Abstract: An oxygen emitter which is an electrolytic cell is disclosed. When the anode and cathode are separated by a critical distance, very small microbubbles and nanobubbles of oxygen are generated. The hydrogen forms bubbles at the cathode, which bubbles rise to the surface. The very small oxygen bubbles remain in suspension, forming a solution supersaturated in oxygen. The electrodes may be a metal or oxide of at least one metal selected from the group consisting of ruthenium, iridium, nickel, iron, rhodium, rhenium, cobalt, tungsten, manganese, tantalum, molybdenum, lead, titanium, platinum, palladium and osmium or oxides thereof. The electrodes may be formed into open grids or may be closed surfaces. The most preferred cathode is a stainless steel mesh. The most preferred mesh is a {fraction (1/16)} inch grid. The most preferred anode is platinum and iridium oxide on a support. A preferred support is titanium. Models suitable for different uses are disclosed.

Abstract: An apparatus for continuously electrolyzing waste liquid has a series (10) of tanks comprising a plurality of electrolytic tanks each having an anode (22) and a cathode (23), the electrolytic tanks being connected in series, vibrating flow generating means (16) which is equipped to each of the electrolytic tanks and generates vibrating flow in waste liquid (14) to be treated, and a power supply circuit (34) for applying a voltage between the anode (22) and the cathode (23). The vibrating flow generating means (16) has a vibration motor (16d), vibration transmitting rods (16e) which are operationally connected to the vibration motor (16d) so as to vibrate in the waste liquid (14) to be treated; and vibrating vanes (16f) fixed to the vibration transmitting rods (16e). The distance between the anode (22) and the cathode (23) is equal to 5 to 50 mm.

Abstract: A stream of process liquid is treated while flowing through in a horizontally elongated chamber having an open top. Longitudinally elongated electrode blades are aligned with the longitudinal dimension of the chamber. An overhead disbursement chamber supplies a sweeping air stream over the open top of the chamber for removing foam and gas reaction by-products. The electrode blades are separated and held at a desired spacing by small portable guides located below and above the blades.

Abstract: A high volume electrolytic water treatment system and process for treating wastewater. The system and process is designed to treat waste streams that are both complex and with variable contaminate compositions. The system includes pumping influent water to a headworks screen for removing solids in the water. The screened water is then discharged into primary and secondary surge tanks. The tanks include electrocoagulation electrodes. The electrodes, using alternating current, destabilize materials such as fats, oils, greases and surfactants. The pretreated influent water is then pumped to one or more elongated flow-through modules. The flow-through modules also include electrocoagulation electrodes for further treating of the influent water. From the flow-through modules, the treated water is sent to a foam removal apparatus and then to a clarifier. Clear water from the clarifier then flows into an effluent weir and discharged from the system thereby completing the water treatment process.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for converting chemical structures, that is to say a process for the conducting of chemical reactions in a fluid under pressure and at temperature in a supercritical fluid in particular, containing a solvent and at least one electrolyte such as a salt, in which reactive species are generated in situ by electrolysis. According to the invention, the fluid flows upwards in a reservoir reactor crossing through a first lower electrolysis zone with high salt solubility and a second upper zone in which the salts precipitate, then the fluid free of salt is evacuated at the upper part of said reservoir reactor and directed into a second tubular reactor to reach the desired stage of advancement of the conversion.

Abstract: A conditioning system for reducing an oxygen content of water carried in a subsystem of an industrial plant includes an electrolysis unit having a hydrogen side, an anode, and a cathode. The anode and cathode are connected to the subsystem to decompose water into hydrogen and oxygen. A hydrogen/oxygen recombination catalyst is connected to the subsystem. The hydrogen/oxygen recombination catalyst follows the anode and cathode on the hydrogen side. A method for lag reducing an oxygen content of water carried in a subsystem of an industrial plant, includes the steps of electrolytically decomposing water from a subsystem of an industrial plant into hydrogen and oxygen, and using the hydrogen generated at the same time for recombining the oxygen contained in the water.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for increasing the oxygen content of water have been shown and described. A volume of water is passed between the electrodes of an electrolytic cell, a portion of the volume of water converting to dissolved oxygen. A desired level of dissolved oxygen is selected, and the number of times the volume of water must flow through the electrolytic cell to ensure that the volume of water contains the selected percentage of dissolved oxygen is also selected. The volume of water is then forced through the cell the selected number of times, such that the volume of water contains the desired percentage of dissolved oxygen. The electrolytic cell is in fluid communication with a tank and a pump, the pump drawing the volume of water from the tank and forcing it through the electrolytic cell and back into the tank. The volume of water is thereby recirculated through the electrolytic cell by the pump for the selected number of times.

Abstract: The invention relates to an apparatus for purifying fluids comprising at least one electrochemical cell having a cathode (3), an anode (5) and an electrolyte (7),

Abstract: A method for separating contaminants from a aqueous source containing contaminants. In one embodiment, the method involves the use of a high powdered oxidant dissolved within the aqueous system. The gas is dissolved within a reservoir in the aqueous solution and the pressure within the reservoir is controllable. This allows maximum contact of the oxidizing dissolved gas with the contaminant material. Once oxidized, the outlet of the reservoir is adapted to permit hydraulic cavitation. The net effect of the cavitation is to induce a foam formation which foam transports a floc into a separate phase from the aqueous solution. In this manner, the process is effectively a dissolved oxidizing gas mass transfer process. In another embodiment, the process may be augmented by electrocoagulation. This involves the use of an electric cell which is disposed within the reservoir containing the oxidant material.

Abstract: A system and process for removing contaminants from water and wastewater, where the water or wastewater is transformed into purified water that can be discharged to the environment. Wastewater is transported through several stations for purification, including an electrochemical cell. The purification process begins by sending the wastewater to a classifier through an in-line basket strainer. The wastewater stream in the classifier is drawn through a solid-liquid hydrocyclone, which returns the solids to the classifier and sends the remaining liquid to feed tanks. Contaminants that float are removed from the wastewater by skimming from the surface of the feed tank. The wastewater underflow from the feed tanks is pumped directly to the electrochemical cell where it enters into the bottom of the cell, and exits from the top of the cell. The discharge, including coagulated solids, hydrogen gas, and oxygen gas, is mixed with a polymer as well as compressed air just prior to entering a static in-line mixer.

Abstract: An apparatus for decontamination contaminated groundwater in-situ by increasing the quantity of dissolved oxygen in the contaminated groundwater and generating reactive initiators to remediate the contaminated groundwater. The apparatus includes a submersible pump, an electrolytic cell, and a distribution chamber attached to an outlet of the cell. The distribution chamber is vertically oriented and longitudinally-extending from the outlet of the cell. As the groundwater flows across charging plates of the cell, some of the molecules break into their component parts of hydrogen gas and oxygen gas. A selected vertical length of the chamber provides a resident time for the fluid allowing a majority of the gaseous oxygen to transition to dissolved oxygen.

Abstract: Efficient and cost-effective electrochemical devices and processes for the remediation of aqueous waste streams. The invention provides electrolytic cells having a high surface area spouted electrode for removal of heavy metals and oxidation of organics from aqueous environments. Heavy metal ions are reduced, deposited on cathode particles of a spouted bed cathode and removed from solution. Organics are efficiently oxidized at anode particles of a spouted bed anode and removed from solution. The method of this inventions employs an electrochemical cell having an anolyte compartment and a catholyte compartment, separated by a microporous membrane, in and through which compartments anolyte and catholyte, respectively, are circulated. A spouted-bed electrode is employed as the cathode for metal deposition from contaminated aqueous media introduced as catholyte and as the anode for oxidation of organics from contaminated aqueous media introduced as anolyte.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for increasing the oxygen content of water have been shown and described. A volume of water is passed between the electrodes of an electrolytic cell, a portion of the volume of water converting to dissolved oxygen. A desired level of dissolved oxygen is selected, and the number of times the volume of water must flow through the electrolytic cell to ensure that the volume of water contains the selected percentage of dissolved oxygen is also selected. The volume of water is then forced through the cell the selected number of times, such that the volume of water contains the desired percentage of dissolved oxygen. The electrolytic cell is in fluid communication with a tank and a pump, the pump drawing the volume of water from the tank and forcing it through the electrolytic cell and back into the tank. The volume of water is thereby recirculated through the electrolytic cell by the pump for the selected number of times.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for treating highly concentrated wastewater by electrolysis and oxidization, said method being characterized in that the electrolysis and oxidization are carried out in a fluidized bed of a suitable particulate carrier. The electrolytic reduction efficiency of ferric ions is improved by the fluidized particulate carrier, and thus a high proportion of iron(III) to iron(II) can be sustained in the system. This invention allows extensive purification of wastewater with improved efficiency.

Abstract: The invention relates to purification of waste waters and may be used for water purification from heavy non-ferrous metals, chrome and organic impurities, as well as for separation of impurities from solution. The method is performed by electric coagulation with 3-phase alternating current having a current density of at least 3.0 A/dm2 using a coagulator that is provided with at least one mobile electrode disposed between at least two immobile electrodes.

Abstract: A process has been invented for the purpose of decontaminating aqueous media derived from industrial wastestreams, sanitary wastestreams and natural sources. The aqueous media may contain solids in the form of sediment, soil or sludge. Contaminants include organic materials such as phenols, nitro containing compounds, PCBs, VOCs, PAHs, dyes; inorganic materials, including radionuclides, organometallic materials and microorganisms. Purification of the contaminated media is obtained by using an Electrochemical Peroxidation process (ECP), by which heated hydrogen peroxide is added to an electrolytic cell having oscillating current passing through large surface area sacrificial iron containing electrodes.

Abstract: Applying electrical energy to a microorganism through a liquid, gas or solid having electrical energy causes an increase in an electric charge in excess of the limit of intracellular and extracellular electrostatic capacity possessed by the microorganism, which results in an irreversible change in the microorganism cells and/or explosively destroys the border membrane of the microorganism cells.

Abstract: A method and a device for electrochemically treating water to reduce its degree of hardness, wherein the water to be treated is electrolyzed between an anode (5) and a cathode (7, 7') connected to the positive (B) and negative (A) terminals respectively of a current generator (1), each consisting of at least one electrode. A thin porous coating at least partially consisting of calcium carbonate is formed at the cathode (7) and a gas flow is generated through the pores of the cathode (7) as the water is electrolyzed so that the crystals at least partially made up of calcium carbonate and formed on the coating during electrolysis are detached therefrom by the gas flow.

Abstract: The present invention provides an apparatus and a method for producing ionic water which are capable of producing ionic water containing a low concentration of electrolyte with high reproducibility. The present invention also provides an apparatus and a method for producing electrolytic ionic water capable of producing electrolytic ionic water having stable characteristics. The ionic water producing apparatus has at least a gas-liquid mixing device for mixing raw water and a gas, and an ultrasonic exciting device for applying ultrasonic waves to the gas-liquid mixture obtained by the gas-liquid mixing device to generate ions.

Abstract: Apparatus and processes for non-chemical disinfection of a wide variety of biologically contaminated water streams include a canister with flow control means built therein such that a small portion of a water stream is exposed to disinfecting salts and returned to the principal stream to be treated. An ionized oxidizing gas plasma is also added, together with streams of metallic ions. Improved compositions of sacrificial electrodes for providing disinfectant metallic ions to a flow stream are also disclosed. The invention is described in connection with disinfecting recirculated water as used in cooling tower recirculated water air conditioning plants, commercial laundries, and aircraft head flush water, among other industrial water reclamation uses.

Abstract: A two stages electrocatalytic method for oxidative-purification of wastewater from soluble substances, such as toxic chemical admixtures difficult of oxidation, including dye-stuffs, detergents, phenols, cyanides and the like, which stages inactivate the soluble substances present in the wastewater in a synergistic fashion and, therefore, are highly efficient, the method comprising the steps of (a) in a first stage, electrochemically treating the wastewater in the presence of chlorine ions, such that chlorine-containing oxidizing agents are formed and at least partially oxidize the soluble substances in the wastewater; and (b) in a second stage, catalytically treating the first stage treated wastewater in presence of a non-chlorine oxidizing agent and an added catalyst, such that remainings of the soluble substances are further oxidized, and such that the chlorine-containing oxidizing agents formed during the first stage are catalytically reduced; wherein, the first stage and the second stage act synergistica

Abstract: A surfactant is added to anodic or cathodic water obtained by electrolyzing deionized water or high-purity water. Then, an object of treatment is treated with the anodic or cathodic water containing the surfactant. The object of treatment may be treated, in this way, while irradiating it with an ultrasonic wave having a frequency between 30 kHz and 3 MHz. Furthermore, the anodic or cathodic water is continuously jetted or dropped onto the object of treatment from a nozzle, while irradiating an ultrasonic wave at least at a part in the feed pipe of the anodic or cathodic water.

Abstract: Ionizable or polarizable, carrier-free radionuclides may be separated by electrofixation, from a low electric conductivity liquid target material in a flow cell fitted with a permanent electrode arrangement. The target liquid is separated while the fixing voltage is maintained; then the fixed radionuclide is removed again from the electrode, if required by heating, after switching off or reversing the poles of the field, after an optional intermediate rinsing.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for treatment of contaminated water, containing undesired solid, liquid, and/or gaseous materials includes an electro-floculation means for disassociating ions from the undesired solid material and from the contaminated water, and further includes a separation tower having various deflection means deflecting undesired solid materials downwardly through to the separation tower.

Abstract: The invention is a method and apparatus using high cerium concentration in the anolyte of an electrochemical cell to oxidize organic materials. The method and apparatus further use an ultrasonic mixer to enhance the oxidation rate of the organic material in the electrochemical cell.

Abstract: Electrolysis of water is effected while the water flow is pulsed utilizing pulse direct current in an electrolyzer having a medium flow between pairs of electrodes and a meandering flow from electrode pair to electrode pair, treating waste water and producing a flocculate which is removed in a stilling or settling tank cascade.