Abstract: A method of forming a transition metal dichalcogenide layer on a substrate is provided. The method may include providing a transition metal oxide, a chalcogen source, a non-gaseous chalcogen scavenger, and a substrate, wherein the substrate is disposed downstream of the transition metal oxide and the chalcogen source, and wherein the non-gaseous chalcogen scavenger is disposed in proximity to the transition metal oxide; generating vapors of the transition metal oxide and vapors of the chalcogen source, wherein the non-gaseous chalcogen scavenger reacts preferentially with the vapors of the chalcogen source; disposing the vapors generated from the transition metal oxide and the chalcogen source on the substrate; and reacting the vapors of the transition metal oxide and the chalcogen source on the substrate to obtain the transition metal dichalcogenide layer on the substrate.

Abstract: A process for upgrading a hydrocarbon feed includes contacting the hydrocarbon feed with steam in the presence of a cracking catalyst in a steam catalytic cracking reactor at reaction conditions sufficient to cause at least a portion of hydrocarbons in the hydrocarbon feed to undergo one or more cracking reactions to produce a steam catalytic cracking effluent comprising light olefins, light aromatic compounds, or both, where the cracking catalyst comprises a ZSM-11 zeolite.

Abstract: A process for treating a hydrocarbon stream to remove polynuclear aromatic (PNA) and heavy polynuclear aromatic (HPNA) compounds includes contacting the hydrocarbon stream with an adsorbent in an adsorption unit to adsorb the PNA and HPNA compounds onto the adsorbent to produce a treated hydrocarbon stream and regenerating the adsorbent. Regenerating the adsorbent may include contacting the adsorbent with a solvent comprising a disulfide oil, such as a disulfide oil effluent from a mercaptan oxidation unit. The solvent comprising the disulfide oil desorbs the PNA and HPNA compounds from the adsorbent into the solvent to produce a desorption effluent. The treated hydrocarbon stream can be passed to a hydrocracking unit that hydrocracks the treated hydrocarbon stream to produce a hydrocracker effluent that includes greater value petrochemical products or intermediates.

Abstract: A method for preparing needle coke for ultra-high power (UHP) electrodes from heavy oil is provided. In this method, heavy oil is used as a raw material. The size exclusion chromatography (SEC) is conducted with polystyrene (PS) as a packing material to separate out specific components with a relative molecular weight of 400 to 1,000. The ion-exchange chromatography (IEC) is conducted to remove acidic and alkaline components to obtain a neutral raw material. The neutral raw material is subjected to two-stage consecutive carbonization to obtain green coke, and the green coke is subjected to high-temperature calcination to obtain the needle coke for UHP electrodes. The needle coke has a true density of more than 2.13 g/cm3 and a coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of ?1.15×10?6/° C. at 25° C. to 600° C.

Abstract: Supplemental heat required to raise the temperature of a regenerated catalyst to the minimum required to promote the catalyzed reaction in an FCC unit is provided by introducing adsorbent material containing HPNA compounds and HPNA precursors with the coked catalyst into the FCC catalyst regeneration unit for combustion. The HPNA compounds and HPNA precursors can be adsorbed on either a carbonaceous adsorbent, such as activated carbon, that is completely combustible and generates no ash, or on fresh or coked FCC catalyst that is recovered from an HPNA adsorption column that has treated the bottoms from a hydrocracking unit to remove the HPNA compounds and their precursors.

Abstract: A process for the treatment of a hydrocracking unit bottoms recycle stream, and preferably the fresh hydrocracker feed to remove heavy poly-nuclear aromatic (HPNA) compounds and HPNA precursors employs, in the alternative, an adsorption step which removes most of the HPNA compounds followed by an ionic liquid extraction step to remove the remaining HPNA compounds, or a first ionic liquid extraction step which removes most of the HPNA compounds followed by an adsorption step to remove the remaining HPNA compounds. Ionic liquids of the general formula Q+A? are identified for use in the process; organic polar solvents are identified for removal of the HPNA compounds in solution. Suitable adsorbents are identified for use in packed bed or slurry bed columns that operate within specified temperature and pressure ranges.

Abstract: Methods for reducing impurities and improving color in liquid hydrocarbon products (e.g., diesel fuel) are provided herein.

Abstract: Useful portions of equilibrium catalyst from a Fluid Catalytic Cracking unit are obtained by fractionating to obtain a narrow size fraction, followed by separation of the narrow size fraction using density as a fractionating criterion. Size fractionating may be performed in vibrating sieves, and the density fractionating may be performed in an air cyclone. Both beneficial and detrimental fractions can be identified; in one embodiment, large particles are removed from ECAT to improve the coking factor.

Abstract: A process for removing at least one contaminant from coal tar is described. The process involves extraction with an extraction agent or adsorption with an adsorbent. The extraction agent includes at least one of amphiphilic block copolymers, inclusion complexes of poly(methyl methacrylate) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, cyclodextrins, functionalized cyclodextrins, and cyclodextrin-functionalized polymers, and the adsorbent includes exfoliated graphite oxide, thermally exfoliated graphite oxide or intercalated graphite compounds.

Abstract: A process for treating a pitch fraction from coal tar is described. The pitch fraction is contacted with a solvent, an extraction agent, or an adsorbent to remove at least one contaminant, such as oxygenate compounds, nitrogen containing compounds, and sulfur containing compounds. The solvent can be an ionic liquid, the extraction agent can be at least one of amphiphilic block copolymers, cyclodextrins, functionalized cyclodextrins, and cyclodextrin-functionalized polymers, and the adsorbent can be exfoliated graphite oxide, thermally exfoliated graphite oxide or intercalated graphite compounds.

Abstract: A delayed coking process includes: a. introducing a fresh hydrocarbon feedstock containing undesirable sulfur and/or nitrogen compounds for preheating into the lower portion of a coking unit product fractionator; b. introducing at least a portion of an intermediate fraction derived from the fractionator and at least one adsorbent material that selectively adsorbs sulfur- and/or nitrogen-containing compounds into a mixing zone to form an adsorbent slurry stream; c. discharging a bottoms fraction from the fractionator; d. adding all or a portion of the slurry stream to the bottoms fraction to form a mixed coking unit feedstream; e. heating the mixed feedstream in the coking unit furnace to a predetermined coking temperature; and f. passing the heated mixed feedstream to a drum of the delayed coking to produce a delayed coking product stream while depositing the adsorbent material having adsorbed sulfur and/or nitrogen compounds with the coke in the coking drum.

Abstract: A method of removing heterocyclic sulfide impurities from a fluid stream is presented. The method comprises contacting the fluid stream with a sorbent comprising metallic copper.

Abstract: A hydrocracking process is provided for treating a first heavy hydrocarbon feedstream and a second heavy hydrocarbon feedstream, in which the first heavy hydrocarbon feedstream contains undesired nitrogen-containing compounds, sulfur-containing compounds and poly-nuclear aromatic compounds. The process includes contacting the first heavy hydrocarbon feedstream with adsorbent material to produce an adsorbent-treated heavy hydrocarbon stream having a reduced content of nitrogen-containing, sulfur-containing compounds and poly-nuclear aromatic compounds. The second heavy hydrocarbon feedstream is combined with the adsorbent-treated heavy hydrocarbon stream. The combined stream is charged to a hydrocracking reaction unit. The hydrocracked effluent is fractioned to recover hydrocracked products and a bottoms stream containing heavy poly-nuclear aromatic compounds.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for removing impurities such as nitrogen and/or sulfur compounds from a hydrocarbon feed, in which the feed is contacted with an adsorbent including a nitrogen-containing organic heterocyclic salt deposited on a porous support, e.g., a supported ionic liquid. Additionally, a method for hydrotreating a hydrocarbon feed which includes a hydroprocessing step is disclosed, wherein prior to hydroprocessing, the feed is contacted with an adsorbent including a supported ionic liquid. Additionally, a method for producing a lube oil which includes isomerization dewaxing of a base oil fraction is disclosed, wherein prior to the isomerization dewaxing step, the base oil fraction is contacted with an adsorbent including a supported ionic liquid. In one embodiment, the adsorbent is regenerated to restore its treatment capacity.

Abstract: A hydrocracking process for treating a first and a second heavy hydrocarbon feedstream, in which the first heavy hydrocarbon feedstream contains undesired nitrogen-containing compounds, sulfur-containing compounds and poly-nuclear aromatic compounds. The process includes contacting the first heavy hydrocarbon feedstream with adsorbent material to produce a hydrocarbon stream having a reduced content of nitrogen-containing, sulfur-containing compounds and poly-nuclear aromatic compounds. The second heavy hydrocarbon feedstream is combined with the adsorbent-treated heavy hydrocarbon stream. The combined stream is charged to a hydrocracking reaction unit.

Abstract: Heavy hydrocarbons contained in FT off gas of a GTL process are removed by bringing the FT off gas into contact with absorption oil, by introducing the FT off gas into a distillation tower, by cooling the FT off gas or by driving the FT off gas into an adsorbent. A burner tip for heating a reformer tube, using FT off gas as fuel, is prevented from being plugged by the deposition of heavy hydrocarbons contained in the FT off gas.

Abstract: Deep desulfurization of hydrocarbon feeds containing undesired organosulfur compounds to produce a hydrocarbon product having low levels of sulfur, i.e., 15 ppmw or less of sulfur, is achieved by flashing the feed at a target cut point temperature to obtain two fractions. A low boiling temperature fraction contains refractory, sterically hindered sulfur-containing compounds, which have a boiling point at or above the target cut point temperature. A high boiling temperature fraction, having a boiling point below the target cut point temperature, is substantially free of refractory sulfur-containing compounds. The high boiling temperature fraction is contacted with isomerization catalyst, and the isomerized effluent and the low boiling temperature fraction are combined and contacted with a hydrotreating catalyst in a hydrodesulfurization reaction zone operating under mild conditions to reduce the quantity of organosulfur compounds to an ultra-low level.

Abstract: Deep desulfurization of hydrocarbon feeds containing undesired organosulfur compounds to produce a hydrocarbon product having low levels of sulfur, i.e., 15 ppmw or less of sulfur, is achieved by first subjecting the entire feed to an extraction zone to separate an aromatic-rich fraction containing a substantial amount of the aromatic refractory and sterically hindered sulfur-containing compounds and an aromatic-lean fraction containing a substantial amount of the labile sulfur-containing compounds. The aromatic-rich fraction is contacted with isomerization catalyst, and the isomerized aromatic-rich fraction and the aromatic-lean fraction are combined and contacted with a hydrotreating catalyst in a hydrodesulfurization reaction zone operating under mild conditions to reduce the quantity of organosulfur compounds to an ultra-low level.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to the upgrading of heavy petroleum oils of high viscosity and low API gravity that are typically not suitable for pipelining without the use of diluents. The method comprises introducing a particulate heat carrier into an up-flow reactor, introducing the feedstock at a location above the entry of the particulate heat carrier, allowing the heavy hydrocarbon feedstock to interact with the heat carrier for a short time, separating the vapors of the product stream from the particulate heat carrier and liquid and byproduct solid matter, collecting a gaseous and liquid product mixture comprising a mixture of a light fraction and a heavy fraction from the product stream, and using a vacuum tower to separate the light fraction as a substantially bottomless product and the heavy fraction from the product mixture.

Abstract: A delayed coking process includes: a. introducing a fresh hydrocarbon feedstock containing undesirable sulfur and/or nitrogen compounds for preheating into the lower portion of a coking unit product fractionator; b. introducing at least a portion of an intermediate fraction derived from the fractionator and at least one adsorbent material that selectively adsorbs sulfur- and/or nitrogen-containing compounds into a mixing zone to form an adsorbent slurry stream; c. discharging a bottoms fraction from the fractionator; d. adding all or a portion of the slurry stream to the bottoms fraction to form a mixed coking unit feedstream; e. heating the mixed feedstream in the coking unit furnace to a predetermined coking temperature; and f. passing the heated mixed feedstream to a drum of the delayed coking to produce a delayed coking product stream while depositing the adsorbent material having adsorbed sulfur and/or nitrogen compounds with the coke in the coking drum.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for producing a treated hydrocarbon containing stream for use as a feed to a hydrogen plant having a steam methane reformer in which an untreated hydrocarbon containing stream is introduced into two reaction stages connected in series to hydrogenate olefins and to convert organic sulfur species to hydrogen sulfide. The second of the two stages can also be operated in a pre-reforming mode to generate additional hydrogen through introduction of the oxygen and steam into such stage. A sulfur tolerant catalyst is used in both stages to promote hydrogenation and oxidation reactions. Sulfur is removed between stages by adsorption of the hydrogen sulfide to prevent deactivation of the catalyst in the second of the stages that would otherwise occur during operation of the second reaction stage in a pre-reforming mode of operation.

Abstract: The invention describes an improved process for deep desulfurization of a gas-oil-type hydrocarbon fraction that comprises a catalytic hydrodesulfurization unit that is preceded by a unit for adsorption of the nitrogen compounds that inhibit the hydrodesulfurization reaction.

Abstract: A hydrocracking process is provided for treating a first heavy hydrocarbon feedstream and a second heavy hydrocarbon feedstream, in which the first heavy hydrocarbon feedstream contains undesired nitrogen-containing compounds, sulfur-containing compounds and poly-nuclear aromatic compounds. The process includes contacting the first heavy hydrocarbon feedstream with adsorbent material to produce an adsorbent-treated heavy hydrocarbon stream having a reduced content of nitrogen-containing, sulfur-containing compounds and poly-nuclear aromatic compounds. The second heavy hydrocarbon feedstream is combined with the adsorbent-treated heavy hydrocarbon stream. The combined stream is charged to a hydrocracking reaction unit. The hydrocracked effluent is fractioned to recover hydrocracked products and a bottoms stream containing heavy poly-nuclear aromatic compounds.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for removing impurities such as nitrogen and/or sulfur compounds from a hydrocarbon feed, in which the feed is contacted with an adsorbent including a nitrogen-containing organic heterocyclic salt deposited on a porous support, e.g., a supported ionic liquid. Additionally, a method for hydrotreating a hydrocarbon feed which includes a hydroprocessing step is disclosed, wherein prior to hydroprocessing, the feed is contacted with an adsorbent including a supported ionic liquid. Additionally, a method for producing a lube oil which includes isomerization dewaxing of a base oil fraction is disclosed, wherein prior to the isomerization dewaxing step, the base oil fraction is contacted with an adsorbent including a supported ionic liquid. In one embodiment, the adsorbent is regenerated to restore its treatment capacity.

Abstract: A denitrification method is disclosed for removing nitrogen compounds from a hydrocarbon feed in which the feed is contacted with an adsorbent including an organic heterocyclic salt deposited on a porous support. Additionally, a method for hydrotreating a hydrocarbon feed which includes a hydroprocessing step is disclosed, wherein prior to hydroprocessing, the feed is contacted with an adsorbent including an organic heterocyclic salt deposited on a support. Additionally, a method for producing a lube oil which includes isomerization dewaxing of a base oil fraction is disclosed, wherein prior to the isomerization dewaxing step, the base oil fraction is contacted with an adsorbent including an organic heterocyclic salt deposited on a support.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for removing highly deleterious non-basic nitrogen compounds upstream from an acid catalyzed thiophene alkylation process using adsorbents capable of adsorbing the non-basic nitrogen compounds.

Abstract: The invention concerns a fixed bed process for capturing arsenic and for desulphurizing a hydrocarbon fraction comprising olefins, sulphur and arsenic, said process comprising a step a) for bringing a capture mass into contact with said hydrocarbon fraction in the presence of hydrogen, the ratio between the flow rate of hydrogen and the flow rate of the hydrocarbon fraction being in the range 50 to 800 Nm3/m3, the operating temperature being in the range 200° C. to 400° C., the operating pressure being in the range 0.2 to 5 MPa. The capture mass comprises molybdenum in a sulphurized form, nickel in a sulphurized form and at least one porous support selected from the group constituted by aluminas, silica, silica-aluminas, titanium oxide and magnesium oxide. The nickel content is in the range 10% to 28% by weight and the molybdenum content is in the range 0.3% to 2.1% by weight.

Abstract: A feedstream to an FCC unit is treated to remove or reduce the content of polynuclear aromatics and nitrogen-containing compounds by contacting the feedstream with an adsorbent compound selected from attapulgus clay, alumina, silica gel and activated carbon in a fixed bed or slurry column and separating the treated feedstream that is lower in the undesired compounds from the adsorbent material. The adsorbent can be mixed with a solvent for the undesired compounds and stripped for re-use.

Abstract: The service life and deactivation rate of a paraffin isomerization catalyst is improved through use of a new sulfur guard bed containing a chloride additive. This sulfur guard bed, which contains supported CuO material having an increased resistance to reduction, shows such improvement. Thus, the danger of run-away reduction followed by a massive release of water and deactivation of an isomerization catalyst is practically eliminated. The fact that the guard bed material preserves the active metal phase-copper in an active (oxide) form is an important advantage leading to very low sulfur content in the product stream. The sulfur capacity per unit weight of sorbent is also significantly increased, making this sorbent a superior cost effective sulfur guard product.

Abstract: The invention describes an improved process for deep desulfurization of a gas-oil-type hydrocarbon fraction that comprises a catalytic hydrodesulfurization unit that is preceded by a unit for adsorption of the nitrogen compounds that inhibit the hydrodesulfurization reaction.

Abstract: A method for treating fuel containing vanadium including extracting vanadium from the fuel with an adsorption material and fractionating the fuel into a light oil fraction and a heavy fuel fraction. The light fuel fraction has a reduced amount of vanadium. Systems for fuel preparation are also provided.

Abstract: The process of the present invention is directed to the desulfurization of a sulfur-containing unrefined hydrocarbon stream with a membrane separation apparatus, where sulfur compounds are concentrated in a sulfur-rich stream on a permeate side of the membrane, and a sulfur-lean stream is recovered as a retentate. The sulfur-rich stream, which has a small volume relative to the original unrefined hydrocarbon stream, is conveyed to a subsequent desulfurization apparatus or system, such as a hydrotreating system, to recover the hydrocarbons associated with the organosulfur compounds. The stream desulfurized by conventional processes, such as hydrotreating, and the hydrocarbons desulfurized by the membrane separation apparatus may be combined to provide a low sulfur hydrocarbon effluent with minimal or no loss of the original volume.

Abstract: A feedstream to an FCC unit is treated to remove or reduce the content of polynuclear aromatics and nitrogen-containing compounds by contacting the feedstream with an adsorbent compound selected from attapulgus clay, alumina, silica gel and activated carbon in a fixed bed or slurry column and separating the treated feedstream that is lower in the undesired compounds from the adsorbent material. The adsorbent can be mixed with a solvent for the undesired compounds and stripped for re-use.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus relate to reducing content of nitrogen-containing compounds within slurry oil using a chromatographic based assembly, which may not affect aromatic content, prior to feeding the slurry oil into a coking system. The slurry oil passes through the chromatographic based assembly to upgrade the slurry oil and make the slurry oil suitable for feedstock in making needle coke. Further, a hydrotreater utilized in combination with the chromatographic based assembly may provide additional upgrading of the slurry oil.

Abstract: A process for the removal of one or more nitrogen compounds, e.g. basic nitrogen compound from a fluid stream is described in which the fluid is contacted with a functionalized polymer fibre material having functional groups capable of reacting with the nitrogen compounds.

Abstract: A method for reducing the mercury content of natural gas condensate, comprising the steps of providing a nanofiltration membrane having a feed side and a permeate side; contacting the natural gas condensate with the feed side of the membrane; and obtaining a mercury-depleted natural gas condensate at the permeate side of the membrane; and a natural gas processing plant comprising a condensate workup section including a nanofiltration membrane separation unit for reducing the mercury content of natural gas condensate.

Abstract: Processes and systems are provided for removing contaminants from a vapor stream containing hydrocarbon and hydrogen, and can include: providing a feed stream to a first pressurized vapor liquid separator that produces a liquid stream and a vapor stream containing hydrocarbon and hydrogen, passing the vapor stream to an inlet of a particulate trap containing a plurality of treatment zones that remove contaminants from the vapor stream to produce a particulate trap effluent, and passing the particulate trap effluent directly to a catalytic hydrogenation zone. The processes and systems can also include: passing the liquid stream from the first pressurized vapor liquid separator to a second vapor liquid separator that produces an overhead vapor stream and a liquid bottoms stream, condensing the overhead vapor stream from the second vapor liquid separator to form a liquid overhead stream, routing the liquid overhead stream to the inlet of the particulate trap.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to the upgrading of heavy petroleum oils of high viscosity and low API gravity that are typically not suitable for pipelining without the use of diluents. It utilizes a short residence-time pyrolytic reactor operating under conditions that result in a rapid pyrolytic distillation with coke formation. Both physical and chemical changes taking place lead to an overall molecular weight reduction in the liquid product and rejection of certain components with the byproduct coke. The liquid product is upgraded primarily because of its substantially reduced viscosity, increased API gravity, and the content of middle and light distillate fractions. While maximizing the overall liquid yield, the improvements in viscosity and API gravity can render the liquid product suitable for pipelining without the use of diluents.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to the upgrading of heavy petroleum oils of high viscosity and low API gravity that are typically not suitable for pipelining without the use of diluents. It utilizes a short residence-time pyrolytic reactor operating under conditions that result in a rapid pyrolytic distillation with coke formation. Both physical and chemical changes taking place lead to an overall molecular weight reduction in the liquid product and rejection of certain components with the byproduct coke. The liquid product is upgraded primarily because of its substantially reduced viscosity, increased API gravity, and the content of middle and light distillate fractions. While maximizing the overall liquid yield, the improvements in viscosity and API gravity can render the liquid product suitable for pipelining without the use of diluents.

Abstract: A process for upgrading a diesel fuel, includes the steps of providing a diesel fuel feedstock; hydrogenating the feedstock at a pressure of less than about 600 psig so as to provide a hydrogenated product wherein a portion of the feedstock is converted to alkyl-naphthene-aromatic compounds; and selectively oxidizing the hydrogenated product in the presence of a catalyst so as to convert the alkyl-naphthene-aromatic compounds to alkyl ketones. A catalyst and oxygen-containing Diesel fuel are also provided.

Abstract: This invention provides a resid cracking apparatus comprising a riser, reactor, stripper cum separator with adjustable outlets in flow communication with adsorbent and catalyst regenerators for converting hydrocarbon residues containing higher concentration of conradson carbon content, poisonous metals such as nickel & vanadium and basic nitrogen etc., into lighter and valuable products and a process thereof.

Abstract: A feedstream to a hydrocracking unit is treated to remove or reduce the content of polynuclear aromatics and nitrogen-containing compounds by contacting the feedstream with an adsorbent compound selected from attapulgus clay, alumina, silica gel and activated carbon in a fixed bed or slurry column and separating the treated feedstream that is lower in the undesired compounds from the adsorbent material. The adsorbent can be mixed with a solvent for the undesired compounds and stripped for re-use.

Abstract: The present invention relates to new crystalline molecular sieve SSZ-75 prepared using a tetramethylene-1,4-bis-(N-methylpyrrolidinium)dication as a structure-directing agent, and its use in catalysts for hydrocarbon conversion reactions.

Abstract: A system 26 for removing elemental mercury or mercury compounds handles carbonaceous sorbent 28 of a starter batch stored in a silo 30 in an agglomerated state. The sorbent 28 is fed by a feeder 32 to a separation device 34, which comminutes (if necessary) and de-agglomerates the sorbent particles 28 to their primary size distribution. This device 34 may be a particle-particle separator or a jet mill, where compressed air or high-pressure steam is the energy source. The de-agglomerated sorbent 28 of a contact batch created from the starter batch is conveyed by an airsteam for injection at a contact location 66 in a flue gas duct whereat carbonaceous sorbent of the contact batch adsorbs mercury from the flue gas.

Abstract: A four stage process for producing high quality white oils, particularly food or medicinal grade mineral oils from mineral oil distillates. The first reaction stage employs a sulfur resistant hydrotreating catalyst and produces a product suitable for use as a high quality lubricating oil base stock. The second reaction stage employs a hydrogenation/hydrodesulfurization catalyst. The third stage employs a reduced metal sulfur sorbent producing a product stream which is low in aromatics and which has substantially “nil” sulfur. The final reaction stage employs a selective hydrogenation catalyst that produces a product suitable as a food or medicinal grade white oil.

Abstract: A sequential processing for heavy petroleum residues is disclosed which uses a separate mixture of catalyst and adsorbent. The solid adsorbent and FCC (fluids catalytic cracking) catalyst particles differ significant at least on particle size or density or both. The adsorbent preferably consist of calcined coke or metal oxides of Al, Si, or Mg having enhanced ability of selectively capture different impurities of the residual oil. The adsorbent particles first treat the residual hydrocarbons in the riser bottom end subsequently the actual catalyst tales care of catalytic cracking in the upper section of the riser. The spent solid mixture is fed to the catalyst separator which uses steam at sufficiently high velocity but at lower temperature to lift the catalyst particles out of the separator. Such a novel low temperature faster separation minimizes Vanadium mobility and deactivation of the catalyst. A net coke stream is withdrawn from the separator/burner especially while processing residues above 5 wt % CCR.

Abstract: A method is provided for manufacturing cleaner fuels, in which NPC (Natural Polar Compounds), naturally existing in small quantities within various petrolic hydrocarbon fractions, are removed from the petrolic hydrocarbon fractions ranging, in boiling point, from 110 to 560° C. and preferably from 200 to 400° C., in advance of catalytic hydroprocessing. The removal of NPC improves the efficiency of the catalytic process and produces environment-friendly products, such as diesel fuel with a sulfur content of 50 ppm (wt) or lower. Also, the NPC can be used to improve fuel lubricity.

Abstract: A process wherein a residuum feedstock is upgraded in a short vapor contact time thermal process unit comprised of a horizontal moving bed of fluidized hot particles, then fed to a fluid catalytic cracking process unit. Hot flue gases from the fluid catalytic cracking unit is used to circulate solid particles and to provide process heat to the thermal process unit.

Abstract: A process for upgrading a nitrogen and sulfur rich heavy naphtha feedstock includes the steps of providing a naphtha feedstock having an initial nitrogen content, an initial sulfur content and an initial octane number; contacting the naphtha feedstock with an acid source so as to provide a reduced nitrogen feedstock having a reduced nitrogen content which is less than the initial nitrogen content; contacting the reduced nitrogen feedstock with a hydroconversion catalyst system under a hydrogen atmosphere, temperature and pressure so as to provide a final product having a final nitrogen content which is less than the initial nitrogen content, a final sulfur content which is less than the initial sulfur content, and having a final octane number which is substantially equal to or greater than the initial octane number of the feedstock, and wherein the final product has an increased isomerized component and substantially no increase in aromatic content with respect to the feedstock.

Abstract: A method to minimize catalyst deactivation rate and coke laydown, and maximize desired reaction rate in processing of industrially significant reactions under supercritical conditions to generate a reaction mixture stream including formed reaction products and reactants, said contacting at a desired catalyst temperature of about 1-1.2 critical temperature of the resulting reaction mixture and at a pressure between the critical pressure of the reaction mixture and a pressure necessary to establish said reaction mixture fluid density of greater than 0.65 gm/cc.