portions has a plurality of metallic outer surfaces in contact with the ionic liquid plating solution. Coating, repair, and regeneration methods using an ionic liquid plating solution are also described.

Abstract: One aspect of the invention is a method of surface alloying stainless steel, In one embodiment, the method includes providing a stainless steel surface having an initial amount of iron and an initial amount of chromium; and preferentially removing iron from the stainless steel surface to obtain a surface having an amount of iron less than the initial amount of iron and an amount of chromium greater than the initial amount of chromium. Another aspect of the invention is a unitary stainless steel article.

Abstract: The method of applying a polyelectrolyte multilayer film for corrosion control involves chemical and/or electrochemical pretreatment of a metallic substrate for better adherence of the protective film to the substrate. The method includes anodically polarizing the substrate in a solution of an acid for a period from one second to five hundred seconds before multilayer deposition. The acid may be an inorganic acid, such as sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, etc., or an organic acid, such as oxalic acid, acetic acid, etc. The method may include abrading the substrate and rinsing the substrate with deionized water before polarizing the substrate, and applying the polyelectrolyte multilayers following pretreatment.

Abstract: An electrode is formed using a sanding mechanism to condition the surface of the electrode for electrochemical purposes. Hazardous particles emitted during sanding are captured using jetted liquid, and may be recycled for later use. The sanded surface provides increased electrode lifespan and lead oxide adherence.

Abstract: An exposed surface on a steel component is prepared for an application of a nickel high speed solution. The nickel high speed solution is applied to the exposed surface to create an intermediate surface on the component. The intermediate surface is prepared for an application of a nickel sulfamate solution. The nickel sulfamate solution is applied to the intermediate surface to create a duplex brush plating.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for the cathodic electrocoating of a tin-coated steel sheet in a treatment solution that does not contain any Cr compound, F or nitrite nitrogen. In the method, a tin oxide layer that is not subjected to a cathodic electrocoating treatment yet and is arranged on a tin-coated steel sheet is thinned to a specified thickness or less by a cathodic electrocoating treatment in an aqueous solution containing sodium carbonate or sodium hydrogen carbonate or a aqueous sulfuric acid solution immersion treatment, and the tin oxide layer is subjected to a cathodic electrocoating treatment in an aqueous solution of an alkaline metal sulfate containing a zirconium compound having a specified composition. In this manner, a coating film is formed on the tin oxide layer at a specific adhered amount in terms of Zr content.

Abstract: The method of surface treatment, as applied onto a metal base material, of the present invention includes a reduction treatment step of reduction-treating the oxide film formed on the metal base material and an oxidation treatment step of oxidation-treating the oxide film having been subjected to the reduction treatment.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for producing a corrosion-resistant article, where the article is conductive and subject to hydrogen uptake during electroplating of a coating. The method comprises electroplating a zinc/nickel coating on the article in an aqueous, basic plating solution containing zinc and nickel ions. The method uses an electrolyte in the form of a soluble hydroxide salt with the weight ratio of zinc ions to nickel ions in the solution being sufficient to provide the coating comprising from about 85% to about 95% by weight zinc, and about 5% to about 15% by weight nickel. The plating solution is substantially free of brightening agents which retard hydrogen bake-out.

Abstract: There is provided a metallic glass component with its surface layer having both durability of a film and chromatic color properties, and a method for forming the surface layer. Surface active treatment is performed wherein the surface of the metallic glass component is reacted with a mixed aqueous solution of nitric acid and hydrofluoric acid to remove an oxide film and to provide an anchor bond shape on the surface of a metallic glass component, and electroplating or electroless plating is then performed, to form a plating film on the surface of the metallic glass component. It is thereby possible to form a surface layer of a metallic glass which has both durability and a chromatic color.

Abstract: The invention refers to a composition and method of electrolytic tinning in continuous a steel strip or plate with an electrolyte composition comprising the following components (g/l): Tin (in a form of tin sulfamate) 50-90, Sulfamic acid, free 40-100, Sulfates, in a form of SO42-0-15, Nitrogen-bearing block polymer 1-6, said block polymer being a copolymer of propylene oxide and ethylene oxide with molecular weight of 3950 to 6450 and “number of ethylene oxide links-to-number of propylene oxide links” ratio of 1.4-1.2:1.0 at initial buildup of required number of links from propylene oxide followed by oxyethylation.

Abstract: Electrolysis using a suitable electrolyte provides a completely nonsludging zinc phosphate conversion coating process that produces a high quality conversion coating in a very short time. The suitable electrolyte contains at least water, dissolved nitric acid, and dissolved zinc cations and optionally also contains m chemically distinct species of cations other than zinc and n chemically distinct species of anions other than anions derivable by ionization of phosphoric and nitric acids, each of m and n independently being zero or a positive integer.

Abstract: A roll for metal rolling has a roughened surface formed by an electrolytic treatment in an electrolytic solution while using the roll as an anode. When the roll is used to emboss an aluminum plate, it is possible to obtain an aluminum plate with an uneven structure having regulated positions of levels of peaks and a larger number of the peaks. A presensitized plate formed by use of the aluminum plate as a support has excellent printing performances particularly in the number of printed sheets and sensitivity.

Abstract: A server and plural terminal devices form a network. Messages are transferred among the terminal devices via a plurality of virtual communication spaces formed on the network. The transmitted and received messages are displayed on a display device of each terminal device together with the message sender identifying information. The identifiers of members utilizing the virtual communication spaces and character-train information corresponding to the respective identifiers are stored in a display name management table. When an identifier and a message are sent from a terminal device, the server converts the identifier into a character train by means of the display name management table and sends the character train to the terminal devices.

Abstract: The present invention provides a black, chrome-free, multilayer corrosion protection finish designed to meet extended corrosion properties. This corrosion-resistant finish is engineered to meet a minimum of 500 salt spray testing hours to white corrosion, and 1500 salt spray testing hours to red corrosion when tested to ASTM B117 standards. It is also designed to comply with the European Union Directive on End of Life Vehicles. This multilayer system is designed for use on automotive body sheet steel, automotive underbody parts, automotive under-hood parts, and some automotive interior parts specifying a gloss requirement greater than 4. This chrome-free, multilayer finish is a combination of a zinc-iron electroplated substrate, a non-electrolytic phosphate crystal conversion layer using orthophosphoric acid, and a Xylan/Teflon fluorocarbon sealer coating to form a three layer total corrosion protection system.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for activation of a cathode comprising at least a cathode substrate wherein the cathode is cleaned by means of an acid, the cleaned cathode is coated with at least one electrocatalytic coating solution, drying the coated cathode until it is at least substantially dry, and thereafter contacting the cathode with a solvent redissolving precipitated electrocatalytic salts or acids formed on the cathode, originating from the electrocatalytic solution, to form dissolved electrocatalytic metal ions on the cathode surface, so that said electrocatalytic metal ions can precipitate as metals on the cathode. The invention also comprises a cathode obtainable by the method and the use of an activated cathode in an electrolytic cell for producing chlorine and alkali hydroxide.

Abstract: Medical devices that include oxidizable portions can be plated after a two step activation process that includes successive applications of two aqueous solutions of ammonium bifluoride. Once plated, such materials can be soldered using conventional solders and fluxes. Medical devices can be assembled by soldering together plated materials. Oxidizable materials can be plated with radiopaque materials to yield medical devices that are more visible to fluoroscopy.

Abstract: A method for activating the surface of a base material and an apparatus thereof, which is suited to be utilized for pretreatment in electrochemical treatment such as, for example, electroplating or the like, in which the surface of a base material such as metal can be subjected to degreasing treatment and oxide film removing treatment simultaneously, efficiently and rationally, in which productivity can be enhanced and the equipment cost can be reduced, and in which a waste solution can be rationalized so that the solution can be reutilized and the environmental pollution can be prevented.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method to manufacture steel sheets coated with Zn—Fe alloy with an excellent corrosion resistance used in producing a body frame and a chassis of an automobile under optimal coating conditions by adjusting the temperature, pH, electric current density of an electrolyte consisting of zinc sulfate hydrate, iron sulfate hydrate, ammonium sulfate and potassium chloride as well as the thickness of a coating layer.

Abstract: An electrode (1) having an active surface for contacting an electrolyte. The electrode (1) comprises first and second metallic materials (2, 3) arranged to provide a number of first metallic material to second metallic material interfaces at the active surface. The invention also relates to a method of making such an electrode (1) and to an electrolysis cell provided with such an electrode (1).

Abstract: A method is provided for enhancing the adhesion of organic polymer coatings to electrolytically passivated (CDC) tin-plated steel strip. The method includes applying a solution comprising 0.1 to 7 percent of an adhesion promoter to the electrolytically tin-plated strip during the processing of the strip on an electrolytic tin-plating line. The adhesion promoter may be at least one selected from the group consisting of: where n is within a range of from 4 to 99; (b) C16H33+N(CH3) 3 M where M is member of the halogen group; and (c) Rn—Si—(X)4−n where R is a non-hydrolyzable organic radical selected from the group consisting of glycol, epoxy, amine, diamine or mercapto groups, and mixtures thereof, containing from 3 to 10 carbon atoms; the number n is an integer from 1 to 3; and X is a hydrolyzable group selected from the group consisting of Cl—, OCH3, OCH2CH5, OOCCH3, OCH2OCH3, amine, diamine, triamine, acyloxy and alkoxysilanes, and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: A mini-floppy disk or like information storage device is comprised of a circle of data storage medium having a central metal hub. In use, the hub is contacted with and driven by a magnetized spindle. The hub comprises a ferromagnetic substrate and a metal coating. The coating has magnetization B.sub.s which is less than the magnetization of the substrate. The coating is harder than the substrate, preferably greater than 400 DPH hardness number. The coating is deposited with an amorphous microstructure while the substrate is crystalline. The coating has a nodular surface texture and surface oxide film which provides improved adhesive bond strength, where the medium is joined to the hub. The coating preferably is an electroless plating deposit, comprised of nickel or cobalt base metal, with phosphorous or boron additive; most preferably it is nickel-11% phosphorous.

Abstract: A method and a device are described for the repair and/or touch-up of small surface flaws in large press plates or endless bands of sheet metal, especially steel sheet, having a structured metal coating and a hard-chrome plating for surface-embossing plastic-coated wooden or laminated panels. Each flaw is repaired by surrounding it with a mask, pickling, and galvanically metallizing it. For a simplified and cost-favorable repair or touch-up, a galvanic solution is applied to the masked and pickled flaw for microgalvanizing damaged areas smaller than 14 mm.sup.2 by dipping the tip of an electrode into the solution. The pickled flaw can first be provided with a thin, microgalvanically applied nickel layer, and it is then copper-plated. The copper build-up is restructured by hand, if necessary, and covered with a hardened cobalt layer.

Abstract: A process for coating a metallic molding article comprising transporting said article by conveyer means continuously and serially through a degreasing stage (1), a first water rinsing stage (2), a surface conditioning stage (3), a chemical conversion treatment stage (4), a second water rinsing stage (5), and an electrodeposition coating stage (6), wherein at least one stage of said stage (1), (2), (3), (4), (5) comprises in dipping said article in a treating bath of dipping system, at least one unit of said treating bath is provided with a vibratory agitation means, and the angles of immersion and emergence of said article with respect to said bath are not less than 25 degrees. The invention contributes to a curtailment of pre-treatment before coating and an effective elimination of adherent metal particles from the matallic article to provide a very satisfactory coating film.

Abstract: Novel metallic bodies are provided which present an essentially oxide-free surface protected by phosphate groups which directly and chemically bond to surface metal atoms. Metal surfaces such as Al or Fe can be protected by deposition of a phosphate film directly onto etched metal surfaces without intermediate naturally occurring oxides between the metal ions and protective phosphate groups. Preferably, metallic surfaces to be protected are first etched to remove oxides and other contaminants, followed by electrochemical treatment with a phosphate electrolyte to generate a protective film having a thickness of from about 20-100 .ANG. which is stable in ambient air.

Abstract: Metal hydrides are activated by an electrochemical procedure. In this procedure, a bulk sample of the corresponding metal is immersed in an aqueous electrolyte and contacted by a cathode. Current passed through the aqueous electrolyte causes electrolysis of the water and a concomitant reaction with the formation of metal hydride. As a result, the metal hydride is fractured and smaller particles result. Additionally, the resulting metal hydride has a substantial amount of absorbed hydrogen. A novel plating method, taking advantage of the reducing power of hydrogen absorbed in a metal hydride, is useful to encapsulate such metal hydride with a variety of metals. Therefore, such hydrides are uniformly coated by using plating solutions without the standard reducing agent and stabilizer.

Abstract: A method of making, for cathode ray tubes and the like, an inner shield material that has superior magnetic characteristics and rust resistance. The method does not require conventional blackening processes. Sheet steel or strip is nickel-plated with a nickel-iron diffusion layer and then annealed. The annealing improves the magnetic characteristics. The sheet is cold-rolled prior to annealing to provide a roughened surface, which decreases the chances of sticking during the annealing process. In one embodiment the sheet is pickled, cold-rolled, annealed, cold rolled again, nickel plated, and then annealed again. Annealing between the first and second cold-rolling operations improves the magnetic characteristics.

Abstract: An optical scanning apparatus is disclosed which comprises: a polygonal mirror for receiving a laser beam modulated by an image signal and for repetitively deflecting the laser beam by every line of the image signal; a single lens having spherical surfaces for receiving the deflected laser beam by the polygonal mirror; a planoconvex cylindrical lens having a refractive power only in a deflection direction of the laser beam with a convex surface of the planoconvex cylindrical lens being directed toward a plane to be scanned for receiving the laser beam which has passed through the single lens; and a concave cylindrical mirror having a refractive power only in a direction perpendicular to the deflection direction of the laser beam for reflecting the laser beam, which has passed through the planoconvex cylindrical lens, toward the plane to be scanned for forming an image. The second spherical surface of the single lens may be made aspheric. The single lens may be made of plastic.

Abstract: A method of producing a weapon barrel (1) having a wear-resistant inner coating (10) applied by an electrolytic method. To enable the application of a relatively thick protective layer to the inner wall or surface of a large-caliber weapon barrel (1), in particular, in the regions of thermally high stress and in a simple manner, a weapon barrel (1) prefabricated true to caliber is provided, a recess (7) is formed in the region of the chamber (2) and of the adjoining caliber region (3) to be coated with the protective layer (10) by electrochemical stripping (electrolytic polishing), and the recess (7) is subsequently refilled electrolytically with the protective layer (10). The same center electrode (4, 12) preferably is used for the electrolytic polishing process and for the electrolytic process for applying (plating) the protective coating or layer (10).

Abstract: A blackened steel strip having improved blackness is produced in an efficient manner by anodizing a zinc alloy-plated steel strip in a solution containing 5 to 100 g/l of ClO.sub.3.sup.- and 10 to 300 g/l of SO.sub.4.sup.2- at pH 0.5 to 2.5 at a temperature of 30.degree. to 75.degree. C. and with a quantity of electricity of 10 to 300 C/dm.sup.2, and forming an acrylic resin chromate layer on the anodized steel strip to a thickness of 0.3 to 2.5 .mu.m. The solution may contain 5 to 100 g/l in total of at least one co-additive selected from Cl.sup.-, NO.sub.3.sup.-, H.sub.2 O.sub.2, Ni.sup.2+, Co.sup.2+, Fe.sup.2+, and Mn.sup.2+. The acrylic resin chromate layer contains 2 to 10 parts by weight of in the form of a chromate Cr per 100 parts by weight of acrylic resin.

Abstract: A surface treatment for a R-TM-X type of permanent magnet comprising the steps: Etching the magnet with nitric acid having a concentration of 0.2 to 10 vol %, then etching the magnet with a mixture of oxygenated water having a hydrogen peroxide concentration of 0.2 to 10 vol % and acetic acid having a concentration of 10-30 vol %, and next plating the magnet with a copper plating initially followed by a nickel plating. R represents an element or a mixture of rare earth elements, TM is mainly composed of iron and transition elements other than iron and X represents one or more of a mixture of elements to enhance the coercivity of the magnet. This improvement of the magnet material itself improves the corrosion resistance of the protective film on the magnet surface.

Abstract: A magnetically anisotropic magnet substrate is coated with a triple layer of nickel plating preferably followed by a chromate layer. The layer of nickel plating includes an inner layer of a non-bright nickel plating, followed by an intermediate nickel-strike layer, followed by an outer layer of a semi-bright nickel plating. The inner layer contains much less sulfur than the other two layers, whereby the resulting difference in electromotive force provides a localized battery that permits the outer layers to be sacrificed without permitting the inner layer to be destroyed. One embodiment adds a copper under-layer below the nickel plating.

Abstract: A process for applying copper to a substrate of aluminum or steel by electrodeposition and for preparing an aluminum or steel substrate for electrodeposition of copper. Practice of the invention provides good adhesion of the copper layer to the substrate.

Abstract: Steel plate for automobile bodies and a method for manufacturing the steel plate are disclosed, the steel plate containing 0.02.about.0.03% of P as an alloying element with a total amount of Cu, Ni, Cr, and Mo being more than 0. 01% but less than 0.08 weight % and being electroplated with a Zn alloy.

Abstract: Steel plate for automobile bodies and a method for manufacturing the steel plate are disclosed, the steel plate containing 0.02.about.0.03% of P as an alloying element with a total amount of Cu, Ni, Cr, and Mo being more than 0.01% but less than 0.08 weight % and being electroplated with a Zn alloy.

Abstract: This invention overcomes problems such as pinholes and blisters in making plated coin blanks and similar articles. A ferrous metal blank is electroplated with a strike of nickel, following which a coating of copper is applied at an initial low current density followed by full current density to minimize bridging. The low current density may be about 1/6 to 1/4 of the full current density. Preferably an outer layer of nickel is applied, also at an initial low current density, followed by full current density. Annealing before or after application of the final layer of nickel is advisable. This invention also relates to the resulting coin blank and coins.

Abstract: A method of applying a metallic coating to metallic sealing and/or threaded regions of steel pipes which are under high pressure per unit of surface by a pretreatment of the surface to be coated which consists of a cleaning and degreasing and an electrolytic deposition of a layer of tin by a first heat treatment at a temperature between about 150.degree. and about 200.degree. C. and a second brief heat treatment above the melting point of tin with subsequent cooling is provided. A metallic coating which is formed using said method is also provided.

Abstract: In a method for manufacturing a one-sided electroplated steel sheet by electroplating of a steel sheet in an acidic bath, an adsorption film-forming organic inhibitor is added to either (a) the electroplating solution or (b) a pickling solution used prior to electroplating and/or rinse water used for rinsing the pickled sheet in a concentration of at least 1 ppm, or it is added to (c) both the plating solution and the pickling solution and/or rinse water in a concentration of at least 0.1 ppm. The steel sheet is then passed through the inhibitor-containing solution, thereby providing a one-sided electroplated steel sheet having improved appearance and adaptability to phosphating on the unplated side.