Abstract: A system adapted to condition an initial water feed stream into a treated water stream and to discharge the treated water stream. The initial water feed stream includes at least one of: a plurality of particles; an oil; a volatile organic compound; a hydrogen sulfide; a non-volatile compound; a heavy metal; and, a dissolved ion. The system includes a particle and oil removal subsystem adapted to treat the initial water feed stream to remove the plurality of particles and the oil to form a first partial treated water stream, a chemical oxygen demand reduction subsystem adapted to treat the first partial treated water stream to remove the volatile organic compound, the hydrogen sulfide and/or the non-volatile organic compound to form a second partial treated water stream, and a heavy metal and dissolved ion removal subsystem adapted to treat the second partial treated water stream to remove the heavy metal and the dissolved ion to form a treated water stream.

Abstract: Provided is a radon reduction apparatus for groundwater disinfection. The radon reduction apparatus includes an agitation space forming body that groundwater fed through a groundwater feed pipe passes through before inflow into the groundwater storage tank and that forms a water turbine installation space whose top portion is not filled with groundwater; a water turbine located in the water turbine installation space to be rotated by groundwater when the fed groundwater falls, is run against the bottom and scattered; an oxygen supply unit supplying oxygen to groundwater before inflow of the groundwater to the agitation space forming body; a ventilating fan rotated by receiving rotary power of the water turbine and connected to the water turbine installation space to discharge air of the water turbine installation space; and an antiseptic solution supply unit supplying antiseptic solution to be mixed with the groundwater.

Abstract: An apparatus for treating an aqueous medium containing microorganisms comprises an intake for receiving the aqueous medium containing microorganisms. A pressure differential inducer is associated to the intake so as to receive the aqueous medium containing microorganisms with a desired level of gas saturation. The pressure differential inducer is actuatable to expose the aqueous medium containing microorganisms with a desired level of gas saturation to accelerations so as to cause cell wall rupture of the microorganisms. An outlet is associated with the pressure differential inducer for outletting the treated aqueous medium containing ruptured microorganism cells and contents. The treated aqueous medium containing ruptured cell wall of the microorganisms is disposed of and/or recycled.

Abstract: Imido-acid salts and compositions containing imido-acid salts are described herein. Methods of their preparation and use are also described herein. The methods of using the imido-acid salts include the reduction of volatile compounds from gas and liquid streams and the delivery of pharmaceutical agents to subjects.

Abstract: A scrubbing system and method reduces volatile organic compound (VOC) vapors released during hydraulic fracturing. The water created by the process itself is used to help control the VOCs. During the collection process, the water and VOCs separate in a tank. A small amount of the water from below the separated VOCs is pumped to atomization equipment above the flowback liquid. In the preferred embodiment, rotary atomizers are used to create a mist of very fine droplets. Emulsifiers may be added to the water at the atomizer. The mist containing the emulsifiers is distributed throughout the space above the flowback water in the tank and on the liquid surface and walls of the tank. The mixing of the mist containing the emulsifiers and the VOC vapor allows the emulsifiers to capture the VOC vapor and return it to the liquid surface.

Abstract: Treatment of an aqueous solution to yield a product is more desirable for disposal by an advanced oxidation process. Ozone is mixed with the solution, and maintaining at an elevated pressure for a time. The process may include recirculation past injector that injects ozone into the solution. Influent may be sewage, septage, leachate, ballast, and so on. The process disinfects and/or denutrifies the effluent. It may include (a) back-to-back processing of batches (b) overlapping processing with a previously treated batch (c) off-gassing (d) repetitive high pressure and low pressure cycles (e) post processing steps, such as retention without addition of ozone for a period of time to permit flocculates longer to form (f) post process filtering to remove flocculates (g) simultaneous post-processing of one batch while another batch is being processed. The process may include the treatment of solutions containing pharmaceuticals.

Abstract: The system and method reduces volatile organic compound concentration in a water distribution system using pressurized diffused aeration. The system and method is used in-line in a water distribution system. The system and method can be used at the ends of the distribution system where volatile organic compounds, including trihalomethanes, are more likely to persist. The system and method of pressurized, diffused aeration reduces volatile organic compounds from groundwater remediation systems as well.

Abstract: A method of treatment of water in an aquatic environment. Water is first pumped from a reservoir to a first mixing station. An inert gas is introduced into the pumped water at the first mixing station to provide inert gas saturated water, which inert gas saturated water will displace undesired gasses in the water in the reservoir. The inert gas saturated water is then pumped to a sparging column such that the inert gas and undesired gasses will be released from the inert gas saturated water to provide depleted water.

Abstract: A separation process for separating two or more immiscible liquids using contactors utilizing high surface area vertical hanging fibers is disclosed. This separation process is especially useful in the separation of disulfide oil formed during the oxidation of spent caustic solution that was used to remove sulfur contaminates from light hydrocarbons.

Abstract: A method and a device using pyrolysis for recycling used printed circuit board in which water (moisture) is introduced in the pyrolysis process and a fully sealed low pressure environment is established to ensure that no combustion happens in the pyrolysis process to enhance the safety of the process; pyrolysis gases generated in the process are concentrated and purified to provide useful fuels or chemical materials; therefore, the present invention can reduce process cost, improve recycling efficiency and provide processing device with high safety, thereby enhancing industry usability.

Abstract: An integrated unit operations for the treatment of a waste stream, such as spent caustic, is provided in a single vertical vessel having at least three separate zones: a mixing, a settling, and a mass transfer zone.

Abstract: Formation of scale in a wastewater treatment system upstream of a struvite precipitation reactor is inhibited by injection of CO2. The injection may be performed at multiple locations. Injection may be controlled based on one or more of pH, fluid flow and fluid pressure. Injected CO2 may be stripped at the precipitation reactor to enhance struvite production. Scale may be inhibited while maintaining production of precipitated struvite.

Abstract: A method for treating wastewater containing organic amines including adding glyoxal to the wastewater to remove the organic amines.

Abstract: It is intended to effectively suppress corrosion of a feed-water supply pipe in a preheater, by means of recirculation of boiler water to feed-water to be supplied to a steam boiler, even if a concentration of an alkaline component of the feed-water is relatively high. An alkali metal hydroxide is added from an agent-adding unit (14) to feed-water after removing therefrom a water hardness component in a water-softener unit (15) using a cation exchange resin and then removing therefrom dissolved gas in a degasifier unit (16). Then, the feed-water is supplied to a steam boiler 20 via a feed-water supply line 13 while being heated by a preheater (41). A part of boiler water having a pH value increased along with an increase in concentration of the alkali metal hydroxide resulting from enrichment thereof in the steam boiler (20) is mixed with the feed-water via a recirculation line (38).

Abstract: A process for working up alkaline process wastewater from the nitration of aromatic compounds to mono-, di- and trinitroaromatics, said alkaline process wastewater having a pH of 7.5 to 13, comprising the steps of a) acidifying the alkaline process wastewater by adding concentrated sulfuric acid which originates from the workup of the aqueous, sulfuric acid-containing phase obtained in the nitration to a pH below 5, which forms a mixture A consisting of organic phase which separates out and acidic aqueous phase, b) contacting the mixture A with fresh sewage sludge, and c) removing the sewage sludge.

Abstract: A Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) removal solution regeneration and recovery apparatus removes VOC contained in a VOC removal solution. The apparatus includes a liquid pump, a vacuum vessel, a vacuum pump, a gas introducing mechanism that introduces an evaporation enhancing gas into the vacuum vessel, and a liquid discharge mechanism that discharges processed VOC removal solution from the vacuum vessel. The apparatus further includes a compressor that generates compressed air having thermal energy and pressure energy. The liquid pump is an air-driven pump that is driven by air pressure as a power source, and the pressure energy of the compressed air is used as the power source of the liquid pump.

Abstract: A wastewater treatment apparatus and method with stair-like heat treatment tanks for performing a breakdown process are disclosed, in which the apparatus comprises: a mixing tank, for evenly mixing wastewater with reaction agents and thus forming a mixed solution; a plurality of heat treatment tanks, for enabling the mixed solution to circulate therein while being heating for a period of time so as to perform an organic destruction process upon the mixed solution and thus cause a discharging liquid to be formed; a heat exchanger, for enabling a heat exchanging process between the discharging liquid and the mixed solution to be performed therein; a condensation tank, for receiving and cooling the discharging liquid; a water purifier, for purifying and thus separating the discharging water into a cleaned water and a concentrated liquid for outputting; an agent recycling unit, for electrolyzing the concentrated liquid so as to recycle the reaction agents.

Abstract: A green process for denitrification using a methanol-containing liquid generated by a catalytic reaction of a starting material formed by mixing carbon dioxide gas with hydrogen gas. This process can advantageously be used for denitrification in waste water treatment plants and, if the hydrogen is generated from water and/or methane derived from the waste water, the process can be self-contained and conducted completely at the waste water treatment plant.

Abstract: A method of recovering oil from oil-based sludge including the steps of homogenizing an oil-rich phase, a water-rich phase, and a solids-rich phase of an oil-based sludge, removing particulates from the oil-based sludge as the sludge traverses a shaker screen, heating the sludge, injecting a chemical into the heated sludge and mixing the chemical with the heated sludge, separating the phases of the chemically-treated sludge into a solids component stream, a water component stream, a first oil component stream, and a gas component stream, removing solids from the first oil component stream with a decanting centrifuge to form a second oil component stream, and removing water and solids from the second oil component stream with a disk stack centrifuge.

Abstract: A process for producing a gas-containing cleaning water which contains a specific gas dissolved in water, which process comprises dissolving the specific gas into water under an increased pressure exceeding an atmospheric pressure to prepare a gas-containing water having a concentration of the gas exceeding solubility of the gas under an atmospheric pressure and, then, removing a portion of the dissolved gas by decreasing pressure on the gas-containing water; an apparatus for producing a gas-containing cleaning water which comprises an apparatus for dissolving a gas (14) in which a specific gas is dissolved into water under a pressure exceeding the atmospheric pressure and an apparatus for removing a portion of a dissolved gas (15) in which the pressure on the gas-containing water obtained from the apparatus for dissolving a gas is decreased to a pressure lower than the pressure under which the gas has been dissolved so that a portion of the dissolved gas is removed; and a cleaning apparatus using the gas-con

Abstract: Described is a method of water treatment including the steps of: a) Stripping water or dissolved gas by an inert gas b) Subjecting water to oxidation treatment to precipitate metals; and c) Removing precipitates from water. Oxidation treatment is a multi-stage oxidation treatment including the stages of: (1) contacting water with oxidant under pressure to precipitate metals from water; and (2) catalytic oxidation of water with oxidant, oxidation being catalysed by a catalyst, such as a zeolite catalyst, in a bed reactor or filter. Inert gas stripping is aimed at preventing growth of iron bacteria in the treatment system. Pressurised oxidation reduces the amount of oxidant injection required for catalytic oxidation. The method is particularly suited to removal of contaminants such as iron, manganese and arsenic from ground water.

Abstract: A wastewater treatment system is described. The treatment system can include an aerobic digestion system, an anaerobic digestion system, and a ventilation system.

Abstract: A method of removing hydrogen sulfide from water is provided, comprising providing water containing a first amount of hydrogen sulfide and having a first pH; adding a stripper gas to the water to form a mixture; agitating the mixture; and separating a gaseous portion from the mixture to form a water product, the water product containing a second amount of hydrogen sulfide that is less than the first amount of hydrogen sulfide.

Abstract: A processor for decontaminating devices is comprised of a chamber for holding devices and a circulation system to circulate a microbial decontamination fluid through the chamber. A water filtration system filters water used in the processor. The water filtration system has a water line connectable to a source of pressurized water. A water decontamination system fluidly communicates with the source of water and the processor. The water decontamination system has a water circulation path and a tank located within the water circulation path. Means are provided to circulate water along the water circulation path through the tank. A gas circulation path fluidly communicates with the tank. Conveying means is provided to convey gas along the gas circulation path through the tank. An ozone producing device is located along the gas circulation path to introduce ozone into gas flowing along the gas circulation path and through the tank.

Abstract: A system and method for oxidation treatment of water in which ozone gas is dissolved in water by passing a mixed gas-liquid stream through a monolith at an elevated pressure that is close to the preferred gas output pressure for an ozone generator. The monolith is preferably contained at least partially within a gas-liquid separator vessel. Advanced oxidation is optionally provided by injecting hydrogen peroxide and/or embedding a catalyst on the monolith. At least a portion of the treated water is preferably recycled in order to increase total ozone dosing in the effluent stream.

Abstract: Included herein is a carbon dioxide delivery system. The system may include any of the following: (1) a body of a liquid; (2) a carbon dioxide recapture element in communication with the body; (3) a carbon dioxide generator in communication with the recapture element; and (4) a carbon dioxide effluent line exiting the generator and in communication with the body. Also included is a process of delivering carbon dioxide. The process includes capturing a first gas having a measurable amount of carbon dioxide from a body of liquid. The method also includes transmitting the first gas to a carbon dioxide generator and delivering a carbon dioxide enriched gas to the liquid.

Abstract: The disclosure provides methods and systems for sequestering and/or reducing carbon dioxide present in an industrial effluent fluid stream containing carbon dioxide. A scrubbing material comprising a first component, a second component (distinct from the first component), and preferably water, is contacted with the effluent fluid stream. The first component comprises a source of calcium oxide and a source of alkali metal ions. The second component comprises a slag having one or more reactive silicate compounds. Methods of reducing carbon dioxide from exhaust generated by combustion sources, lime and/or cement kilns, iron and/or steel furnaces, and the like are provided. Carbon dioxide emission abatement systems are also disclosed. Methods of recycling industrial byproducts are further provided.

Abstract: A method of removing contaminates from sour water is provided. The method includes producing raw sour water within a syngas production system, and removing the contaminates from the raw sour water using a chemical reaction within a treatment unit to produce treated sour water. The treatment unit is in flow communication with the syngas production system.

Abstract: A separation process for separating two or more immiscible liquids using fiber-film technology is disclosed. This separation process is especially useful in the separation of disulfide oil formed during the oxidation of spent caustic solution that was used to remove sulfur contaminates from light hydrocarbons.

Abstract: A method for treating hydrogen sulfide in a solution includes providing the solution containing hydrogen sulfide. The method also includes adding sodium nitrite to the solution in an amount suitable to react with the hydrogen sulfide and treat the hydrogen sulfide.

Abstract: A method for decreasing the dissolved oxygen content in water used for extracting oil from rocks includes directing water and gas into a housing containing at least one hydrophobic membrane such that the water contacts only a first surface of the membrane and the gas contacts only a second surface of the membrane. The pressure of the gas is decreased thereby causing the oxygen in the water to pass through the first side of the membrane to the second side of the membrane and mix with the gas. A system for decreasing the dissolved oxygen content in water used for extracting oil from rocks includes a plurality of membrane modules. Each module contains at least one hydrophobic membrane. A water supply inlet and a gas supply inlet direct water over the first and second surface respectively of each of the hydrophobic membranes. A water outlet and a gas outlet direct water and gas respectively out of the plurality of membrane modules.

Abstract: The invention proposes a method of destruction of volatile organic and inorganic compounds in wastewater, this method includes following stages: stripping the aforementioned volatile compounds in a stripping-chemisorption column; preliminary heating the gaseous medium containing these volatile compounds in a first heat regenerator; thermal, flare or thermo-catalytic oxidation of the volatile compounds in circulating gaseous medium; cooling the gaseous medium in a second heat regenerator; chemisorption of acidic gases from the gaseous medium in the stripping-chemisorption column with stripping at the same time additional amount of the volatile compounds from the wastewater. After specific period, direction of the gaseous medium flow is alternated. The proposed method can be executed at elevated temperature. The invention includes as well systems realizing the proposed method.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method for an ozone-based treatment of polluted water are disclosed. The apparatus and the method generally comprise three stages. The first stage is an ozone treatment stage wherein the polluted water is treated with ozone gas. The second stage is a gas-liquid separation stage wherein excess non-dissolved gases, from the ozone treatment stage, are removed from the water whereby the water exiting the gas-liquid separation stage is substantially saturated with dissolved gases and substantially free of non-dissolved gases. The last stage is a membrane filtration stage wherein the gas-saturated water generally undergoes micro-filtration or ultra-filtration. Microbubbles formed during this final stage generally prevent the accumulation of particles and pollutants on the surface of the membranes and/or inside the openings or pores thereof; thereby acting as a self-cleaning mechanism for the membrane filter.

Abstract: An emulsion treating unit and process. A subcooled boiling zone in the unit comprises a heat transfer surface to contact an emulsion at a temperature in excess of the saturation temperature of an aqueous phase in the emulsion, wherein the boiling zone is atmospherically vented. The unit also provides means for recovering an oil-rich layer from adjacent a vapor-liquid interface; and means for recovering an aqueous-rich layer from below the oil-rich layer. The process provides operation of the treating unit to heat an emulsion in the subcooled boiling zone, wherein the boiling zone is atmospherically vented, recovering an oil-rich layer and recovering an aqueous-rich layer from below the oil-rich layer. In one embodiment the boiling zone comprises a heat transfer surface having a temperature in excess of the saturation temperature of the aqueous-rich layer, wherein the vapor-liquid interface is subcooled with respect to the saturation temperature of the aqueous layer.

Abstract: A process for treating a sludge of biological solids has the steps of mixing an oxide-containing chemical with a pozzolanic material, reacting the mixture with the sludge so as to elevate a temperature of the sludge to between 40° C. and 140° C., pressurizing the blended sludge to a pressure of greater than 14.7 p.s.i.a., recycling a portion of the reacted sludge so as to increase a solids content of the sludge, and discharging at least a portion of the pressurized mixed sludge. The step of discharging includes flashing the pressurized mixed sludge across a restricting orifice so as to cause the liquid component to be evaporated.

Abstract: A blood treatment method is described that is adapted to at least partially eliminate the carbon dioxide content of the type comprising a step of drawing a blood flow. Advantageously according to the invention, the method further comprises the steps of: acidifying the blood flow with transformation of the related blood bicarbonate content into gaseous carbon dioxide; and eliminating the gaseous carbon dioxide content by means of a pressure gradient.

Abstract: A method for treating a process water from a bitumen recovery process in order to obtain carbon dioxide from the process water, which method includes lowering the pH of the process water, thereby causing carbon dioxide to evolve from the process water as evolved carbon dioxide gas. The evolved carbon dioxide gas may be collected and compressed, and water vapour associated with the evolved carbon dioxide gas may be separated from the evolved carbon dioxide gas. After the carbon dioxide has been obtained from the process water, the process water and the water vapour separated from the evolved carbon dioxide gas may be recycled back to the bitumen recovery process. The evolved carbon dioxide gas may be stored for future use or sale. The method may also include heating the process water in order to reduce the solubility of carbon dioxide in the process water.

Abstract: A process for treating produced water to generate high pressure steam. Produced water from heavy oil recovery operations is treated by first removing oil and grease. Feedwater is then acidified and steam stripped to remove alkalinity and dissolved non-condensable gases. Pretreated produced water is then fed to an evaporator. Up to 95% or more of the pretreated produced water stream is evaporated to produce (1) a distillate having a trace amount of residual solutes therein, and (2) evaporator blowdown containing substantially all solutes from the produced water feed. The distillate may be directly used, or polished to remove the trace residual solutes before being fed to a steam generator. Steam generation in a packaged boiler, such as a water tube boiler having a steam drum and a mud drum with water cooled combustion chamber walls, produces 100 % quality high pressure steam for down-hole use.

Abstract: Systems and methods to degas fluids are described herein. A fluid degassing treatment system may include a reservoir and/or one or more fluid treatment systems.

Abstract: The invention relates to an apparatus and method for more effectively dissolving a gas into a liquid stream. A gas is introduced into a liquid stream, at atmospheric pressure, to create a mixed/dissolved stream. The mixed/dissolved stream is then pressurized to an elevated pressure and directed into a hydrocyclone where the gas is further dissolved and more thoroughly distributed in the liquid thereby creating a more intimately mixed/dissolved stream. The intimately mixed/dissolved stream is then directed to a pressure retention vessel where the liquid is held at a predetermined pressure for a predetermined time period for effectively treating, disinfecting and/or clarifying said intimately mixed/dissolved stream. The treated intimately mixed/dissolved stream can then be directed to further processing steps.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a procedure for elimination of boron from sea-water by reverse osmosis membranes characterized in that it comprises: adding to sea-water a composition consisting of at least one metal together with at least one antiscaling-dispersant agent, and a second phase in which an alkalinizing agent is added until a pH of between 8-9.5 is achieved, which can furthermore consist of a third phase in which the fluoride content of the sea-water is increased following the second phase, or a third phase in which a high molecular weight alcohol is added to the water.

Abstract: When water sprays into an empty tank or into the freeboard of filters, considerable flashing occurs to release about 50 to 80% of carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and other gases. The injection of air with the water enhances this degasification and produces a partial drained tank, in which it is required for the spraying or flashing to occur. When the water level reaches a low point, a switch signals for the vent to be opened and the air is stopped. But the inlet water continues to fill the tank and to displace the gasses through the vent. When the water reaches the vent, a high level switch closes the vent. Air injection starts again to repeat the cycle. Alternately, the injection of air with the influent water into a partially drained tank with a level controller and venting also effects this degasification.

Abstract: A method for treating a spent caustic solution having a pH greater than about 10.5 includes the steps of (a) lowering the pH of the caustic solution into the range of between about 10 to 10.5 to produce a pH-modified caustic solution; (b) oxidizing the pH-modified caustic solution until the solution to produce a non-sulfide reactive oxidized solution; and (c) lowering the pH of the oxidized solution to a pH less than 9. Methods for oxidizing inorganic substrates in aqueous solutions using an oxidizing agent such as pure oxygen, oxygen-enriched air or ozone are improved by including in the headspace above the aqueous solution a diluent gas and by recycling the oxygen with diluent gas into the reactor.

Abstract: A method includes triggering an oxygen scavenger; and storing the scavenger in a container configured such that the oxygen scavenger exhibits no substantial oxygen scavenging activity while inside the container. The triggered oxygen scavenger can later be removed from the container, and used in packaging oxygen sensitive products. A stored oxygen scavenger, triggered, is also disclosed. A method of distributing an oxygen scavenger film includes providing a tubular film at a first location, the film having oxygen barrier and oxygen scavenger layers; triggering the oxygen scavenger; collapsing the film; rolling up the film; transporting the film to a second location; and triggering the oxygen scavenger. Another method of distributing an oxygen scavenger film includes providing an oxygen scavenger film at a first location; transporting the film to a second location; triggering the oxygen scavenger; storing the oxygen scavenger film in a container; and transporting the film to a third location.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for degassing an aqueous solution containing a hydroformylation product and separating a volatile metal species from gaseous stream to inhibit or prevent deposition of a solid material from the gaseous stream. To separate the volatile metal species from the gaseous stream, the gaseous stream is either 1) contacted with a liquid that separates the volatile metal species, or a reaction product thereof, from the gaseous stream; 2) passed through a microfilter having a pore size of 2 ?m or less; or 3) contacted with an adsorbent material.

Abstract: A batch process for the treatment of an aqueous solution so that the treated product is more desirable for disposal includes obtaining an influent batch of aqueous solution for treatment, treating the batch of solution by an advanced oxidation process. The advanced oxidation process including causing ozone to be mixed with the solution, maintaining the mixture of solution and ozone at a pressure above atmospheric for a time of at least two seconds. In a preferred embodiment of the process, the process includes continuously recirculating the fluid to be treated, through a recirculation conduit, the recirculation conduit including an ozone injector and the ozone injector is adapted to inject ozone into the aqueous solution as the aqueous solution circulates through an ozone injector. Influent to be treated may be selected from the group including sewage, septage, leachate, ballast or other aqueous solutions where it is desirable to treat the fluid prior to disposal, further treatment, or reuse.

Abstract: Various methods and systems are provided below for the treatment of wastewater. According to various embodiments, treatment of wastewater is accomplished using the oxidative power of ozone gas and the interaction between ozone gas, FOGS, and large amounts of surfactants already present in wastewaters to be treated. According to various embodiments of the invention, a combination of oxidation and UV disinfection is used to provide a fact acting treatment for wastewater. These methods and systems generally enable reduced footprint in relation to the volumes treated, reduced cost, and increased efficiency. Various alternative embodiments are also disclosed.

Abstract: A mechanical vessel may effectively and simultaneously displace a first undesired gas from within water with a second desired gas, and remove at least one alkaline species and oily matter from the water. The vessel raises the pH of the water and reduces the lime requirement for subsequent lime softening. The vessel receives the water containing the first gas and passes the water through a series of gasification chambers. Each gasification chamber may have a mechanism that ingests and mixes a second gas into the water thereby physically displacing at least a portion of the first gas into a vapor space at the top of each gasification chamber from which it is subsequently removed. There is an absence of communication between the vapor spaces of adjacent chambers. An acid is added to remove the alkaline species, where the first gas is an optional by-product that is also removed.

Abstract: A system and method for treatment of water contaminated with organisms, in particular ballast water in ships, the system including a pump (5) pumping water from the sea trough a cavitation unit (7) and into one or more ballast tanks. The cavitation unit (7) will introduce a strong cavitation in the water, the cavitating action destroying any organic tissue and cell membranes of organisms present in the water. In the cavitation unit (7) hydrogen and steam are added to the water, while oxygen is removed. The oxygen-depleted water will exhibit a reduced corrosive effect on the ballast tanks.

Abstract: Selective, irreversible removal of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and other sulfhydryl compounds from a gas stream, such as sour natural gas and sour hydrocarbon liquids is achieved with a scavenging agent having hydroxyalkyl functionality and alkylamine functionality. This scavenger possesses a higher capacity for H2S removal compared with a scavenger having only hydroxyalkyl functionality. The scavenging agent is made by reacting at least one alkanolamine and at least one alkyl amine with an aldehyde, such as formaldehyde.