Abstract: A method and apparatus for bonding a layer of coating or cladding material onto a substrate with minimal bulk heating of the substrate. A pulsed electron beam generator is used to produce high energy electrons at the beginning of the pulse and a larger number of lower energy electrons at the end of the pulse. A thin sacrificial or ablative layer of an easily-vaporized material such as tin is placed on top the coating. The high energy electrons penetrate through the ablative and coating layers and heat the coating-substrate interface. The ablative layer is then heated by the low energy electrons to a much higher temperature, causing it to vaporize. The ablation process generates a force on the coating layer which drives it into the substrate.

Abstract: The invention is an apparatus and method for wire splicing using an explosive joining process. The apparatus consists of a prebend, U-shaped strap of metal that slides over prepositioned wires. A standoff means separates the wires from the strap before joining. An adhesive means holds two ribbon explosives in position centered over the U-shaped strap. A detonating means connects to the ribbon explosives. The process involves spreading strands of each wire to be joined into a flat plane. The process then requires alternating each strand in alignment to form a mesh-like arrangement with an overlapped area. The strap slides over the strands of the wires, and the standoff means is positioned between the two surfaces. The detonating means then initiates the ribbon explosives that drive the strap to accomplish a high velocity, angular collision between the mating surfaces. This collision creates surface melts and collision bonding resulting in electron-sharing linkups.

Abstract: A pressure casting machine having a shot sleeve including a highly thermally conductive metal tube having an erosion-resistant and wear-resistant cermet interatomically bonded to the inside surface of the tube may be made by using an explosive compaction and bonding process.

Abstract: The method comprises explosively bonding a NiTi alloy to a steel workpiece formed in the shape of at least a portion of a desired hydraulic device. The nickel content of the NiTi alloy is sufficient to place the alloy substantially completely in the .beta. phase at or about room temperature. This nickel content is typically between about 55 weight percent to about 56 weight percent. The NiTi alloy is provided in the form of a strip having a thickness of from about 0.01 inch (0.25 mm) to about 1.0 inch (25 mm). After annealing, the NiTi alloy again is heated, to increase the ductility of the NiTi alloy. The NiTi alloy typically is maintained at this temperature and explosively bonded to the workpiece to cover at least a portion of the surface area with the NiTi alloy. The present invention also includes NiTi-metal composites made according to the process of the present invention. These NiTi-metal composites are superior for resisting cavitation erosion and LDE when compared to conventional materials.

Abstract: A method is available for forming a surface on a continuous casting mold. A surface of a continuous casting mold is formed by explosion cladding to produce a wear resistant surface having high bond strength. The surface may consist of a hot face of a broad or narrow wall of the continuous casting mold or may comprise the edges of the end walls. Deformation of the mold section is prevented by filling the coolant cavities with a filler prior to explosion cladding.

Abstract: A method of forming enclosures for microwave and hybrid devices and the enclosure itself wherein the metals to be joined are thin (i.e., less than 40 mils thick) and/or thick (up to several inches) and wherein metallurgical hermetic bonds are provided between adjacent metals which are generally difficult to bond to each other and may be bonded by a select number of bonding processes.

Abstract: A process for using explosion bonding to produce a metal composite. The explosion bonding produces a substantially diffusionless metallurgical bond between the layers. In one aspect, the ductility of at least one of the layers being bonded is increased by heating prior to bonding. In another aspect, a layer comprises explosion bonding a plurality of cladding layer to a backer plate such that the seam between the strips is sealed.

Abstract: For cathodic protection of piping a sacrificial anode sleeve is placed around the pipe and caused to form an electrically conductive connection with the pipe by means of detonation of an explosive charge within the pipe, in the region covered by the sacrificial anode.

Abstract: In explosion welding to join abutting pipes it is proposed that the external support comprise an annular member made of concrete or similar material.

Abstract: A method of forming a seamless cylinder shell in which a nickel sheet is clad to a steel sheet so that the sheets are uniformly bonded throughout and a composite sheet is formed. The cladding is preferably effectuated by explosive cladding. The composite sheet is then preferably cut into a circular blank before further processing. The circular blank is subjected to an oxalic acid pretreatment to retain a lubricant on the two opposed surfaces thereof and is thereafter lubricated with the lubricant. The circular blank is preferably cupped, relubricated, and drawn into the seamless cylinder shell. The seamless cylinder shell can be finished into a seamless gas cylinder by spinning one end of the cylinder into a cylinder head, internally threading the formed cylinder head, and then heat treating the cylinder.

Abstract: A process for using explosion bonding to produce a metal composite that has substantially diffusionless metallurgical bonds between the layers. In one aspect, the composite comprises a plurality of cladding layers bonded to a backer plate such that the seam between the layers is sealed.

Abstract: A process is disclosed of explosive bonding two or more components together by forming the components into a stack, placing the stack into an envelope made of a deformable material, sealing the envelope except for an evacuation port, evacuating the interior of the envelope through the said port and subjecting the stack to explosive bonding within the envelope, thereby joining the components together; by conducting the explosive bonding in an evacuated envelope, not only are the components protected from damage during the explosion but the bonding is enhanced due to the reduced pressure of air between the components. After bonding, the stack can be subjected to superplastic forming.

Abstract: Clad metal plate comprising a layer of cladding metal bonded to a first substrate metal layer is produced by a method comprising initially metallurgically bonding a thin layer of substrate to a thick layer of cladding metal and bonding further layers of substrate metal to the first substrate layer in at least two roll bonding steps wherein the cladding layer is reduced to the desired thickness. The initial metallurgical bonding step may advantageously be a bonding method such as explosive bonding which is free from metal compatibility restrictions encountered in roll-bonding. The method enables a base metal such as carbon steel to be clad economically with a metal, for example titanium, with which it is incompatible for roll-bonding.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method of manufacturing bi-metallic tubing by the successive steps of explosive bonding, hot extrusion and co-extrusion. Bi-metallic tubing, having an inner wall made from a corrosion resistant material, is of particular use in the oil and gas industries. The invention offers a number of advantages over previously known manufacturing methods, such as increased cladding capacity, reduction in the number of joints required, and an improvement in dimensional accuracy. These are achieved by explosively bonding a tube 3 of a first metal to a substantially incompressible billet 1 of a second metal. A length of the bonded composite 15 so formed is subsequently hot extruded to form a bi-metal shell 25. A length of the shell 25 is then placed within the bore of a hollow billet 33, the interface 35 formed between the shell 25 and billet 25 sealed, and the assembled composite 39 so formed co-extruded to form a bi-metal tube 41.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method for producing bi-metallic tubing wherein a layer (3,31) of a first metal is metallurgically bonded to the exterior surface of a core component (1,29) of a second metal incompatible for solid state bonding with the first metal by processes other than explosive bonding, the resulting cylindrical bonded composite (15,25) is placed within the bore of a thick-walled tube (33) of a metal compatible for solid state bonding with the first metal and the assembly (39) is heated and expanded by passing it over a profiled mandrel (43). In passing over the mandrel sufficient pressure is developed at the interface between the bonded composite and the thick-walled tube to form a metallurgical bond at the interface. When the first metal is the same as the metal of the thick-walled tube the interface is eliminated and a bi-metallic tube consisting of a single outer layer of the first metal with a bonded lining of the second metal is produced.

Abstract: It is known to form a composite laminar metal structure, wherein two or more overlapping metal plates (11, 12, 21, 22, 23, 31, 32) are metallurgically bonded at their interfaces, impelling the plates (11, 12, 21, 22, 23, 31, 32) together by means of detonating an explosive charge (19), bonding of the plates (11, 12, 21, 22, 23, 31, 32) at selected areas (13) being prevented by covering the plates (11, 12, 21, 22, 23, 31, 32) at the selected ares (13) with a stopping-off material. The present invention improves this by providing metal sheet (14, 24, 34) which is placed in intimate contact with the stopping-off material, the metal sheet (14, 24, 34) being capable of metallurgically bonding to an adjacent metal plate (12, 21, 23, 32) at each selected area (13).

Abstract: A process for using explosion bonding to produce a metal composite. The explosion bonding produces a substantially diffusionless metallurgical bond between the layers. In one aspect, the ductility of at least one of the layers being bonded is increased by heating prior to bonding. In another aspect, a layer comprises explosion bonding a plurality of cladding layer to a backer plate such that the seam between the strips is sealed.

Abstract: An ICM housing welded to a wall of a reactor pressure vessel in operation is provided with a molten metal layer containing 4 wt. % or more .delta. ferrite at a portion of an inner peripheral surface thereof which corresponds to a weld. A sleeve made of stainless steel is located at the competent portion of the inner peripheral surface of the ICM housing stainless steel so as to be molten by means of a TIG welding machine to form the molten metal layer. The molten metal layer prevents stress corrosion cracking of the ICM housing.

Abstract: A suction controlled gear ring pump effects a continuous decrease of the vacuum occurring in the feed cells of the pump at higher rotational speeds due to the long movement path of the feed cells from the end of the suction region to the beginning of the discharge opening and the thereby occurring diminution of the feed cells. In order to prevent squeeze oil when working at a lower rotating speed, the feed cells positioned successively in the feed direction are connected between the teeth respectively with the neighboring feed cells by overflow channels extending through the gear teeth, check valves in said overflow channels preventing a flow against the feed direction.

Abstract: An explosion welding method in which plating material is explosion welded to a base material with the aid of a reflected percussion wave generated by a detonating charge.

Abstract: Superconductive structures and a method of forming the same wherein an assembled mass (12) of superconductive particles, or of a mixture of superconductive particles and particles having other properties, are formed into a desired confined configuration and consolidated into a rigid useful unitized body through shock-wave treatment performed at relatively lower temperatures.

Abstract: The process is described for bonding together of metal components wherein the components are explosively bonded together and the resulting composite is treated at elevated temperature. In the process the bond strength over weaker bonded areas is enhanced and the bond strength is rendered more uniform over the total bonded area. The process is especially advantageous for bonding high strength aluminum alloys such as aluminum/lithium alloys, and is particularly useful in the fabrication of composites bonded at selected areas for subsequent expansion to form hollow structures for use in aircraft components.

Abstract: The invention is an apparatus and method for wire splicing using an explosive joining process. The apparatus consists of a prebent, U-shaped strap of metal that slides over prepositioned wires. A standoff means separates the wires from the strap before joining. An adhesive means holds two ribbon explosives in position centered over the U-shaped strap. A detonating means connects to the ribbon explosives. The process involves spreading strands of each wire to be joined into a flat plane. The process then requires alternating each strand in alignment to form a mesh-like arrangement with an overlapped area. The strap slides over the strands of the wires, and the standoff means is positioned between the two surfaces. The detonating means then initiates the ribbon explosives that drive the strap to accomplish a high velocity, angular collision between the mating surfaces. This collision creates surface melts and collision bonding results in electron-sharing linkups.

Abstract: The invention is an apparatus and a process for the explosive joining of a flyer plate and a base plate. The apparatus consists of a flyer plate positioned over a base plate. The flyer plate has a notch containing a filler material in intimate contact with the flyer plate. An adhesive means holds a ribbon explosive partially overlapping the notch in the flyer plate. A detonating means initiates the ribbon explosive that drives the flyer plate to accomplish a high velocity, angular collision between the mating surfaces. This collision creates surface melts and effacing bonding, resulting in electron-sharing linkups between the plates. An unbonded tab of the flyer plate is lifted and levered to apply a peeling stress to the limit of the bond. The unbonded tab fractures at a base of the notch leaving a bond to an edge of the attached flyer plate.

Abstract: A process is described of preparing composite articles of aluminium or aluminium alloy suitable for superplastic forming by explosion welding two or more components together and heating the welded article to consolidate the bonds. The welds do not extend into areas to which a stop-off composition has been applied and the article can be superplastically formed by passing a pressurized fluid into these stopped-off areas.

Abstract: The present invention is a package for housing microcircuit components and the method of manufacturing the same, the latter of which includes the steps of explosively bonding first and second dissimilar metals to produce a base member, machining that base member to produce a flat bottom portion with upstanding side walls defining an interior volume in the first metal, the side walls of which are surmounted by a ring formed of the second metal, whereby the said ring can be low temperature welded to a cover piece without adversely thermally affecting the metallurgical properties of the first metal.

Abstract: When working material with the aid of shock-wave generating energy sources, the problem of tool fatigue occurs.This problem is reduced to a great extent by means of the inventive method, which prevents the occurrence of reflected tensile-force waves. This is achieved by permitting the pressure wave to pass into contact with porous material applied to the tool material, so that wave energy will be consumed by interference and heat generation in the porous material.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of producing explosion-welded joints between the pipe or pipe lines. By carefully evaluating and testing the configuration of the ends of the pipes to be joined and also the functioning of the charge system, together with a system for encapsulating the charge and for determining the position of the charge during a welding sequence, it has been possible to provide a practical and reproduceable system which escapes the drawbacks of partial and poor weld bonds, cold-work hardening of the pipe material, and surface damage encountered with known systems of this kind. The method has been applied and tested on ferritic stainless material, so-called Duplex material, and on all carbon steel grades used in the production of pipe lines.

Abstract: A rotating or moving metal component such as a blade for a gas turbine engine is made from a composite bar of titanium alloy with the sides of the bar having a surface layer of e.g. nickel which is less likely to ignite in particle form or by frictional heating when present in oxygen or air. After the surface layer has been bonded to the titanium alloy it is then parted to provide sections which extend perpendicularly to the plane of the surface layers. Each parted section may then be machined into a blade with the nickel portion forming the tip of the blade. Alternatively, each parted section may itself form the blade tip by attachment on its titanium alloy side to a blade stem.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of effecting a single joint between two pipes of the pipe-line type by means of explosion welding, without the pipes being displaced in axial direction. This is achieved by moving an inner peripheral body (9) for welding between the pipe sections, to the joining point with the aid of a displacement unit expandable in axial direction.

Abstract: A thin metal foil or an array of fine wires or a graphite web, mat or the ke, having electrical conductivity was interposed between clean polished surfaces of ceramic parts which are to be joined, with application of pressure. A high current electrical discharge with very short duration puts so much energy into the conducting material that it explosively vaporizes and penetrates interacts with the ceramic before the ceramic can absorb an appreciable amount of heat and before the hot material can undesirably react with the surrounding atmosphere, so that an inert atmosphere is not necessary for the process. Metals that form silicides and/or carbides are for e.g. desirable for connecting SiC parts and conducting forms of carbon such as graphite are also suitable. Precoating the surfaces to be joined, with reactive or reaction-promoting material as well as a thermal treatment of the joint may be favorable.

Abstract: A method of explosion welding magnesium-alloyed aluminium to high strength material.

Abstract: The invention comprises a process for the production of clad hot rolled strip. A steel slab as base material is cladded with a layer material of a corrosion-resistnt material. The slab is of a low-alloy steel having a carbon content of up to 0.25% by weight, the layer material preferably is stainless, more particularly a stainless austenitic steel or a wrought alloy on a nickel basis. The steel slab and the layer material are connected by explosive cladding, the resulting composite body being heated to rolling temperature and is subsequently rolled down to one quarter of the initial thickness with a high reduction of pass of phi greater than 0.10 and then rolled to final thickness of the hot rolled strip. The finish rolling temperature is in the range of 900.degree. C. The clad hot rolled strip is subjected to a cooling rate in the core of at least 8.degree. C./s to a cooling temperature of below 650.degree. C.

Abstract: A charging system for seam welding two or more workpieces by means of explosion welding, comprising an explosive charge and an inert impulse-transmitting body located between the explosive charge and the workpiece nearest the charge. The invention is characterized in that the surface (11) of the inert body (2) facing the workpiece is so configured in a plane extending at right angles to the longitudinal extension of the ultimate weld seam that the angle .alpha. between the surface (11) and the workpiece (3) varies from the center line (C--C) of the inert body (2) perpendicularly to the surface of the workpiece and outwardly from the center line.

Abstract: A method of explosively bonding metal plates into a multi-laminar composite plate wherein the metal plates are assembled over a restraining means, e.g. an anvil, in overlapping spaced-apart relationship, a driver plate having a mass of at least the total mass of the plates to be bonded is disposed over the top plate of the assembly at a stand-off distance of at least half its thickness, a buffer layer of granular inert material is disposed between the driver plate and the top plate, and an explosive layer is placed on the driver plate and detonated in the direction parallel to the driver plate. The number of plates which can be bonded in a single operation can be increased by placing an explosive layer driver plate and a layer of granular inert material symmetrically on each side of an assembly of metal plates and detonating each explosive charge simultaneously. The method produces multi-laminar composite plates having improved uniformity of bond quality at the interfaces.

Abstract: A method of forming composite materials comprising reinforced fibres, such as carbon fibres 12, embedded in a metal matrix 10, 13. The method comprises forming a first metal sheet 10, laying the reinforcing fibres 12 on the first sheet 10, and explosively forming a second sheet 13 around the fibres to form an explosively joined composite.

Abstract: In a method of explosively expanding a tubular metal component into engagement with a surrounding metal component, an explosive charge is disposed axially and fired in an insert having a hollow cylindrical container fitting closely within the portion of the tubular metal component to be expanded and having charge holding device, for example an axial pocket, to accommodate the explosive charge, the container being filled with a shock wave-transmitting liquid. Compared with solid inserts, the novel hollow insert is cheaper and requires a smaller explosive charge for a given operation. The method is especially advantageous for expanding large diameter tubes.

Abstract: A device for use in explosive welding of two overlapping tubular or annular elements (1, 2) by an explosive charge (3). The explosive charge (3) is located in the hold of the one element (1) in front of the overlapping portion of the other element (2). The elements (1, 2) are surrounded by an annular dolly comprising a plurality of segments (4) which are individually radially movable and associated with braking means. Each segment (4) is provided with a plurality of frictional surfaces (5, 6, 7, 8) which extend radially relative to the dolly and are adjustably forcable against opposed frictional surfaces on a supporting means (9), which bridges the dolly. A device according to the invention absorbs energy efficiently and can be re-used several times without requiring adjustment or replacement of parts incorporated therein.

Abstract: A method of explosion welding very thin plastic foil to a thicker base material. By fastening a soft material of low acoustic velocity in position on the metal foil prior to carrying out a welding operation, the pressure differences which prevail in the pressure wave incident on the metal foil are equalized in a manner to maintain a uniform pressure wave during the welding sequence. The inventive method enables the explosion welding of thin metal layers having a thickness as low as some few microns.

Abstract: An amorphous metal-metal composite article comprising a metal and an amorphous metal thin sheet firmly bonded thereto and having high durability and reliability can be obtained by a method, wherein the surface roughness of a metal to be bonded with an amorphous metal thin sheet is adjusted to a certain surface roughness and an explosion shock is applied to an assembly of the metal and the amorphous metal thin sheet superposed thereon, under a condition that the moving velocity of the collision point of the amorphous metal thin sheet to the metal is higher than the sound velocity in the amorphous metal.

Abstract: A method for explosive cladding a metal surface with one or more layers of the same or different metal with a water-in-oil type emulsion explosive and an explosive clad metal composite comprising two or more layers of the same or different metal produced by explosive cladding with a water-in-oil type emulsion explosive.

Abstract: At the jointing of pipelines (3), especially underwater, as well as at the repair of damaged portions, a jointing piece (1) must be inserted because the two pipe ends (5) cannot entirely be jointed with precision. The invention proposes an explosive welding method with two explosive charges (2), by which method such a jointing piece (1) can be welded-in rapidly and simply and the joint can be checked from the outside of the pipe.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for welding different materials. An adapted quantity of additive material in the form of particles (3) is accelerated with the aid of an explosive charge (1) and a propulsion element (2) to a high velocity down into a joint space (8), where the particles collide with the workpieces (4, 5) and bond thereto and to themselves.

Abstract: A bimetallic shaped-charge liner is formed by explosively bonding two metal disks and then shear-forming the bonded disks simultaneously into a conoidal shape over a mandrel. An exemplary method for manufacturing a ductile, bimetallic, shaped-charge liner comprises the steps of explosively bonding a plate of one metal to a plate of another metal; annealing the bonded plates; cuting forming blanks from the bonded, annealed plates; shear-forming the blanks with the light metal side outward into a conoidal shape over a mandrel; and then annealing the resulting conoid.

Abstract: A device for alignment of cylindrical workpieces for magnetic-discharge welding is provided with external and internal aligning sleeves (2,3) installed in an induction heater (1) coaxially and overlapping each other; the external aligning sleeve (2) is made of a non-polarizable dielectric material and features a ledge (4) on the outer surface thereof so that it can be locked by one of the aligning disks (5); the internal aligning sleeve (3) is made of a non-magnetic material having low conductivity and provided, on the inner surface thereof, with step-like shaped through slots (7) and, on the outer surface thereof, with a ledge (6) limiting the depth to which the sleeve (3) can be introduced into the external aligning sleeve (2); the internal aligning sleeve (3) is locked in relation to the induction heater (1) by means of a second aligning disk (10) contiguous to the ledge (6).

Abstract: A method for explosively welding a tube to a tubesheet having a cladding extending over an outer surface thereof. A layer of material is bonded over the cladding which absorbs the energy from the shock wave formed by the explosive welding, to prevent breaking up the bond between the cladding and the tubesheet.

Abstract: Shock wave formation of superconductive ceramic oxide electric and magnetic circuit elements with improved microstructures and mechanical properties.

Abstract: An improved method is described for metallurgically bonding a composite metal plate (from which structural transition joints may be cut) wherein an outer layer and a metal interlayer of a different composition are propelled towards a metal base layer by means of the detonation of a layer of explosive disposed adjacent to the outer surface of the outer layer. The interlayer is only 0.25 to 4 mm thick and it is initially disposed at a stand-off distance from the base layer not exceeding 6 mm or 8 times the interlayer thickness. The outer layer has a mass of at least twice the mass of the interlayer and it is initially separated from the interlayer by a stand-off distance which is 0.5 to 10 times the thickness of the outer layer and is at least 3 times the distance between the base layer and the interlayer.

Abstract: An improved method for the explosive expansion and welding of tubes to tube sheet includes trepanning the rear face of the tube sheet to form integral collars around each tube-receiving bore in the tube sheet. The collars prevent accumulation of corrosive material in a gap between the tube and tube sheet bore, and provide support to the tube wall when the tube is explosively expanded beyond the region of the tube surrounded by the collar.

Abstract: When joining together pipe-lines, in particular, by means of explosive welding, an outer support tool is generally used, together with an inner peripheral body (3) which is applied by means of explosives (5), to the inner surfaces of the pipes (1 and 2) to be joined. The object of the invention is to replace the support tool by a tube formed from a strip (10), said tube functioning as support during the explosive welding process and which can be removed if desired, by unwinding.