Abstract: A hydrocarbon conversion-catalyst regeneration process and apparatus is described for converting residual oils and regeneration of catalyst in two separate low and higher temperature regeneration stages stacked one above the other on the same or different vertical axis to provide catalyst at a temperature above the residual feed pseudo-critical temperature. A CO rich flue gas is recovered from the low temperature regeneration stage and a CO.sub.2 rich flue gas is recovered from the higher temperature regeneration stage. The temperature of the catalyst mixed with the residual oil feed is sufficient to obtain substantially complete vaporization of the residual oil charge. A special arrangement of apparatus is provided in the lower portion of a riser conversion zone to obtain the intimate vaporization contact between residual oil feed and the high temperature catalyst charged to the riser.

Abstract: Coke-containing catalyst is regenerated in a three-stage system to provide complete coke removal while avoiding carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides contamination of the flue gas formed in burning the coke.

Abstract: A process for the control of sulfur oxide emissions from the regenerator of a fluid catalytic cracking unit which involves circulating solid particles through the process cycle which comprise cracking catalyst and a regenerable sulfur oxide absorbent, absorbing sulfur oxides with the particles in the regeneration zone, withdrawing a stream of particles from the regeneration zone and passing the stream to a reducing zone, contacting the particles in the reducing zone with a reducing gas to release absorbed sulfur oxides as a sulfur-containing gas, and returning the stream to the inventory of solid particles which is circulated between the reaction and regeneration zones. The reducing gas comprises at least one component selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and hydrocarbons, and the process conditions in the reducing zone can be adjusted to optimize the release of absorbed sulfur oxides.

Abstract: A system is described for control of sulfur oxide in emissions to the atmosphere from the combined flue gases of selective vaporization and FCC cracking of the improved charge stock resulting from selective vaporization. The invention provides for reduction in sulfur oxide content of the waste gases from the FCC regenerator and the selective vaporization burner and adds a new controllable variable for a heat balanced FCC Unit. The cracking catalyst used has the capability of reversibly reacting with sulfur oxides in the combined flue gases to carry the sulfur back into the reactor where it is converted, at least in part, to hydrogen sulfide which is removed from reaction products in the normal course of treating the cracked products from the reactor. By the disclosed system, the blend of flue gas is cooled and then contacted with hot regenerated catalyst from the regenerator for sorption of sulfur oxides by the catalyst and to cool the catalyst for control of reaction parameters in the FCC reactor.

Abstract: A process for the regeneration of coke-contaminated fluidizable catalytic cracking catalyst wherein the regeneration flue gas having a reduced concentration of carbon monoxide and regenerated catalyst having a reduced residual carbon content are obtained. By this method a fluidized dense catalyst phase of coke-contaminated catalyst is regenerated with an excess amount of oxygen-containing regeneration gas at an elevated temperature such that there is a controlled afterburn of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide in the dilute catalyst phase whereby a flue gas having a carbon monoxide content of from 0 to 500 ppm is obtained. The residence time of catalyst in the fluidized dense catalyst phase is adjusted to provide a low level of residual carbon-on-regenerated-catalyst.

Abstract: Coke is removed from particulate catalyst by passing coke-containing catalyst downwardly through a regenerator without backmixing, in a countercurrent flow with respect to a regeneration gas having a limited free-oxygen content, so that nitrogen oxides are reacted to form free nitrogen in a substantially oxygen-free atmosphere in an intermediate level of the regenerator, and carbon monoxide formed in the intermediate level is burned in contact with coke-free catalyst with additional oxygen introduced into an upper level of the regenerator.

Abstract: In a transfer line catalytic cracking reaction system having a riser-reactor provided with a vertical section and a horizontal section, the improvement for minimizing erosion in the system which comprises cracking with a high velocity of reactant and catalyst in the vertical portion of the riser and a lower velocity in the lateral or horizontal section of the reactor prior to introduction of reactant effluent into catalyst separation zone(s).

Abstract: Methods of control and control systems for a catalyst regeneration process and apparatus for the oxidative removal of coke from a coke-contaminated fluid catalyst. Simultaneous production of hot regenerated catalyst and a relatively-cooler flue gas is provided. The process comprises a high temperature coke combustion zone, and a lower temperature heat removal zone. Coke contaminated catalyst, oxygen containing gas and regenerated catalyst from the heat removal zone are contacted in the high temperature combustion zone, the temperature of which is controlled by adjusting the rate at which catalyst is recycled from the heat removal zone. Catalyst maybe withdrawn from the top of the combustion zone and sent to the reaction zone at the controlled combustion zone temperature, the remainder of the catalyst and the hot flue gas pass to the upper heat removal zone, where both gas and catalyst are cooled, preferably by utilizing the catalyst as a heat transfer medium in a dense-phase heat exchange system.

Abstract: A process for removing coke from particulate catalyst is disclosed, in which nitrogen oxides are formed during combustion of nitrogen-containing coke in an oxidizing atmosphere in the presence of a carbon monoxide combustion promoter in a lower portion of a fluidized bed, and the nitrogen oxides are reacted to form free nitrogen by introducing a vaporizable fuel into an upper part of the fluidized bed.

Abstract: An improved method for controlling the fluidized dense catalyst phase temperature in the regeneration zone of a fluid catalytic cracking unit. In this method, the level of the fluidized catalyst bed above the riser discharge in the reaction vessel is adjusted in response to a change detected in the temperature of the fluidized dense catalyst phase of the regeneration zone. Adjustment of the catalyst bed level in the reaction zone affects the coke laydown on the catalyst in the reactor and, consequently, the amount of heat liberated in the regeneration zone upon combustion of the coke contained in the partially deactivated catalyst. A reactor bed level is attained where the resulting coke laydown on the catalyst is sufficient to maintain the desired temperature in the fluidized dense catalyst phase.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for the fluid catalytic cracking of petroleum hydrocarbons wherein an ascending cocurrent stream of vaporous hydrocarbon and entrained catalyst particulates is effected in a tubular reaction zone the method including the following steps: (1) altering the direction of flow of said stream of hydrocarbons and particulates to a downward direction by conducting the stream into a flow reversing zone, (2) accelerating the rate of downward flow of the particulates by gravitational force augmenting fluid flow drag forces to impart momentum thereto, (3) withdrawing cracked hydrocarbons laterally from the downwardly flowing particulates, and (4) contacting the downwardly flowing particulates with inert stripping gas, the momentum of said particulates preventing their passage laterally with the cracked hydrocarbons and permitting their passage counter current to the upward movement of stripping steam.

Abstract: Heat transfer in a hydrocarbon conversion process utilizing a magnetically stabilized fluid bed reactor and a magnetically stabilized catalyst regenerator is improved by the use of a fluidizable solids mixture comprising substantially inert heat carrier particles and magnetizable catalyst particles wherein the inert particles have settling rates higher than the settling rates of the catalyst particles. The heat carrier particles and the magnetizable catalyst particles are completely or partially separated in settling zones associated with the reactor and regenerator. The separated heat carrier particles and catalyst particles are independently circulated between the reactor and regenerator so that the heat carrier particles can be passed through one or more heat exchangers to provide the desired temperature levels in the system.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon conversion process wherein a hydrocarbon feedstock is contacted with a magnetically stabilized fluid bed of particulate solids comprising a mixture of separate, discrete (a) magnetizable substantially non-catalytic particles, and (b) non-magnetizable catalytic particles. The particulate solids mixture is withdrawn from the magnetically stabilized, fluidized bed and separated into magnetizable, substantially non-catalytic particles and non-magnetizable catalyst particles. The non-magnetizable catalytic particles are thereafter regenerated and returned to the hydrocarbon conversion zone. The separated magnetizable, substantially non-catalytic particles are subjected to heat transfer prior to their return to the conversion zone.

Abstract: Metal contaminated heavy oils such as residual fractions from petroleum distillation are economically converted to gasoline and other light products in catalytic cracking by practice of a novel catalyst makeup policy of adding controlled proportions of both an active cracking catalyst and a substantially inert, large pore solid to replace the amount of catalyst withdrawn from the inventory of a continuous cracking unit wherein catalyst inventory is continuously circulated between a reactor for cracking charge hydrocarbons and a regenerator for burning off the carbonaceous deposit laid down on catalyst in the cracking reaction.

Abstract: A system is described for control of sulfur oxide in emissions to the atmosphere from regenerators of Fluid Catalytic Cracking Units (FCC) in a manner which provides an added controllable variable in heat balanced units. The cracking catalyst used has the capability of reversibly reacting with sulfur oxides in the regenerator flue gas to carry the sulfur back into the reactor where it is converted, at least in part, to hydrogen sulfide which is removed from reaction products in the normal course of treating the cracked products from the reactor. By the disclosed system, regenerator flue gas is cooled and then contacted with hot regenerated catalyst from the regenerator for sorption of sulfur oxides by the catalyst and to cool the catalyst for control of reaction parameters in the FCC reactor.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon conversion-catalyst regeneration operation is described which relies upon an upflowing fluid catalyst mass generally decreasing in density of catalyst particles superimposed by an upflowing more dispersed catalyst phase undergoing catalyst regeneration and combustion of combustible materials to effect elevated temperature regeneration of catalyst deactivated by hydrocarbonaceous material under conditions providing low CO levels in the flue gas and generally less than 0.15 mol percent in the flue gas separated from regenerated catalyst particles. Regenerated catalyst at an elevated temperature of regeneration is mixed with spent catalyst recovered from hydrocarbon conversion in a first contact zone in the presence of a fluidizing gas to obtain an initial mix temperature of at least 1175.degree. F. before contact with a secondary oxygen containing regeneration gas stream in a more dense catalyst phase as a part of the upflowing fluid catalyst mass.

Abstract: An improved catalytic process wherein trace amounts of a metal of period 5 and 6 of Group VIII or rhenium is added to the total catalyst inventory for cracking of gas oil is disclosed. With this improved process, the yield of gasoline, fuel oil, total cracked products, or predetermined combinations thereof, is maximized for the fluid catalytic cracking of any predetermined feed, usually a gas oil. The process employs a kinetic predictive or a correlative model of the cracking process to identify proper operating conditions, including CO.sub.2 /CO ratio in the effluent from the regenerator, and also requires control of the metal activity to achieve optimal conversion of CO to CO.sub.2 in the regenerator.Also disclosed is an improved method for control of a fluid catalytic process wherein the cracking catalyst comprises trace amounts of a metal selected from the group Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru, Ir, Os and Re.

Abstract: Process and system are described for control of sulfur oxide in emissions to the atmosphere from regenerators of Fluid Catalytic Cracking Units (FCC) in a manner which improves the operation of the regenerator and/or the reactor. Spent FCC cracking catalyst containing sulfur-bearing inactivating carbonaceous deposit is partially oxidized, preferably in the presence of steam, thereby producing a mixture of CO and CO.sub.2 and releasing sulfur in the resulting reducing atmosphere as vaporous hydrogen sulfide before the catalyst is regenerated, whereby the amount of sulfur convertible to noxious SOx in the regenerator flue gas is reduced. By the disclosed process and system, the quantity of oxygen introduced is predetermined and controlled in response to hydrogen content of the coke on the partially oxidized catalyst or an SOx analyzer associated with the regenerator can be used as a control tool.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for regenerating fluidizable particulate cracking catalysts wherein a mixture of spent catalyst particles contaminated with carbonaceous deposits from a catalytic cracker and sufficient hot regenerated catalyst particles to bring the temperature of the mixture to the minimum temperature at which rapid oxidation of the carbonaceous deposits will be induced, are entrained in a high velocity gas stream containing sufficient oxygen to oxidize substantially all of the carbonaceous deposits on the spent catalyst particles to carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide and the resulting dilute phase catalyst particle stream is passed upwardly through a primary regeneration zone wherein the carbonaceous deposits are oxidized and the catalyst particles regenerated to a carbon content of less than 0.

Abstract: A process for cracking hydrocarbons is disclosed in which catalyst particles are regenerated in two stages, the first employing an entrained bed of upwardly moving catalyst in cocurrent flow with regeneration gas, and the second employing a fluidized bed of catalyst in net downward movement countercurrent to regeneration gases.

Abstract: A fluidized catalytic cracking process for conversion of hydrocarbon charge to cracked products wherein a regenerated fluidized catalytic cracking catalyst having deposited thereon about 1000 to 10,000 ppm of nickel, vanadium, iron or mixtures thereof is treated with a sodium compound prior to use for cracking hydrocarbon charge such that hydrogen yield is increased.

Abstract: A catalyst regeneration process and apparatus for the oxidative removal of coke from a coke-contaminated fluid catalyst. Simultaneous production of hot regenerated catalyst and a relatively-cooler flue gas is provided. The process comprises a high temperature coke combustion zone, and a lower temperature heat removal zone. Coke contaminated catalyst, oxygen containing gas and regenerated catalyst from the heat removal zone are contacted in the high temperature combustion zone, the temperature of which is controlled by adjusting the rate at which catalyst is recycled from the heat removal zone. Catalyst may be withdrawn from the top of the combustion zone and sent to the reaction zone at the controlled combustion zone temperature, the remainder of the catalyst and the hot flue gas pass to the upper heat removal zone, where both gas and catalyst are cooled, preferably by utilizing the catalyst as a heat transfer medium in a dense-phase heat exchange system.

Abstract: A minor portion of the regeneration gas used to regenerate spent fluid catalytic cracking catalyst is employed to combust volatile hydrocarbons in mixture with said spent catalyst prior to said mixture entering the regeneration zone. This serves to reduce and/or minimize transverse oxygen gradients in the dense phase catalyst bed and in the effluent gases therefrom such that excessive or undesirable afterburning in the dilute catalyst phase can be minimized or eliminated.

Abstract: A minor portion of the regeneration gas used to regenerate spent fluid catalytic cracking catalyst is introduced into the regeneration zone in the localized area of the terminus of the spent catalyst line so as to combust the volatile hydrocarbons in mixture with the spent catalyst being transferred from the reaction zone to the regeneration zone. This serves to reduce and/or minimize transverse oxygen gradients in both the dense phase catalyst bed and in the effluent gases therefrom such that excessive or undesirable afterburning in the dilute catalyst phase can be minimized or eliminated.

Abstract: An improved catalyst, and process utilizing said catalyst for catalytically cracking a sulfur-containing hydrocarbon feed, and for the fixation of sulfur by the catalyst and transfer thereof from the catalyst regeneration zone to the reaction zone of a catalytic cracking unit. The catalyst comprises an admixture of composite particles, one present in major concentration for providing principally cracking and combustion promoting functions, and the other present in minor concentration for providing principally sulfur fixation and transfer functions. The particle present in major concentration, on the one hand, is constituted essentially of one of more Group VIII noble metals, preferably platinum, composited with a support comprised of a crystalline alumino silicate component distributed in an active cracking catalyst matrix, suitably one constituted of silica-alumina.

Abstract: A method for controlling the oxides of nitrogen concentration in the exit flue gas from the regeneration zone of a catalytic cracking unit employing carbon monoxide combustion promoters which comprises monitoring the oxides of nitrogen concentration in the exit flue gas and adjusting the concentration of combustion promoter present in the regeneration zone to maintain the oxides of nitrogen concentration below a predetermined limit.

Abstract: An improved fluid catalytic cracking process providing improved product yield and selectivity which employs a split flow of recycled, regenerated catalyst to the reactor riser. Process operating temperatures control the flow rates of the recycled, regeneration catalyst.

Abstract: A metal combustion promoter is introduced into the circulating inventory of catalyst in the catalytic cracking process to temporarily change the operating mode of the regenerator and decrease the CO content of the flue gas, thus permitting temporary shutdown of the CO-boiler of CO-incinerator, while continuing operation of the catalytic cracking process. The metal combustion promoters are compounds of platinum, iridium, osmium, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, or rhenium. The described technique permits rapid shutdown and minimizes the time of operation outside of compliance with local or other ordinances.

Abstract: A promoter comprising from about 500 ppm to about 1% of a Group V, Group VI, or Group VIII metal on a support is combined with a hydrocarbon conversion catalyst under fluidizing conditions, in an effective proportion, to enhance the removal of carbonaceous material from the catalyst. Typically, the promoter is a mixture of platinum and palladium supported on gamma alumina and is included in a fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) unit in a sufficient proportion to provide from about 0.05 to about 50 ppm metal based on the weight of the catalyst.

Abstract: A fluidized catalytic cracking unit wherein cyclone diplegs extend from the reactor vessel into the stripping vessel, for reducing the overall height of the unit. Valve means are provided at the lower end of the diplegs to prevent blow by of gas through the diplegs. The diplegs pass through the vent lines.

Abstract: In a reactor for cracking heavy hydrocarbon oil through a fluidized bed of particles of natural ores, coke-like materials are deposited on a top of the reactor or pipe inside surfaces of a transfer line from the reactor to a scrubber. To effectively scour out the deposited coke-like materials, particles of natural ores having a mean diameter of a few hundred .mu.m is made to be contained in an effluent gas from the top of reactor, passing through the transfer line at a concentration of 1 to 40 g/m.sup.3. The particles of natural ores have a good effect of scouring out the deposited coke-like materials and can keep the transfer line efficiently clean even with a small amount of the particles of natural ores, decreasing a pressure drop in the transfer line.

Abstract: A catalyst regeneration process and apparatus for the oxidative removal of coke from a coke-contaminated fluid catalyst. Simultaneous production of hot regenerated catalyst and a relatively-cooler flue gas is provided. The process comprises a high temperature coke combustion zone, and a lower temperature heat removal zone. Coke contaminated catalyst, oxygen containing gas and regenerated catalyst from the heat removal zone are contacted in the high temperature combustion zone, the temperature of which is controlled by adjusting the rate at which catalyst is recycled from the heat removal zone. Catalyst may be withdrawn from the top of the combustion zone and sent to the reaction zone at the controlled combustion zone temperature, the remainder of the catalyst and the hot flue gas pass to the upper heat removal zone, where both gas and catalyst are cooled, preferably by utilizing the catalyst as a heat transfer medium in a dense-phase heat exchange system.

Abstract: A riser cracking-catalyst regeneration operation is described wherein a suspension discharged from a riser operation is separated by catalyst particle concentrating means which discharge a concentrated stream of catalyst separated from gasiform material into a downcomer zone and out of further contact with discharged gasiform material in the suspension. A stripping gas is used to particularly aid the separation of catalyst and hydrocarbon vapors.

Abstract: The flow of air into a catalyst regenerator is automatically controlled by controlling a side air stream responsive to a computed desired total air flow signal and by controlling a main air stream at a constant value. This constant value is changed if two conditions simultaneously occur: The time elapsed since the last change of said constant value is not shorter than a given minimal value, and the control of the side air stream exceeds the limit of the side air controller.

Abstract: The combustion of carbon monoxide in the regenerator of a fluid catalytic cracking plant is controlled by adding a minute amount of a platinum metal compound or a rhenium compound to the circulating inventory of cracking catalyst during operation of the plant. The addition is accomplished by introducing a solution of the compound into a side-stream of the circulating inventory cooled preferably to about the boiling point of the solvent. Excess solvent may be used as coolant. The addition may be made to coked or to regenerated catalyst. Suitable solvents include water and organic fluids boiling above about 140.degree. F. to about 600.degree. F. A particularly suitable side-stream apparatus is disclosed.

Abstract: In the fluid catalytic cracking process, improved adaptive behavior of the catalyst section with the regenerator operating in the complete CO-burning mode is achieved by including, as elements of control, variable preheat of the oil feed and variable recycle of regenerated catalyst to spent catalyst. In response to excursions of the regenerated catalyst temperature, such as would be caused by change of feedstock, the oil preheat temperature and recycle ratio are altered in a direction to restore the regenerated catalyst temperature to a predetermined value. The improved control system extends the useful control range, and it also diminishes counterproductive changes in severity induced by disturbances such as change of feedstock quality.

Abstract: In the fluid catalytic cracking process, improved adaptive behavior of the catalyst section with the regenerator operating in the complete CO-burning mode is achieved by including within the regenerator, as an element of control, variable recycle of regenerated to spent catalyst. In response to excursions of the regenerated catalyst temperature, such as would be caused by change of feedstock, the recycle ratio is altered in a direction to restore the temperature to a predetermined value. The improved control system extends the useful control range, and it also diminishes counterproductive changes in severity induced by disturbances such as change of feedstock quality.

Abstract: A fluidized catalytic cracking process wherein regenerated catalyst is stripped with an acid gas for displacing nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and other combustion gases from said regenerated catalysts, and wherein a hydrogen product of high purity and substantially free of nitrogen, carbon monoxide and other non-condensible gases is recovered from cracked vapors from said cracking process.

Abstract: A cyclic, fluidized catalytic cracking process providing reduced emissions of noxious effluents in regeneration zone flue gases is operated with homogeneous or non-homogeneous, regenerable, fluidized, solid particles which are circulated throughout the catalytic cracking process cycle and which comprise (1) a molecular sieve-type cracking catalyst, comprising a cracking catalyst matrix containing crystalline aluminosilicate distributed throughout said matrix and (2) a metallic reactant which reacts with sulfur oxides in the regeneration zone.

Abstract: A catalyst regeneration process and apparatus for the oxidation of coke from a spent catalyst, said coke being converted to CO, and for the conversion of the CO to CO.sub.2. Hot regenerated catalyst is recycled from a dense bed in the regeneration zone to mix with incoming spent catalyst in a riser-mixer. The riser-mixer operates in dense phase and is supplied with a relatively small amount of a fluidizing medium, preferably air. After the mixing of spent and fresh catalyst is substantially completed, a relatively large amount of a regenerating gas, preferably air, is admixed with the catalyst mixture, and some coke oxidation occurs. The balance of coke oxidation takes place in a downstream-situated regeneration zone of substantially conventional design. The regenerating gas addition is preferably made at the base of a cone-shaped combustor in order to provide a venturi effect which ensures good air-catalyst mixing.

Abstract: In Fluidized Catalytic Cracking (FCC), the significant advantages of stripper cyclones in the reactor are enhanced by operating the regenerator in CO combustion mode.

Abstract: A minor portion of the regeneration gas used to regenerate spent fluid catalytic cracking catalyst is passed into a distribution means located at the interface between the dense phase catalyst bed and the dilute catalyst phase in the regeneration zone of a fluid catalytic cracking process to combust, at said interface, the carbon monoxide formed in said bed to carbon dioxide. In a preferred embodiment, the level of the dense phase bed can be adjusted to vary the amount of catalyst entrained in the dilute catalyst phase such that the distribution means will be partially submerged. This serves to provide a simple and convenient method to absorb the heat released by the oxidation of carbon monoxide, thereby minimizing or eliminating excessive or undesirable afterburning in the dilute catalyst phase and in equipment downstream thereof.

Abstract: A stripper arrangement is provided in a regenerated catalyst standpipe for removing or displacing combustion flue gas products with fuel gas products of hydrocarbon conversion freed of hydrogen sulfide.

Abstract: Hydrocarbon conversion catalysts which have become deactivated by the deposition of coke and metal contaminants such as nickel, iron, vanadium, etc., are regenerated under conditions which include temperatures in excess of 1300.degree. F. and the periodic use of an amount of oxygen which is in excess of that required to completely burn the coke to CO.sub.2. In a hydrocarbon conversion process whereby a metal-contaminated heavy feed is contacted at conversion conditions with a cracking catalyst to produce lower boiling hydrocarbon products and a spent catalyst having coke and said metal contaminant deposited thereon and wherein said spent catalyst is reactivated in a regeneration zone at elevated temperatures in the presence of O.sub.2 to produce a regenerated catalyst and a flue gas containing more than 2 vol. % CO, the improvement which comprises periodically increasing the amount of O.sub.2 introduced into said regeneration zone at a temperature in excess of 1300.degree. F. so that the level of O.sub.

Abstract: Non-hydrogenative endothermic catalytic cracking of hydrocarbon, particularly petroleum, fractions at relatively low pressures and high temperatures in a system where the endothermic heat required for cracking is supplied by catalyst as the heat transfer medium, which catalyst has been heated by burning coke deposited on the catalyst during cracking; and wherein a decomposable compound of platinum, palladium, ruthenium, iridium, osmium, rhodium or rhenium, is introduced into contact with the cracking catalyst during said process.

Abstract: A catalyst regeneration process and apparatus for the oxidation of coke from a spent catalyst and for the conversion of CO resulting from the oxidation of coke to CO.sub.2.Novel feature of the process is the combination of a vertical heat exchange zone and horizontal mixing zone in which a portion of regenerated catalyst produced in a coke oxidation zone and heated to a higher temperature in a CO-conversion zone and spent catalyst are heat exchanged and fresh regeneration gas is then added, to increase the temperature within the coke oxidation zone and to disperse the portion of hot regenerated catalyst, spent catalyst and fresh regeneration gas more evenly into and within that zone thereby increasing the rate, extent and evenness of coke and CO oxidation. The regeneration apparatus includes components by which this can be accomplished.

Abstract: An improved method for hydrocarbon conversion wherein a hydrocarbon feedstock is contacted with solid particles capable of promoting said hydrocarbon conversion at hydrocarbon conversion conditions to form at least one hydrocarbon conversion product in a mixture of solid particles and vapor, the improvement which comprises at least partially separating said solid particles from said vapor by means of an apparatus having one or more improvements, all of which lessen particle attrition.

Abstract: Metal-contaminated oils, including mildly hydrotreated residual oils, are catalytically cracked in the absence of added hydrogen in a fluid catalytic cracking process wherein the regenerated catalyst has less than about 0.05 wt. % residual carbon. By conducting regeneration of the catalyst to that level at 1300.degree. to 1400.degree. F. (preferably at about 1350.degree. F.) with excess air, additional benefits are realized in that metal deposited on the catalyst by cracking of residual stocks is thereby passivated.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for regenerating at elevated temperature at fluidized mass of particles, e.g., a catalyst used in treatment of hydrocarbons, e.g., fluidized catalysts cracking of oil, are disclosed.Several operations can be effected, each of them alone or in various combinations.An operation basic to the overall operation, always effected, is the continuous circulation of dense phase particles undergoing regeneration from a dense phase or fluidized regeneration zone or vessel to a hot surge zone or vessel and from the latter back into the dense phase bed in the regeneration zone.Used catalyst can be in part passed to hot surge zone whenever it is tending to cause undue temperature rise in the regeneration zone.Fresh or unused catalyst can be fed to the regeneration zone continuously or intermittently responsive to sensed temperature change in said zone and/or to said hot surge zone.

Abstract: A cyclic, fluidized catalytic cracking process providing reduced emissions of noxious effluents in regeneration zone flue gases is operated with homogeneous or non-homogeneous, regenerable, fluidized, solid particles which are circulated throughout the catalytic cracking process cycle and which comprise (1) a molecular sieve-type cracking catalyst, comprising a cracking catalyst matrix containing crystalline aluminosilicate distributed throughout said matrix and (2) a metallic reactant which reacts with a sulfur oxide to form a metal- and sulfur-containing compound in the solid particles. The method involves regeneration of the cracking catalyst in the presence of a metallic oxidation promoter which can also be a component of the solid particles.