Abstract: A fluid catalytic cracking unit equipped with multiple feed injection points along the length of the riser is operated such that all of the fresh feed is charged to one of different feed injection points, depending on the ratio of light distillate (gasoline) to middle distillate (light catalytic gas oil) that is desired in the product slate. When all of the fresh feed is charged to one of the upper injection points in the riser in order to increase middle distillate yield, the unconverted slurry oil (650.degree. F.+material) can be recycled to a location below the injection point of the fresh feed so as to increase conversion to middle distillate while lowering the activity of the catalyst (via coke deposition) for single pass conversion of the fresh feed. Steam in excess of levels typically employed for dispersion is used at the bottom of the riser to lift the regenerated catalyst up to the feed injection points.

Abstract: Trialkyl arsines (in particular trimethyl arsine) are removed from a fluid (e.g., a hydrocarbon-containing gas) by contacting the fluid with a sorbent material comprising at least one copper hydrocarbon sulfonate, preferably a copper salt of an aliphatic or aromatic sulfonic acid, or with a copper-exchanged, sulfonated styrene polymer.

Abstract: A process for removing S and Fe and to reclaim V, Ni and Co from coal or oil and their derivatives or from minerals. The process is based upon an oxidative extraction performed with hypochlorous acid (HClO) whose oxidizing power is generated and regulated "in situ". The process is particularly applicable to the recovery of V from residual flexi-coke and to the recovery of Ni from coal.

Abstract: Hydrocarbon liquids and gas, particularly gas to be processed in LNG plants, is treated to remove mercury by contacting it with free silver preferably on an activated carbon or gamma alumina support. The mercury amalgamates onto the metal. The gas can previously have been treated by contact with free sulfur to remove mercury.

Abstract: A process for removing S and Fe and to reclaim V, Ni and Co from coal or oil and their derivatives or from minerals. The process is based upon an oxidative extraction performed with hypochlorous acid (HC10) whose oxidizing power is generated and regulated "in situ". The process is particularly applicable to the recovery of V from residual flexi-coke and to the recovery of Ni from coal.

Abstract: Contaminant metals in hydrocarbon oils such as nickel, vanadium and iron deposit on inert sorbents during pretreatment of the oils in a fluidized reactor-regenerator system, and catalyze dehydrogenation reactions contributing to excessive coke and gas make. The dehydrogenation activity of the said contaminant metals is suppressed by depositing minor amounts of a bismuth-containing passivating agent on the inert solids, desirably, at a weight ratio of bismuth to nickel equivalents (nickel+0.2 vanadium+0.1 iron) of about 0.01:1 to about 1:1. The passivating agent can consist of mixtures of compounds of bismuth and antimony, and bismuth and tin, with the weight ratio of bismuth to antimony in the range of about 0.01:1 to about 100:1, and weight ratio of bismuth to tin in the range of about 0.01:1 to about 100:1.

Abstract: A method of selective and efficient removal of mercury from a hydrocarbon oil comprising contacting said oil with a cupric and/or stannous compound forming a reaction system. The purified hydrocarbon oil can be readily separated from the reaction system. The purified hydrocarbon oil does not contain mercury or any other catalyst poisoning component and can, therefore, be used extensively in catalytic reactions typified by hydrogenation reaction.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of removing mercury from contaminated liquid hydrocarbons (natural gas condensate) by contacting them with a dilute aqueous solution of alkali metal sulfide salt and recovering the treated liquid hydrocarbon. The addition of alkali metal hydroxide enhances the phase separation of hydrocarbon and aqueous solution.

Abstract: Coke and metals are removed from a carbo-metallic oil by contacting the carbo-metallic oil in a riser reaction zone with a relatively inert particulate sorbent material in the presence of steam and the resulting coked particulate sorbent material is regenerated in a regeneration zone in the presence of steam and oxygen to remove the carbonaceous deposits by means of oxidation, water gas reaction and carbon gasification. The operating conditions in the riser reaction zone and the regeneration zone are regulated to provide a maximum coke level on the regenerated particulate sorbent of about 0.25 wt. %.

Abstract: A method is provided for removing mercury from hydrocarbon fluids by high temperature reactive adsorption. A hydrocarbon feed passed through an adsorbent mass including a reactive adsorbent such as silver or copper sulfide on an alumina support. The optimum temperature of the feed to be treated depends upon the 90% boiling points corresponding to heavier feeds. A hydrocarbon condensate feed may be drawn from a stabilizer column in a natural gas processing plant at a temperature in excess of 400.degree. F. If a metallic silver/alumina adsorbent is employed, the adsorbent may be regenerated through high temperature oxidation. Once oxidation is complete, the temperature is lowered in a reducing or inert atmosphere.

Abstract: Catalysts made by the Raney process (e.g., Raney process nickel) pelletized in matrix of polymer and plasticizer are activated by either (a) removal of plasticizer (e.g., by solvent extraction) followed by leaching out Al with caustic solution, leaving an active catalyst made by the Raney process in a polymer matrix; or (b) removal of plasticizer, then calcining to remove polymer, followed by leaching with caustic. The activated catalyst pellets have sufficient strength and attrition resistance for efficient use in fixed beds and packed columns for superior hydrogenation of toluene, heptene, butyraldehyde, and other conventional feedstockers used with catalysts made by the Raney process.

Abstract: Liquid hydrocarbons (natural gas condensate) are depleted of contaminating mercury by contacting them with a solution of an alkali polysulfide.

Abstract: A process for removing arsenic contaminants from a hydrocarbon fluid by contacting the fluid with copper oxide supported on activated carbon.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for removing arsine from a light olefin to containing hydrocarbon feedstock, said process comprising the steps of (a) passing said feedstock over an absorbent material comprising nickel deposited on a support material wherein nickel is present as both nickel oxide and metallic nickel; and (b) recovering a stream having a substantially reduced arsine content.

Abstract: A process for removing arsenic and/or selenium from carbonaceous materials. The arsenic and/or selenium are separated by reaction with a metal oxide and/or metal sulfide which is itself derived from a metal complex, and organometallic compound and/or a metal salt of an organic acid which is soluble in said carbonaceous fluid and which either decomposes to the corresponding metal oxide and/or metal sulfide or which can be converted to the corresponding metal sulfide or metal oxide. The reaction of the metal oxide and/or metal sulfide with the arsenic and/or selenium is accomplished at a temperature within the range from about 300.degree. F. to about 800.degree. F. preferably from about 500.degree. F. to about 750.degree. F., most preferably from about 680.degree. F. to about 750.degree. F. and in either an inert or reducing atmosphere. Preferably, the conversion is accomplished in a reducing atmosphere and in the presence of molecular hydrogen.

Abstract: A method for updating a concentrate of tar sands bitumen containing fine mineral matter and optionally coarse mineral matter in which solvent-diluted bitumen is contacted for a short time in a riser with hot attrition-resistant substantially catalytically inert acid-resistant fluidizable particles, causing a selective vaporization of the lighter high hydrogen content components of the bitumen. The preferred particles are composed of silica-alumina, most preferably a mixture of mullite and crystalline silica or mullite, crystalline silica and an acid-resistant form of alumina. A portion of the heavier asphaltenes and most of the components which contain metals, sulfur and nitrogen remain on the attrition-resistant fluidizable particles. Fine mineral matter in the bitumen feed also deposits on the fluidized particles instead of being carried over with the vaporized hydrocarbon product.

Abstract: A process for removing copper and/or iron impurities from a liquid hydrocarbon-containing feed comprises contacting the feed with an aqueous treating agent comprising water-soluble alkali metal silicate (in particular sodium silicate) and/or a surfactant, in particular an anionic surfactant.

Abstract: A method for upgrading a concentrate of tar sands bitumen containing colloidal clay in which solvent-diluted bitumen is contacted for a short time in a riser with hot attrition-resistant substantially catalytically inert fluidizable microspheres, causing a selective vaporization of the lighter high hydrogen content components of the bitumen. A portion of the heavier asphaltenes and most of the components which contain metals, sulfur and nitrogen remain on the attrition-resistant microspheres. Colloidal clay in the bitumen feed also deposits on the microspheres instead of being carried over with the vaporized hydrocarbon product. The contact material, with deposit, is passed to a burner provided with high velocity air jets which attrites the colloidal clay away from the microspheres and the material removed by attrition is recovered. The heated microspheres are reintroduced into the riser for further contact with incoming diluted bitumen charge.

Abstract: A hydrofining process (preferably hydrovisbreaking process) comprises contacting a substantially liquid hydrocarbon-containing feed stream, which contains Ramsbottom carbon residue and materials boiling in excess of about 1000.degree. F. at atmospheric conditions, with a free hydrogen-containing gas and a catalyst composition comprising at least one catechol compound of molybdenum. Preferably the catechol compound of molybdenum is prepared by reaction of a compound comprising molybdenum and oxygen with a catechol compound under non-reducing conditions.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for removing metals contaminants, particularly iron, and more particularly non-porphyrin, organically-bound iron compounds, from hydrocarbonaceous feedstock, particularly crude petroleum or residua. The process comprises mixing the feedstock with an aqueous solution of hydroxo-carboxylic acids or salts thereof, preferably citric acid, and separating the aqueous solution and metals from the demetalated feedstock.

Abstract: A process for cracking hydrocarbon containing feed streams, which have an initial boiling point of at least 400.degree. F. and contain at least about 5 ppmw vanadium, is carried out in the presence of a catalyst composition comprising a physical mixture of (a) zeolite embedded in an inorganic refractory matrix material and (b) at least one oxide of Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba or La, preferably MgO, on a silica containing support material.

Abstract: The invention is particularly concerned with controlling the two stage regeneration temperatures of the RCC residual oil cracking unit below 760.degree. C. (1400.degree. F.) by effecting a first stage regeneration with direct injection of water in an oxygen lean atmosphere to product CO rich flue gases under temperature conditions restricted not to substantially exceed 732.degree. C. (1350.degree. F.) preferably less than 732.degree. C. (1350.degree. F.) thereby partially regenerating the catalyst. The partially regenerated catalyst is withdrawn and directly cooled with boiler feed water to produce steam in an external catalyst cooler before passing the catalyst to a second stage catalyst regeneration for contact with an oxygen rich atmosphere restricted not to exceed 760.degree. C. (1400.degree. F.) and preferably maintain less than 760.degree. C. (1400.degree. F.). The catalyst regenerated by this technique comprising residual coke less than 0.

Abstract: Arsenic is removed from shale oil by the addition of one or more basic materials to the shale oil.

Abstract: Arsenic is removed from shale oil by the addition of oxidizing agents.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the conversion of a hydrocarbon oil feed having a significant content of vanadium to lighter oil products by contacting the feed under conversion conditions in a conversion zone with a catalyst containing a metal additive to immobilize vanadium compounds. Conversion conditions are such that coke and vanadium are deposited on the catalyst in the conversion zone. Coked catalyst is regenerated in the presence of an oxygen containing gas at a temperature sufficient to remove the coke and regenerated catalyst is recycled to the conversion zone for contact with fresh feed. The metal additive is present on the catalyst in an amount sufficient to immobilize the vanadium compounds in the presence of oxygen containing gas at the catalyst regeneration temperature.

Abstract: Hydrocarbon liquids an gas, particularly gas to be processed in LNG plants, are treated to remove mercury by contacting them with free bismuth or tin or a mixture of these on silica, alumina, or other type of non-reactive base. The sorbent is prepared by milling together the oxide of bismuth or tin and the silica or alumina base and subsequently reducing the oxide in a heated reducing atmosphere.

Abstract: In a catalytic cracking process for heavy oil which comprises contacting a heavy oil with a particulate mixture of a crystalline aluminosilicate-containing cracking catalyst particle and an alumina particle and/or a phosphorus-containing alumina particle mixed in the weight ratio of 80/20-20/80, under cracking conditions, metal contaminants contained in said feed oil are captured preferentially by said alumina particle and/or a phosporous-containing alumina particle, and the coexistent cracking catalyst is poisoned only to a reduced degree by metal contaminants.

Abstract: A process for cracking high metals content feedstocks which comprises contacting said feedstocks under catalytic cracking conditions with a novel catalytic cracking composition comprising a solid cracking catalyst and an alumina diluent.

Abstract: A process for hydrotreating carbonaceous materials is disclosed. The carbonaceous material is contacted with steam and with empirical hydrates of alkali metal hydrosulfides, monosulfides, or polysulfides. The process hydrocracks, hydrogenates, denitrogenates, demetallizes, and desulfurizes. In a preferred embodiment, hydrogen sulfide is co-fed to the reaction zone.

Abstract: Arsines are removed from streams of hydrocarbons or inert gases by contacting the streams with copper (II) chromite catalyst.

Abstract: Hydrocarbon oils, particularly petroleum residua, are demetallized by contacting the oil first with an aqueous solution of a hypochlorite such as sodium hypochlorite or calcium hypochlorite and subsequently subjecting at least the oil fraction thereof to a solvent deasphalting step.

Abstract: Arsines are removed from gaseous stream, e.g., hydrocarbon or inert gas streams, comprising arsine impurities and also hydrogen sulfide, by contacting these gas streams with a sorbent material comprising copper oxide and zinc oxide. Preferably, the sorbent material is prepared by coprecipitating of hydroxides of copper and zinc and subsequent heating the hydroxides so as to convert the hydroxides to CuO and ZnO. Optionally, aluminum oxide is also present in the sorbent material.

Abstract: Residual oils containing metals and sulfur are demetallized and desulfurized by adding to the oil an aromatic solvent and contacting the mixtures in the presence of hydrogen with an alumina having an average pore size greater than about 220 Angstroms.

Abstract: A method of utilizing the energy of a high pressure condensate stream including passing steam at an elevated pressure in indirect heat exchange with a material to be heated, collecting a condensate product condensed from the steam of the heat exchange step at an elevated pressure, passing the condensate directly to a steam stripping step at essentially the same pressure at which the condensate was collected and reducing the pressure of the condensate while simultaneously contacting the condensate with a material to be stripped in the stripping step.

Abstract: Arsenic impurities and, optionally, iron impurities are removed from a hydrocarbon-containing feed stream, preferably shale oil, by contacting it with an aqueous solution of a metal chlorate and an acid having a pKa of less than 3.

Abstract: Regenerated sorbent employed for refining of heavy crude feedstocks is used to remove contaminants from specialized hydrocarbons, especially used motor oil. The simultaneous operation of a decontaminating unit supplied with regenerated sorbent particulate from the regenerator of a heavy hydrocarbon refining system is utilized.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the treatment of a hydrocarbon oil feed having a significant content of vanadium to provide a higher grade of oil products by contacting the feed under treatment conditions in a treatment zone with sorbent material containing a metal additive to immobilize vanadium compounds. Treatment conditions are such that coke and vanadium are deposited on the sorbent in the treatment zone. Coked sorbent is regenerated in the presence of an oxygen containing gas at a temperature sufficient to remove the coke, and regenerated sorbent is recycled to the treatment zone for contact with fresh feed. The metal additive is present on the sorbent in an amount sufficient to immobilize the vanadium compounds in the presence of oxygen containing gas at the sorbent regeneration temperature. A sorbent composition disclosed comprises a kaolin clay containing the metal additive, which may be introduced into the clay during the treatment process or during sorbent manufacture.

Abstract: A method for reducing the concentration of metal contaminants, such as vanadium and nickel, in the distillate from a petroleum fraction is disclosed. The method comprises contacting the petroleum fraction in a contacting zone with an effective amount of sulfur dioxide of a sulfur dioxide precursor at a temperature ranging between about 200.degree. C. and 450.degree. C. for a period of time ranging between about 0.01 and 5 hours after which the fraction is passed to a vacuum separation zone and separated into a distillate having a relatively low metals content and a bottoms having a relatively high metals content.

Abstract: Trace metals, particularly As, Fe and Ni, are removed from hydrocarbonaceous oils, particularly shale oil by contacting the shale oil with quadrolobe alumina with or without a processing gas such as hydrogen or nitrogen at 500.degree. F. to 800.degree. F. at 250 to 750 psig and LHSV of 0.4 to 3.0 to deposit a portion of said trace metal onto said alumina and recover an oil product having substantially reduced amounts of trace metal.

Abstract: A process for the demetalation of heavy petroleum residua is provided wherein said residua dispersed in a suitable solvent is contacted with a large pore solid sorbent whereby organomettalic compounds or complexes contained in said residua are selectively adsorbed by the large pore solid sorbent.

Abstract: A high pore volume solid sorbent material of low cracking activity and comprising a select group of metal additives to immobilize accumulated vanadium compounds deposited on the sorbent material in a heavy oil feed visbreaking zone is described and the conditions employed to effect demetallization and decarbonization of the heavy oil feed to produce vaporous products boiling up to about 1000.degree. F. Deposition of metal contaminants within the pores of the high pore volume material is encouraged by restricting the volume of the sorbent pores filled with oil feed to within the range of 1/4 to 2/3.

Abstract: A process for cracking high metals content feedstocks which comprises contacting said charge stock under catalytic cracking conditions with a novel catalyst composition comprising a solid cracking catalyst and a diluent containing antimony and/or tin.

Abstract: A process for cracking high metals content feedstocks which comprises contacting said charge stock under catalytic cracking conditions with a novel catalytic cracking composition comprising a solid cracking catalyst and a diluent containing a selected magnesium compound or a selected magnesium compound in combination with one or more heat-stable metal compounds.

Abstract: Method of removing arsenic in hydrocarbons such as LPG, wherein arsenic compounds in the gaseous hydrocarbon are reacted with a metal oxide catalyst and adsorbed on the catalyst and partially oxidized by the catalyst.

Abstract: Metals contained in a hydrocarbon containing feed stream are removed by contacting the hydrocarbon containing feed stream under suitable demetallization conditions with hydrogen and a catalyst composition comprising zirconium phosphate and copper phosphate. The life and activity of the catalyst composition may be increased by introducing a decomposable metal compound selected from the group consisting of the metals of Group V-B, Group VI-B, Group VII-B and Group VIII of the Periodic Table into the hydrocarbon containing feed stream prior to contacting the hydrocarbon containing feed stream with the catalyst composition.

Abstract: Aqueous and organic fluids which contain arsenic are contacted with spent oil shale from an oil shale retorting operation and separated therefrom, yielding a fluid of reduced arsenic content. In one embodiment, shale oil is placed in contact with spent oil shale under conditions of elevated temperature and pressure to reduce the arsenic content of the oil.

Abstract: Elemental sulfur or aqueous sodium hydrogen phosphate is added to an arsenic-containing hydrocarbon, yielding a product hydrocarbon of reduced arsenic content. The process of the invention is particularly useful in the treatment of shale oils and other syncrudes containing relatively large concentrations of arsenic.

Abstract: Method for removing a hydride of an element selected from the group consisting of phosphorous, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, or mixtures thereof, from a hydrocarbon stream, a gas stream, or a mixture of the two streams by initially reducing the free water concentration of the stream or streams or raising the temperatures of the same and subsequently contacting the essentially moisture free effluent with soda lime.

Abstract: Metals contained in a hydrocarbon containing feed stream are removed by contacting the hydrocarbon containing feed stream under suitable demetallization conditions with hydrogen and a catalyst composition comprising zirconium phosphate, cobalt phosphate and a metal phosphate where the metal is selected from the group consisting of nickel and vanadium. Molybdenum phosphate may also be added to the catalyst composition if desired. The life and activity of the catalyst composition may be increased by introducing a decomposable metal compound selected from the group consisting of the metals of Group V-B, Group VI-B, Group VII-B and Group VIII of the Periodic Table into the hydrocarbon containing feed stream prior to contacting the hydrocarbon containing feed stream with the catalyst composition.

Abstract: A carbonaceous material is subjected to a hydrotreating process in which it is desulfurized, deasphalted and demetallized by reaction with hydrogen in a molten medium in the presence of potassium hydroxide and water. The water is present in an amount sufficient to minimize the formation of gaseous hydrocarbonaceous products but insufficient to significantly reduce the effectiveness of potassium hydroxide as the hydrotreating agent. The process is characterized by producing a very small amount of gaseous hydrocarbonaceous products, desulfurizing the carbonaceous feed to the extent of at least about 80%, deasphalting the feed to the extent of at least about 60%, and demetallizing the feed to the extent of at least about 90%. In a preferred embodiment, spent potassium hydroxide is regenerated and recycled to the molten medium.