Abstract: This invention makes possible substantially continuous flow of uniformly distributed hydrogen and hydrocarbon liquid across a densely packed catalyst bed to fill substantially the entire volume of a reactor vessel by introducing the fluids as alternate annular rings of gas and liquid (i.e. a mixture of liquid hydrocarbon and a hydrogen-containing gas) at a rate insufficient to levitate or ebullate the catalyst bed. Catalyst are selected by density, shape and size at a design feed rate of liquids and gas to prevent ebullation of the packed bed at the design feed rates. The liquid and gas components of the hydrocarbon feed flow into the catalyst bed from concentric annular rings that are coaxial with the catalyst bed. At the desired hydrocarbon flow rate, such catalyst bed continually flows in a plug-like manner downwardly through the reactor vessel. Catalyst is removed on a periodic or semicontinuous basis by laminarly flowing catalyst particles in a liquid stream out of the bottom of the catalyst bed.

Abstract: A process and reactor apparatus are disclosed for upgrading paraffinic feedstocks to olefinic and/or aromatic products. Hydrogen diffuses through a selectively permeable membrane from the reaction zone into a combustion zone where it reacts exothermically with an oxygen-containing fluid to supply at least a portion of the endothermic heat of reaction for the paraffin upgrading process. Additionally, in-situ separation of by-product hydrogen from the reactant mixture in the reaction zone increases yield of valuable olefinic and aromatic products.

Abstract: A low sulfur coke product is obtained in an integrated fluid coking and gasification process in which an oxygen-containing gas is introduced into the upper portion of the gasification zone and steam is introduced into the lower portion of the gasification zone. The desired degree of coke desulfurization is controlled by controlling the thickness of the gasifier coke layer on the gaseous reactor leaving solids per pass.

Abstract: In producing cracked gas and cracked oil by thermally cracking a heavy hydrocarbon within a reactor in which a granular solid, steam and oxygen form a fluidized bed or moving bed, a process which is characterized in that the heavy hydrocarbon is supplied to the upper portion of the reactor and part of the granular solid is discharged from the bottom of the reactor and thereafter fed again to the upper portion of the reactor, to thereby maintain the upper portion at a temperature of not higher than 550.degree.C.