Abstract: A liquid electrolyte composition obtainable by combining a first component comprising bistrifluoromethanesulfonimide and/or an analogue thereof with a second component comprising a dialkyl sulfone, diaryl sulfone, alkyl aryl sulfone, alkyl acyl sulfone, boric acid, alkyl boronic acid, aryl boronic acid, dialkyl phosphite, trialkyl phosphite, dialkyl phosphate, trialkyl phosphate, alkylene carbonate, alkanoic lactone, preferably alkanoic ?-lactone an analogue of any of these, or mixtures thereof, wherein any of the alkyl, aryl of alkenyl groups may be substituted or unsubstituted. The liquid electrolyte is used in an electrochemical gas sensor.

Abstract: A ceramic gas sensor for measuring a gas component in a gas mixture, which includes a sensor element, which has at least one first electrode exposed to the gas mixture to be determined, and at least one further electrode. Only one shared electrical contacting is provided for the first electrode and for the additional electrode, an electrical resistor, which is situated inside the gas sensor, being preconnected to the first electrode and/or the additional electrode.

Abstract: This invention relates generally to gas sensors comprising organized assemblies of carbon and non-carbon compounds. The invention also relates to devices containing such gas sensors and analysis units. In preferred embodiments, the organized assemblies of the instant invention take the form of nanorods or their aggregate forms. More preferably, a nanorod is made up of a carbon nanotube filled, coated, or both filled and coated by a non-carbon material.

Abstract: In a procedure to recognize the gas composition of a gas mixture, which consists of at least two gases of preferably different diffusion properties, delivered to a wideband lambda sensor, especially a gas mixture of an exhaust gas of an internal combustion engine of a motor vehicle, whereby the lambda sensor has a pumping cell with at least one gas measurement chamber, provision is made for the recognition of the gas composition of the gas mixture to result by means of modulation of the gas in the gas measurement chamber. Preferably the air number in the gas measurement chamber of the pumping cell is periodically altered, whereby the sensitivity of the lambda sensor to the gases, of which there are at least two, likewise periodically changes.

Abstract: An electrochemical sensor and method of detecting gaseous analytes are provided, which involve the use of a working electrode comprising edge plane pyrolytic graphite.

Abstract: An electrochemical sensor (40) is provided, the sensor comprising a working electrode (44); a counter electrode (46); and an ionic liquid medium extending between the working electrode and the counter electrode, the ionic liquid medium comprising an ionic liquid retained in a support material. The ionic liquid may comprise a cation selected from 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium ([CnMIM]), N-alkylpyridinium, tetraalkylammonium or tetraalkylphosphonium cations and an anion selected from hexafluorophosphate [PF6]; tetrafluoroborate [BF4]; trifluoromethylsulfonate [CF3SO3]; bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]amide [(CF3SO2)2N]; trifluoroethanoate [CF3CO2]; acetate [CH3CO2]; nitrate, and halides, including fluoride [F] 1 chloride [Cl], and bromide [Br]. The sensor is particularly useful in the detection of gaseous components in the exhaled breath of a subject and for use in monitoring the lung function of the subject, for example to identify the onset of asthma and/or COPD.

Abstract: A method and system for electrochemical detection of an analyte in a vapor or gas sample is provided. The method and system include exposing a vapor or gas sample to an electrochemical sensor comprising one or more electrodes and a coating that surrounds the one or more electrodes, which coating is capable of partitioning the analyte directly from the vapor or gas sample. The method and system include detecting an oxidation/reduction current during the exposing, wherein the detected current relates to a concentration of analyte in the vapor or gas sample.

Abstract: An electrochemical gas sensor is provided with a carbon-based measuring electrode (3) that it can be used for a large number of electrochemical detection reactions and can be manufactured at a low cost. The measuring electrode (3) contains carbon nanotubes.

Abstract: The invention disclosed is a total organic carbon (TOC) analyzer comprised of an electrochemical cell comprising a diamond-film electrode doped with boron or other conductivity inducing material. The diamond-film electrode is the working electrode and carries out the oxidation of TOC to produce carbon dioxide. The apparatus further comprises sensors for detecting the carbon dioxide produced. Such sensors include but are not limited to a tunable diode laser and/or ion-selective electrode. The invention also discloses a method for measuring TOC in an aqueous solution using a total organic carbon analyzer.

Abstract: A flue gas analyser for measuring the concentration of oxygen in flue gas, comprising an electrochemical oxygen sensor and water vapour removing means for reducing the relative humidity of received gas and/or nitrogen-containing-gas removing means for removing from received gas one or more gaseous species comprising nitrogen and oxygen which are either nitrogen dioxide, or formed from nitrogen dioxide in the presence of sufficient water vapour, which would otherwise lead to damage of the electrochemical oxygen sensor,

Abstract: The invention disclosed is a total organic carbon (TOC) analyzer comprised of an electrochemical cell comprising a diamond-film electrode (2) doped with boron or other conductivity including material. The diamond-film electrode is the working electrode and carries out the oxidation of TOC to produce carbon dioxide. The apparatus further comprises sensors for detecting the carbon dioxide produced. Such sensors include but are not limited to a tunable diode laser (1) and/or ion-selective electrode (5). The invention also discloses a method for measuring TOC in an aqueous solution using a total organic carbon analyzer.

Abstract: A method for the determination of the carbon dioxide content of an exhaled gas stream is provided, the method comprising measuring the water vapour content of the exhaled gas stream, and determining the concentration of carbon dioxide in the exhaled gas stream from the measured water vapour content. A particular method comprises causing the gas stream to impinge on a sensing element comprising a working electrode and a counter electrode; applying an electric potential across the working electrode and counter electrode; measuring the current flowing between the working electrode and counter electrode as a result of the applied potential; and determining from the measured current flow an indication of the concentration of the water vapour in the gas stream. A sensor is also described.

Abstract: Presented is a gas sensor and method for detecting the quantity of a measurement gas contained in a gas mixture. The sensor includes a prechamber, a first pump device disposed in the prechamber configured to set the partial pressure of a free gas component of a detection gas to a predetermined value, and a measuring chamber separated from the prechamber by a diffusion barrier. The measuring chamber includes a detection device configured to determine the concentration of the detection gas. The sensor further includes an inlet chamber separated from the prechamber by a diffusion barrier, a second pump device disposed in the inlet chamber configured to set the partial pressure of the free gas component of the detection gas to a predetermined value, and a third pump device disposed in the measuring chamber and configured to set the partial pressure of the free gas component to a predetermined value.

Abstract: An electrochemical sensor system for monitoring emissions includes locating first and second electrodes in a position to sense the emissions. At least one of the first and second electrodes is made of a dense electrode material. An ion-conductor material that acts as an electrolyte is operatively connected to the first and second electrodes. The first electrode is excited at a frequency f1, A response is received from the first electrode at frequency f1. A second signal is received base on the emissions and a response is produced indicating the emissions.

Abstract: A method of sensor conditioning is proposed for improving signal output stability and differentiation between responses to different gases such as exhaust from combustion processes. DC (or saw tooth) voltage pulses of opposite polarity and equivalent amplitude are applied between sensor electrodes. Pulses are separated by pauses, when charging power supply is disconnected from the sensor and sensor discharge is recorded. Useful information regarding concentration of analyzed gases can be extracted from two measurement methods: 1. Measuring open circuit voltage decay during the pause immediately following voltage pulse. 2. Measuring the discharge current during pauses following voltage (or current) pulses.

Abstract: A fuel gas analyzer for measuring the concentration of oxygen in fuel gas, comprising an electrochemical oxygen sensor and water vapor removing means for reducing the relative humidity of received gas and/or nitrogen-containing-gas removing means for removing from received gas one or more gaseous species comprising nitrogen and oxygen which are either nitrogen dioxide, or formed from nitrogen dioxide in the presence of sufficient water vapor, which would otherwise lead to damage of the electrochemical oxygen sensor,

Abstract: The present invention is directed to systems and methods for detecting biological and chemical species in liquid and gaseous phase. The systems and methods utilize carbon nanotubes to enhance sensitivity and selectivity towards the reacting species by decreasing interference and detecting a wide range of concentrations.

Abstract: An easily calibrated analytical instrument for sensing a target analyte. The instrument includes an electrochemical sensor and a switch. The electrochemical sensor includes a sensing electrode and a counter electrode. The switch is a normally open switch effective for creating a short circuit between the sensing and counter electrodes when closed. A zero calibration reading can be taken when the switch is closed.

Abstract: A gas sensor for detecting NOX is provided. The gas sensor may have a plurality of substrate members, a first sensing electrode, and a second sensing electrode. The gas sensor may also have a first heater element associated with the first sensing electrode and being located on a first side of one of the plurality of substrate members, and a second heater element associated with the second sensing electrode and being located on a second opposing side of the one of the plurality of substrate members.

Abstract: The present invention relates to systems, methods, and devices for determining the concentration of an analyte in a sample. The use of linear, cyclic, or acyclic voltammetric scans and/or semi-integral, derivative, or semi-derivative data treatment may provide for increased accuracy when determining the concentration of an analyte in a sample. Hematocrit compensation in combination with the data treatments may reduce the hematocrit effect with regard to a glucose analysis in whole blood. In another aspect, fast scan rates may reduce the hematocrit effect.

Abstract: An electrochemical sensor, especially for gases, is provided having a mediator compound based on transition metal salts of polybasic acids and/or transition metal salts of polyhydroxycarboxylic acids. The electrochemical sensor also contains a DLC, BDD or a precious metal thin-layer measuring electrode (3). The electrochemical sensor may be used for determining SO2 and H2S.

Abstract: A method for analyzing the oxygen concentration of a gas with an oxygen concentration analyzer of such a type that a probe sensor, when supplied with a gas to be analyzed, produces an electrical output which is proportional to the concentration of oxygen in the gas, comprising the steps of preparing a first gas mixture in which an oxygen-free gas and a sample gas are mixed at a certain flow ratio and a second gas mixture in which the oxygen-free gas and the sample gas are mixed at a different flow ratio than in the first gas mixture, passing the first gas mixture and the second gas mixture asynchronously into the probe sensor, and comparing the electrical outputs from the sensor for the first gas mixture and the second gas mixture, as well as the proportions of the flow of the sample gas in the first gas mixture and the second gas mixture to thereby calculate the oxygen concentration in the sample gas.

Abstract: An electronic tongue for the detection of ozone is based on voltammetry, and comprises at least one working electrode and a counter electrode, wherein the working electrode(s) is(are) made of one or more transition metals or Au, or alloys thereof, or alloys thereof with other metals. The data processing is made by multivariate analysis. The sensor can be implemented on-line or in-line in a processing plant where it is desirable to monitor and control ozone levels, e.g. sterilization and purification plants.

Abstract: A CO sensor and a CO-concentration measurement method which enables accurate measurement of CO concentration irrespective of the hydrogen concentration of a gas under measurement. By applying a first predetermined voltage between first and second electrodes 7 and 8, hydrogen contained in a gas under measurement which has been introduced into a first measurement space 2 via a first diffusion-controlling section 1 dissociates, decomposes, or reacts with another element to generate protons. The thus-generated protons are transported from the first electrode 7 to the second electrode 8 via a first proton-conductive layer 5 or protons are transported from the second electrode 8 to the first electrode 7 via the first proton-conductive layer 5 (when the hydrogen concentration of the measurement gas is extremely low), so that the hydrogen concentration within the first measurement space 2 is controlled to a constant level.

Abstract: Carbon monoxide sensors suitable for use in hydrogen feed streams and methods of use thereof are disclosed. The sensors are palladium metal/insulator/semiconductor (Pd-MIS) sensors which may possess a gate metal layer having uniform, Type 1, or non-uniform, Type 2, film morphology. Type 1 sensors display an increased sensor response in the presence of carbon monoxide while Type 2 sensors display a decreased response to carbon monoxide. The methods and sensors disclosed herein are particularly suitable for use in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs).

Abstract: An interface for coupling a fluid distribution component to a substrate, the interface including an opening therein for receiving at least a portion of the distribution component, the interface including at least one entering pathway and at least one exiting pathway engaging the opening and providing fluid communication between the fluid distribution component and the substrate. The coupling arrangements of the present invention provide a means by which distribution components, such as gas sensors, of various manufacturer designs may be interchangeable.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for determining an amount of a component in a mixture without calibration, including the steps of oxidizing a component of a mixture of gases to remove electrons from the mixture, measuring a current based upon the removed electrons, and determining an amount of molecules of the component present in the mixture based upon the measured current.

Abstract: An apparatus for detecting a failure of an exhaust gas sensor disposed in an exhaust manifold is provided. The apparatus comprises a control unit. The control unit compares detection values of the exhaust gas sensor detected under different element temperatures of the exhaust gas sensor. The control unit detects a failure of the exhaust gas sensor based on the comparison result. In one embodiment, the different states include a state in which the element temperature is maintained at higher level and a state in which the element temperature is maintained at lower level. The element temperature can be controlled by a response assignment control scheme. In one embodiment, the detection values are subjected to a filtering process and/or a statistical process using a successive least squares method. The control unit compares the statistically processed detection values to detect a failure of the exhaust gas sensor.

Abstract: A device for determining the ozone conversion rate of an ozone conversion element which is coated with a catalyst material, in particular of a radiator in a motor vehicle. The device having a first air-guidance passage and a second air-guidance passage for receiving air upstream and downstream of the ozone conversion element, the air-guidance passages being connected via a switching device to a third air-guidance passage, in which an ozone sensor element is arranged. By means of the switching device, either the airstream upstream of the ozone conversion element or the airstream downstream of the ozone conversion element can be passed to the ozone sensor element.

Abstract: A dissolved oxygen sensor having a cathode and anode immersed in an electrolyte is designed to provide a low background current in the sensor when a potential is applied to the cathode. The background current is maintained at a desired level by selecting the area and length of a channel or path of diffusion of residual oxygen in the electrolyte to the cathode. The area (A) of the diffusion channel in relation to its length (L) is selected to be at or below a selected ratio, A/L.

Abstract: Electrochemical sensor for determining analyte in the presence of interferent, particularly carbon monoxide in the presence of hydrogen. An electrochemical cell is designed so that current flow resulting from reference electrode potential shift caused by interferent cancels out the current flow caused by interferent at the working electrode. Another electrochemical cell corrects for interferent concentration using the potential difference between a reference electrode in contact with interferent and a referent electrode not affected by inteferent.

Abstract: In a fuel cell, particularly a direct methanol fuel cell, in which a waste gas develops at the anode and at the cathode, a carbon dioxide concentration is measured in the waste gas. The carbon dioxide concentration is used to determine the loss of fuel through the membrane of the fuel cell. To this end, the corresponding device is provided with a carbon dioxide sensor that is arranged inside the gas stream.

Abstract: Electrode having high activity to oxygen gas and low activity to flammable gas is provided. An oxygen pump includes oxide-ion conductive solid electrolyte 2, electrode 8 which is an inactive electrode, and active electrode 10. Electrode 8 is an electrode that includes Ce0.8Sm0.2O2-&agr;. Electrode 8 is disposed on the gas detection chamber 12 side of solid electrolyte 2. Active electrode 10 is disposed on the open space side of solid electrolyte 2. Gas detection chamber 12 is an enclosed space defined by solid electrolyte 2, insulation layers 6, and diffusion control layer 4.

Abstract: A testing and calibrating device for an evaluation circuit of a linear oxygen probe (S) of an internal combustion engine is disclosed. Said device comprises a probe equivalent circuit (SES) having the same terminals (Vs+, Vs−/Vp−, Vp+ and Rc) as the oxygen probe (S). The probe equivalent circuit can largely emulate the electrical and chemical behaviors of the oxygen probe (S) and simulate probe faults and, at least during a testing and calibrating process, is connected to the evaluation circuit in place of the oxygen probe (S) or is connected parallel to said oxygen probe.