Abstract: A method for reducing the nitrogen content of shale oil is disclosed. The method comprises selectively extracting nitrogen-containing compounds to form a nitrogen-lean raffinate and a nitrogen-rich extract. The nitrogen-lean raffinate is distilled to form a distillate having a further reduced nitrogen content and a bottoms having a further increased nitrogen content. The bottoms is hydrotreated to remove nitrogen-containing compounds. Extracted shale oil compounds may be combined with the bottoms prior to the hydrotreatment or may be used to generate hydrogen gas for the hydrotreatment. Arsenic-containing compounds are removed from the distillate by extraction.

Abstract: A hydrogen donor solvent selected from the group consisting of a full range crude oil and an atmospheric topped crude oil is used in a hydrovisbreaking process. The heavy fraction being processed is heated in the presence of hydrogen and the solvent under suitable hydrovisbreaking conditions. As a result, the amount of heavies in the feed to the hydrovisbreaking process is substantially reduced.

Abstract: Heavy oil derived from coal is diluted with organic solvent to a content of less than 10 weight percent of toluene-insoluble material. The mixture is then mixed with a non-aromatic solvent in a ratio of 1:3 to 5:1. With slow stirring of the heavy phase at a temperature of between 50.degree. and 200.degree. C., this mixture is separated into a pumpable TI-poor and a pumpable TI-rich fraction under the action of gravity, with a settling-surface load of up to 1 metric ton/m.sup.2 hour. No .beta.-resins are precipitated from these fluid fractions. No tacky, rubber-like sediment is formed from the TI-rich fraction. The fractions are distillatively separated from the solvents, which can be reused. The TI-poor fraction can be used, for example, as a carbon-black oil component or can be processed further to an impregnating agent for carbon shapes. Binders for carbon shapes or cokes are obtained from the TI-rich fraction.

Abstract: Partial desulfurization in the range of about 30-90% during hydrotreating of a dewaxed lube oil basestock provides an increase in viscosity index of up to five numbers with less than about 5 wt. % yield loss, a consequence of the desulfurized compounds staying in the lube boiling range.

Abstract: Arsenic impurities and, optionally, iron impurities are removed from a hydrocarbon-containing feed stream, preferably shale oil, by contacting it with an aqueous solution of a metal chlorate and an acid having a pKa of less than 3.

Abstract: Arsenic impurities are removed from a hydrocarbon-containing feed stream, preferably shale oil, by contacting it with an aqueous solution of a polyacrylamide.

Abstract: A process for producing a high quality refrigerator oil from an oil fraction boiling at a temperature within boiling point of lubricating oil by contacting said oil fraction with a solvent to extract undesirable components thereby lowering % C.sub.A of said oil fraction, hydrogenating said solvent extracted fraction under the specific conditions, and then contacting said hydrogenated oil with a solid absorbant to remove impurities; said oil fraction being obtained from a low grade naphthenic crude oil.

Abstract: The process described uses a C.sub.2 -C.sub.10 hydrocarbon solvent and an organophosphorous compound to extract metals from metal containing oils. Preferably, the extraction is performed above the critical conditions of the solvent.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for increasing the volume of lubricating oil base stocks recovered from a crude oil. A fraction having an atmospheric boiling range of about 675.degree. to 1100.degree. F. is recovered by vacuum distillation. This fraction is treated with furfural to extract a hydrocarbon mixture containing at least 50 volume % aromatic hydrocarbons. The raffinate is a lubricating oil base stock very high in paraffinic hydrocarbons and low in naphthenic hydrocarbons. The fraction extracted by the furfural contains at least about 50 volume % aromatic hydrocarbons and less than about 10 volume % paraffinic hydrocarbons. The mixture is hydrotreated to hydrogenate a substantial portion of the aromatic hydrocarbons. The hydrotreated product then is catalytically dewaxed. After removal of low boiling components, the finished lubricating oil base stock has a viscosity of at least about 200 SUS at 100.degree. F., a pour point of less than 20.degree. F.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon dewaxing process comprising the steps of:(a) chilling the waxy hydrocarbon feed to be dewaxed in the absence of solvent to crystallize a portion of the hard wax;(b) introducing the hydrocarbon feed to be dewaxed into a centrifuge;(c) centrifuging the solvent free hydrocarbon feed thereby generating two streams, stream (I) comprising a major portion of oil with a minor portion of entrained wax, stream (II) comprising a major portion of wax with a minor portion of entrained oil;(d) adding a dewaxing solvent to stream (II) generating a slurry A;(e) feeding slurry A to a centrifuge thereby separating slurry A into an oil-solvent stream (III) and a wax-solvent stream (IV);(f) passing the oil-solvent stream (III) to a membrane separation unit wherein the stream is separated into a recycle solvent stream and an oil-solvent stream of reduced solvent content (stream V);(g) passing oil-solvent stream (V) to an oil recovery unit wherein the stream is separated into a recycle solvent stream and an oil strea

Abstract: A process for the production of an improved grade of needle coke employing as a feedstock selected proportions of a pyrolysis furnace oil together with a hydrodesulfurized blend of a clarified oil and a lubricating oil extract.

Abstract: A process is set forth for the solvent extraction and hydroliquefaction of heavy hydrocarbon oils and residua having an API gravity at 60.degree. F. of less than 20.degree. in the presence of a hydrogen atmosphere and a hydrogen donor solvent at elevated temperature and pressure. Alternately, the hydrocarbon feed can be subjected to a vacuum distillation before solvent extraction or the liquefaction can be catalyzed in-situ. The process results in improved oil production and greater denitrogenation desulfurization and demetallization.

Abstract: Lube base stock oil of low pour point and excellent stability is produced from a waxy crude oil fraction by solvent refining, catalytic dewaxing over a zeolite catalyst in the nature of zeolite ZSM-5 and hydrotreating under specified conditions.

Abstract: A process for producing additional liquid products from a heavy hydrocarbon material by vis-breaking of a separated asphaltene-containing fraction under controlled conditions of temperature and pressure. The asphaltene-containing fraction is obtained by contacting the heavy hydrocarbon material with a first solvent under elevated temperature and pressure conditions to separate the asphaltenes as a heavy phase from the remainder of the heavy hydrocarbon material. The products of the vis-breaking operation comprise distillable and substantially nondistillable liquid products in association with a residue including organometallic compounds. The distillable and substantially nondistillable liquid products then are separated from the residue. The distillable products can be separated by distillation. The nondistillable products are separated from the residue employing a second solvent maintained under elevated temperature and pressure conditions and then recovered as a liquid phase product.

Abstract: A process for conversion of paraffinic base petroleum cracking stocks to high octane motor fuels and petrochemical feedstocks in which paraffinic components are separated from the cracking stock to yield a deparaffined fraction which is hydrotreated and catalytically cracked and a paraffin fraction which is separately catalytically cracked whereby improved yields of normally gaseous olefins and normally liquid products including high octane motor fuel components are obtained.

Abstract: Catalytically dewaxed lubricating base stock oils that have improved resistance to oxidation are produced by pretreating the waxy furfural raffinate with a zeolite sorbent prior to dewaxing with a zeolite catalyst such as ZSM-5, and conducting the dewaxing at a reduced temperature not to exceed about 675.degree.-700.degree. F.

Abstract: This invention provides an integrated process for upgrading a combination of crude petroleum residua, refractory bottoms from catalytic cracking operations, and coal to gasoline and middle distillate products.The process involves dense-gas solvent extraction under supercritical conditions, cracking, and hydroconversion stages.

Abstract: An economic route to transport fuels from low grade feedstocks containing organic polycyclic components and mineral and/or metallic components comprises separating the feedstock into (a) a residue containing fuel values and substantially all of the mineral and metallic components and (b) a liquid hydrocarbon fraction; hydrogenating the liquid hydrocarbon fraction; providing hydrogen for the hydrogenation by steam reforming methane-containing gas recovered from the hydrogenated material; and providing the heat for the steam reforming by immersing the reformer reactor tubes in a fluidized bed heated by combustion of residue from the separation step. If the fluidized bed is pressurized, the process can be made substantially self-contained with all the heat and power requirements for steam generation and feedstock compression for hydrogenation and steam reforming being recovered from the flue gas.

Abstract: An improvement in the solvent extraction of nonhydrocarbons from a synfuel liquid, e.g., shale oil, involves that the extract from the extractor, rather than being recycled directly back to the extractor, is first hydrotreated. A further improvement involves that a portion of the hydrotreated extract is fractionated and a light fraction is returned to the extractor. Use of the hydrotreated extract as recycle increases the efficiency of the extractor. A still further improvement involves the use as a selective solvent of one of the following: dialkylformamide, aldehydomorpholine, keto-morpholine, morpholine or an aliphatic aromatic ketone. These preferred solvents have the advantage of providing a clear interface between the extract and raffinate in the extractor. Removal of the nonhydrocarbons permits production of more hydrocarbons having enhanced utility as a jet fuel from a synfuel liquid than otherwise would be possible.

Abstract: In a process for the thermal cracking of hydrocarbons to produce olefins, improvement of recovering hydrocarbons boiling above 200.degree. C. from the thermal cracking stage, preferably removing polymeric components therefrom, catalytically hydrogenating resultant hydrocarbons boiling above 200.degree. C., and recycling resultant hydrogenated hydrocarbons to the thermal cracking stage.

Abstract: Coal tar pitch is contacted with a promoter liquid having a 5 volume percent distillation temperature of at least 250.degree. F. and a 95 volume percent distillation temperature of at least 350.degree. F. and no greater than about 750.degree. F., with the liquid having a characterization factor of at least 9.75 to promote the separation of quinoline insolubles from the pitch. A coal tar pitch fraction essentially free of quinoline insolubles is then subjected to coking to produce a needle coke. The process is also applicable to separation of quinoline insolubles from coal tar derived binder pitch.

Abstract: Oxygen compounds are removed, e.g., by solvent extraction, from a shale oil prior to its hydrogenation. As a result, the amount of hydrogen consumed during subsequent hydrogenation to achieve a given level of nitrogen for the shale oil is less than that which would occur if the oxygen compounds were not removed from the shale oil. Removal of the nitrogen is necessary to avoid adverse effects on subsequent shale oil processing steps such as catalytic cracking.

Abstract: A method of denitrogenating an oil containing a relatively high concentration of nitrogenous compounds characterized by, first, extracting the nitrogenous compounds from the oil with an operable acid solvent to produce a raffinate of low nitrogen content oil and a bottoms of high nitrogen content oil; then recovering the acid solvent from the bottoms, simultaneously producing a small volumeteric flow rate stream of oil containing high content of nitrogenous compounds; depending upon the volumeteric rate of the high nitrogen content oil stream and upon demand, sending it to a hydrogen producing plant for supplying hydrogen for hydrogenation; and recycling the acid solvent. Preferred acid solvents comprise phosphoric acid, formic acid or the monoammonium salt of phosphoric acid. The recovery of the solvent may be by neutralization or by distillation.

Abstract: Hydrocarbon oils, especially waxy distillate lubricating oil stocks suitable for the preparation, by conventional unit processes, of high V.I., low pour point lubricating oils, are advantageously catalytically dewaxed with synthetic offretite catalyst preferably associated with a hydrogenation metal such as platinum or palladium.

Abstract: The process relates to the production of olefins by thermal cracking, in the absence of a catalyst, of a fuel value residual hydrocarbon feedstock which, prior to cracking, is extracted with a paraffinic solvent which is selective for the saturated hydrocarbon material present in the feedstock. Preferred extraction conditions include the use of supercritical temperatures and pressures. The solvent is separated from the extracted hydrocarbon material and the latter is then cracked.

Abstract: An improved process for catalytically dewaxing a hydrocarbon oil is disclosed. In this process the waxy oil is contacted in the presence of hydrogen with a dense zeolitic dewaxing catalyst associated with a nickel-tungsten hydrogenation component. The dewaxed oil has unexpectedly good stability and a low bromine number compared with prior-art processed oils. The process may be used to dewax crude oils, fuel oil fractions and lubricating oils.

Abstract: Lube base stock oil of low pour point and excellent stability is produced from a waxy crude oil fraction by solvent refining, catalytic dewaxing over a zeolite catalyst in the nature of zeolite ZSM-5 and hydrotreating under specified conditions.

Abstract: Specialty oils of very low pour point and excellent stability, such as transformer oils and refrigerator oils, are produced from waxy crude distillates by solvent refining, catalytic dewaxing over a zeolite catalyst in the nature of zeolite ZSM-5 and hydrotreating.

Abstract: In mixing coal tar and/or coal tar pitch with aromatic and aliphatic solvents at atmospheric pressure and at a temperature between 15.degree. C and 140.degree. C to prepare a raw material for the manufacture of needle coke, the mixing ratio of the aromatic and aliphatic solvents and their quantities of addition to the coal tar and/or coal tar pitch are adjusted so that insoluble substances precipitate in a pitch zone. A supernatant obtained by separating the insoluble substances is distilled, and hydrocarbons consisting substantially of aromatic compounds and freed of the insoluble substances are obtained. Then the hydrocarbons are used as the raw material for the manufacture of needle coke.

Abstract: Transformer oil feedstocks are produced by double solvent extracting a raw, untreated, light distillate fraction from a waxy crude oil to produce a second, wax-containing extract. The second extract oil is hydrotreated to mildly crack same, reduce the sulfur content and improve the viscosity oxidation and color stability thereof. This hydrotreated oil is then distilled to produce a transformer oil feedstock of relatively low wax content as a heart cut fraction having a 5 to 95 LV% boiling range between about 595.degree. to 750.degree. F. The transformer oil feedstock may then be dewaxed using any well known method such as solvent or catalytic dewaxing to obtain a low pour point transformer oil.

Abstract: A process for preparing needle coal pitch coke by mixing coal tar and/or coal tar pitch with aromatic and aliphatic solvents under atmospheric pressure and at temperatures between 15.degree. C and 140.degree. C. The mixing ratio of the aromatic and aliphatic solvents and their quantities of addition to coal tar and/or coal tar pitch are adjusted so that insoluble substances precipitate in a zone selected from the group consisting of a slurry zone and a crystal zone. By distilling a supernatant solution obtained by separating the insoluble substances occurring in the slurry or crystal zone, hydrocarbons consisting substantially of aromatic compounds and free of the insoluble substances are obtained. The obtained hydrocarbons are processed into coke.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method of catalytically treating lubricating oil base stocks with certain crystalline zeolite catalysts, exemplified by ZSM-5 zeolite, in order to improve the oxidative stability of the base stocks. The treatment is conducted under very mild conditions with minimal loss of lubricant material.

Abstract: Lubricating oils are prepared by a sequence of steps comprising hydrorefining, fractionation and blending.

Abstract: Residual oils are upgraded to lube oil base stocks by a combination process involving deasphalting, solvent extraction and hydrocracking arranged to particularly promote the efficient production of lube oil products.

Abstract: A method for producing uninhibited transformer oil is disclosed which includes isolating a petroleum distillate that is primarily naphthenic and aromatic in character, boiling above 400.degree.F, having a viscosity between 50 and 100 SSU at 100.degree.F, and containing sulfur compounds; contacting the distillate with a solvent selective for aromatic hydrocarbons under conditions to produce a raffinate phase containing 15-30%v aromatic hydrocarbons; hydrotreating the raffinate phase to reduce the nitrogen content to at most 25 PPM, to maintain the sulfur content greater than 0.08%w, and to maintain the aromatic hydrocarbon content greater than 15%v. The product is an uninhibited transformer oil, and it can be further improved by regenerative clay treatment and by the addition of certain aromatic hydrocarbon compounds containing two or more six carbon membered fused or unfused rings, at least one of which is a benzene ring.