Abstract: The disclosure relates generally to improved methods for the reduction of carbon dioxide. The disclosure relates more specifically to catalytic methods for electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide that can be operated at commercially viable voltages and at low overpotentials. The disclosure uses a transition metal dichalcogenide and helper catalyst in contact within the cell.

Abstract: A NaSICON cell is used to convert carbon dioxide into a usable, valuable product. In general, this reaction occurs at the cathode where electrons are used to reduce the carbon dioxide, in the presence of water and/or hydrogen gas, to form formate, methane, ethylene, other hydrocarbons and/or other chemicals. The particular chemical that is formed depends upon the reaction conditions, the voltage applied, etc.

Abstract: ?-Hydroxycarboxylic esters and ?-lactones which are suitable as flavors can be prepared by electrochemical reductive cross-coupling of ?,?-unsaturated esters with carbonyl compounds in an undivided electrolysis cell having a cathode composed of lead, lead alloys, cadmium, cadmium alloys, mercury, steel, glassy carbon or boron-doped diamonds and a basic aqueous electrolyte comprising an electrolyte salt which suppresses the cathodic formation of hydrogen.

Abstract: This invention refers to a process of anodic substitution comprising the electrolyzing the liquid reaction medium in an electrochemical cell comprising a cathode and an anode, whereas the liquid reaction medium comprises an organic compound with at least one carbon bound hydrogen atom, a nucleophilic agent, and an ionic liquid in a proportion of at least 10% by weight, and whereas the said hydrogen atoms are replaced at least partially with the nucleophilic group of said nucleophilic agent. Preferably, a gas diffusion layer electrode is used as anode.

Abstract: A method reducing carbon dioxide to one or more organic products may include steps (A) to (C). Step (A) may introduce an anolyte to a first compartment of an electrochemical cell, said first compartment including an anode. Step (B) may introduce a catholyte and carbon dioxide to a second compartment of said electrochemical cell. The second compartment may include a tin cathode and a catalyst. The catalyst may include at least one of pyridine, 2-picoline or 2,6-lutidine. Step (C) may apply an electrical potential between said anode and said cathode sufficient for said cathode to reduce said carbon dioxide to at least one of formate or formic acid.

Abstract: ?-Hydroxycarboxylic esters and ?-lactones which are suitable as flavors can be prepared by electrochemical reductive cross-coupling of ?,?-unsaturated esters with carbonyl compounds in an undivided electrolysis cell having a cathode composed of lead, lead alloys, cadmium, cadmium alloys, mercury, steel, glassy carbon or boron-doped diamonds and a basic aqueous electrolyte comprising an electrolyte salt which suppresses the cathodic formation of hydrogen.

Abstract: A method for producing vegetable oil fuel with low viscosity, including a transesterification step P1 with respect to vegetable oil with triglyceride structure having unsaturated fatty acid, an ozone treatment step P2 with respect to unsaturated fatty acid methyl ester generated in the transesterification step P1, and a reduction step P3 with respect to the ozonide generated in the ozone treatment step P2.

Abstract: A method of electrochemically hydrogenating an oil, the method comprising reacting unsaturated fatty acids in the oil with hydrogen in the presence of a formate electrocatalyst.

Abstract: Disclosed is a fuel cell type reactor for performing an oxidation reaction of a system comprising a substrate, a reductant and an oxidant, comprising: a casing; an anode which comprises an anode active material and which is ion-conductive or active species-conductive; and a cathode which comprises a cathode active material and which is ion-conductive or active species-conductive, wherein the anode and the cathode are disposed in spaced relationship in the casing to partition the inside of the casing into an intermediate compartment between the anode and the cathode, an anode compartment on the outside of the anode and a cathode compartment on the outside of the cathode, and wherein the intermediate compartment has an inlet for an electrolyte solution and a substrate, the anode compartment has an inlet for a reductant, and the cathode compartment has an inlet for an oxidant.

Abstract: One embodiment of the present invention provides a process, which includes: electrochemically oxidizing at least one organic compound by bringing the organic compound into contact with an anode, wherein the anode includes: an electrically conductive support; and an electrically conductive, anodically polarized layer on the support; wherein the anodically polarized layer is formed in situ upon the support by precoating; and wherein the organic compound is not phosphonomethyliminodiacetic acid. Another embodiment of the present invention provides a product, produced by the above process.

Abstract: A method for carboxylating terminal alkynes that have at least one additional aliphatic carbon atom in an &agr; position and that do not have a proton which has a higher acidity than that of the proton of the terminal triple bond. In an undivided electrolysis cell equipped with a cathode and an anode, a solution of the terminal alkyne in an aprotic solvent is acted upon by carbon dioxide at a pressure higher than atmospheric pressure. The invention provides a method in which carbon dioxide is selectively inserted between the terminal C—H bond, without disturbing the triple bond, and can be carried out without a catalyst or catalyst precursor.

Abstract: A process for preparing phthalides by I. reducing phthalic acid or phthalic acid derivatives, where the carboxyl groups may be replaced by units which can be derived from the carboxyl groups by a condensation reaction and where one or more of the hydrogens of the o-phenylene unit may be substituted by inert radicals, at a cathode in a undivided electrolytic cell and dissolved in an electrolyte, II. discharging the electrolyte from the electrolytic cell when the reaction has proceeded to the stage where the molar ratio (M), formed by the proportion of phthalide and the sum of the proportions of phthalide and phthalic acid of phthalic acid derivatives in the electrolyte, is from 0.8:1 to 0.995:1, and III. crystallizing the phthalides from the electrolyte and removing them from the mother liquor, if appropriate after distillative work-up of the electrolyte is described.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of chiral 2-aryl or 2-heterocyclyl-propionic acids of the formula wherein the substituents are as defined in the specification.

Abstract: One embodiment of the present invention provides a process, which includes:

Abstract: The invention relates to 2-alkylmercapto-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic esters of the formula (II), in which R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are, independently of each other, (C.sub.1 -C.sub.6) alkyl, and a process for their preparation, which comprises reacting 3,4-dichlorobenzotrifluoride electrochemically at an anode with CO.sub.2 to give 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-benzoate, converting it into the corresponding benzoic ester of the formula (I), and then reacting it with an alkylmercaptide R.sup.2 S.sup.e.

Abstract: A process is described for preparing 3-exomethylene cephalosporanic acid derivatives for use in the synthesis of cephalosporin antibiotics such as ceftibuten. The process comprises electrochemical reduction of a compound of the formula (IV) ##STR1## wherein: R.sup.3 is CH.sub.3 C(O)--; ##STR2## is an optional sulfoxide group; n is 2 or 3; R.sup.1 is H and R is H or NHR.sup.2, where R.sup.2 is H or a protecting group selected from C.sub.6 H.sub.5 CH.sub.2 OC(O)--, C.sub.6 H.sub.5 C(O)-- or C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkoxy-C(O)--; or wherein R and R.sup.1 together with the carbon atom to which they are attached comprise --C(O)--, and produces the desired 3-exomethylene compounds with low levels of the corresponding 3-methyl tautomers.

Abstract: The invention relates to a new process for the preparation of substituted diaminodicarboxylic acid derivatives of the formula ##STR1## in a high yield by a modified Kolbe synthesis.