Abstract: The invention concerns a knife disc arrangement of a disc chipper, said arrangement comprising a rotating knife disc (1), knives (3), wear plates (4) and supporting strips (11) supporting the wear plates. The invention also concerns a hinge strip acting as a supporting strip (11) for the wear plate. The knives are supported against the direction of rotation of the disc by fitting the base edge (9) of the knife against a supporting surface (10). The supporting surface (10) supporting the base edge of the knife (3) is located in the supporting strip (11).

Abstract: A tool wheel rotatably mounted in a disc chipper. The tool wheel includes a plurality of chip outlets. Each chip outlet comprises an elongated aperture extending through the tool wheel. At least one of the ends of the chip outlet is integrally made in the basic material of the tool wheel in a beveled fashion relative to the center axis of the tool wheel.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for manufacturing wood chips as raw material in the production of mechanical pulp in order to reduce energy consumption. The process includes irreversibly deforming a plurality of fibers of at least one piece of wood in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the fibers. The wood fibers include summerwood fibers. The irreversible deformation is accomplished through mechanical treatment. The apparatus used includes one or several tools arranged so that the forces created during the process act in a direction substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the fibers so as to irreversibly deform the fibers across the grain.

Abstract: An improved system for clamping and retaining a cutting knife in position in an apparatus for processing wood. The apparatus includes a support surface, a cutting knife, an associated holding location on the support surface to receive the cutting knife, and a clamp member having a clamping surface to engage and hold the at least one cutting knife in the associated holding location. The improvement involves mounting the clamp member to the support surface at a pivot joint for pivotal movement of the clamp member with respect to the support surface. The clamp member has a clamping surface that extends on one side of the pivot joint and a lever arm extending on the other side of the pivot joint. An actuating member is provided to apply a force to the lever arm so that a clamping force is applied to the cutting knife through the clamping surface according to the principle of a first order lever. The pivoting clamping arrangement provides secure and reliable clamping of the cutting knives.

Abstract: A rotary disc refiner includes a pair of spaced apart refiner discs for refining or grinding a material that typically is fibrous material such as wood pulp or the like. Pressurized vapor, typically steam, produced as a result of the refining or grinding is exhausted through a channel in the refiner disc which extends through the body of the disc. Preferably, the channel is located in a refiner disc that rotates. The channel includes a vapor inlet opening located preferably in the high pressure midsection of the refiner disc, a vapor outlet opening which discharges the steam to the relatively low pressure outer section of the disc, and a passageway behind the refining or grinding surface of the refiner disc connecting the inlet to the outlet.

Abstract: An apparatus for shredding cheese is disclosed which is capable of producing relatively precise square cross-section cheese shreds of a desired length. The apparatus is capable of simultaneously shredding multiple cheese blocks for high capacity cheese shredding. The length of the cheese shreds can be altered as desired, as well as the width and height to produce cheese shreds having a rectangular cross-section. A containment center is used to feed the blocks of cheese toward the cheese shredding apparatus. A series of horizontally mounted sectioning knives are at a front end of the containment center to section the cheese block into predefined lengths, thereby defining the length of each cheese shred. The cheese shredder includes multiple slicing and peeling assemblies mounted over a series of openings in a rotatable disk. Each slicing and peeling assembly includes a number of rakers having outwardly projecting slicing blades to vertically score a sectioned block of cheese.

Abstract: A refiner disc for a fiber refiner having a refiner disc removal device that is integral with and retained by the disc during refiner operation. The removal device includes a biasing element that is extended from the disc against its mounting surface to urge the disc away from the mounting surface. In its preferred embodiment, the biasing element is a threaded removal plug in a threaded hole in the disc. The plug preferably is of one-piece, unitary and headless construction, engaged by a tool during removal, and is no longer than the disc cross section. The hole is spaced from disc mounting bores, can be offset from the center of the disc to increase mechanical advantage during removal, and has a shoulder adjacent a refining surface of the disc for preventing the plug from backing out of the disc during refiner operation.

Abstract: An improved knife holder for a chipper disc. A knife holder for holding a knife has a first clamping portion and a second clamping portion for clamping the knife therebetween. One of the clamping portions pivots about a pivot point for clamping the knife and for releasing the knife so that it may be easily removed from the knife holder. In the relative position of the clamping portions in which the knife is clamped and in their relative positions in which a space is opened up around the knife permitting its removal, the clamping portions are rigidly disposed with respect to one another.

Abstract: An in-line grinder has been developed which can be configured to perform in a variety of applications through the use of an adjustable rotor/stator assembly, removable shear bar, and a variety of interchangeable stator-rotor configurations. A unique drive system utilizing a mechanical seal cartridge provides maximum sealing with a minimum of shaft deflection and run-out thereby improving performance. These improvements collectively allow the grinder to be configured for optimum sizing of solids to a predetermined particle size for a broad range of materials. It has been demonstrated that a class of in-line grinders such as that described herein is applicable for sizing drill cuttings for injection into a subsurface formation by way of an annular space formed in a wellbore. The cuttings are removed from the drilling fluid, conveyed to a shearing and grinding system that converts the cuttings into a viscous slurry with the addition of water and viscosity enhancing polymers.

Abstract: Replacable refiner plates used for papermaking and refining of lignocellulosic and other natural and synthetic fibrous materials in the manufacture of paper, paperboard, and fiberboard products. The refiner plates include blade patterns and use corrosion resistant materials, as well as ceramic and ceramic composite materials. The blades and spacers overlap to define intercontacting surfaces with the blades and spacers metallurgically bonded throughout the intercontacting surfaces.

Abstract: The refiner plate of this invention has a pattern of interlocking or nested elements having a "I"s "T"s, "S"s, "L"s, "F"s, "E"s, or "H"s shape which form channels. The body of the elements forms the refiner bars which hold the fibers as they move between the refiner plates in a disk refiner. The pattern of elements retarded the flow of fibers while at the same time providing a large open area for steam to pass through the refiner disks. The segments making up the elements producing a refiner bar which is reinforced for higher strength. The shape of the elements has a increased edge length exposed to the flow of fibers.

Abstract: A universal refiner plate assembly and a method of mounting the same within a disk refiner, such as a double disk refiner, a multiple disk refiner, or a counter-rotating disk refiner is described. When refiner plates of different manufacturers are of similar diameters, a universal plate mounting mechanism is possible. One refiner plate will fit in all types of refiners made by various manufacturers. A customized subplate will mount into a disk refiner directly to a rotor or stator as needed. A universal refiner plate will attach to the subplate. As a result, a refiner plate manufacturer will be able to make one refiner plate pattern to be used in various disk refiners of the same diameter. A refiner plate with finer bars and grooves is possible because the size of a refiner plate is reduced. The universal refiner plate and the customized subplate will eliminate the single one-piece fabricated plate currently used in multiple disk refiners.

Abstract: Replacable refiner plates used for papermaking and refining of lignocellulosic and other natural and synthetic fibrous materials in the manufacture of paper, paperboard, and fiberboard products. The refiner plates include blade patterns and use corrosion resistant materials.

Abstract: A refiner plate for the face of a refiner disc comprising a plurality of refiner segments arranged side-by-side on the face of the disc to form a substantially annular refining region. Each refiner segment has an inner refining zone for receiving the material to be refined and an outer refining zone. The outer refining zone has a plurality of radially disposed bars defining an top surface and a plurality of radially disposed channels disposed intermediate the bars defining a lower base surface. At least one of the top surfaces has at least one radially extending groove defining a pair of blades and an intermediate base surface at the bottom of the groove. The intermediate base surface is positioned at a height intermediate the top surface and the lower base surface. The width of the grooves are narrower than the width of the channels.

Abstract: An improved high-consistency disc refiner employs a central ring or flinger nut. The radial vanes mounted on the flinger nut are releasably mounted to the flinger nut base in which keyways are milled. Matching keys on the bottom of the flinger nut vanes position the vanes in the keyways. The flinger nut vanes are held in position by bolts which extend through bolt holes which are parallel to the axis of rotation of the rotor and which are threadedly engaged with the flinger nut base.

Abstract: A refiner plate for the face of a refiner disc comprising a plurality of refiner segments arranged side-by-side on the face of the disc to form a substantially annular refining region. Each refiner segment has a plurality bars and grooves for refining a lignocellulosic material and a plurality of steam pockets for receiving, storing and transmitting steam generated during the refining process. Each steam pocket is defined by a series of gaps in adjacent bars such that the steam pocket extends radially and laterally across the refiner segment and such that the surface of the steam pocket is at or below the height of the groove surface. At least one bar extends radially between each adjacent steam pocket in a segment, thereby forming a discontinuous path for the movement of steam.

Abstract: A wood chipper knife holder assembly for a power driven rotor head has at least one opening in its wood confronting surface for the knife holder assembly which includes a mount block. A counter-knife receiving surface opposite the wood confronting surface of the rotor head is provided on the mount block for a counter-knife and a reversible knife blade with cutting surfaces along opposite transverse edges is received on the counter-knife. A clamp plate secures to clamp the knife in a projecting cutting position. The counter-knife has at least one pair of spaced apart pin openings and the knife blade has at least one pair of complemental pin openings, and pins are received in the knife blade openings and counter-knife pin openings to permit 180.degree. relocation of the knife.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a refiner and refiner tooling for economical refining of suspended fibrous material where the radial expanse of the working surfaces (7, 8) deviates from known designs in the following manner: the elevations (10, 11) forming the working surfaces, notably cutters, are several times interrupted, thereby forming grooves (16). It is possible to arrange the shorter cutters (10, 11) on the stator (3) side, on the rotor (2) side, or on both sides. These measures result in a particularly economical and uniform refining.

Abstract: Replacable refiner plates used for papermaking and refining of lignocellulosic and other natural and synthetic fibrous materials in the manufacture of paper, paperboard, and fiberboard products. The refiner plates include blade patterns and use corrosion resistant materials.

Abstract: A method for adjusting the blade clearance in a disc chipper by moving in the axial direction a bearing bushing of a disc shaft together with the bearing. The axial movement of the shaft is effected by loosening adjusting screws or adjusting nuts of one of the end caps of the axial guide bearing housing and by tightening after this the adjusting screws or adjusting nuts of the other end cap. The cap then pushes the axial guide bushing and the attached shaft in the axial direction by way of a guide projection on the surface of the cap facing towards the bearing. An axial guide bearing system includes a shaft supporting a blade disc of a disc chipper, with the shaft and blade disc being movable relative to a counter blade in an axial direction. The system also includes a bearing housing frame and a bearing fixed to the shaft and movable with respect to the bearing housing frame.

Abstract: A refiner is formed of a plurality of first disc members provided on a casing and divided along a circumferential direction thereof; a plurality of first connecting members for fixing the first disc members to the casing; a plurality of second disc members provided on a runner with a rotating shaft, the second disc members facing the first disc members and divided along a circumferential direction thereof; and a plurality of second connecting members for fixing the second disc members to the runner. The refiner also includes engaging members provided on outer peripheral surfaces except for blade faces of the first disc members or the second disc members; and engaged members provided on at least one of the casing or the runner. When the rotating shaft is rotated, loads applied to the first connecting members or the second connecting members can be reduced greatly.

Abstract: The object of the invention is an apparatus for clamping a chipper knife (1) to a rotatable chipper disc (4) or drum so that the back surface (6) of the knife (1) is supported against a knife clamp (2) with a knife spacer (3), and that the knife clamp (2) and knife spacer (3) are movable relative to each other by means of the clamping element (5). The knife clamp (2) is provided with supporting surfaces (11, 12) which the back surface (6) of the knife (1) is adapted to lean against by at least two spaced-apart surfaces (11', 12'). The knife spacer element (3) includes a supporting surface (13) which is adapted to subject a front surface (14) of the knife (1) to a force acting between said supporting surfaces (11, 12) of the knife clamp (2) for bending the knife (1) between said supporting surfaces (11, 12) of the knife clamp (2) towards the knife clamp (2) so as to generate a compression stress in the free section of a front surface (16) of the knife (1).

Abstract: A refining element is disclosed for use in a disk refiner having a refining element holder surface including a plurality of attachment holes, the refining element including a plurality of working members on its front surface and a rear surface adapted to be attached to the refining element holder, the refining element further includes a plurality of attachment through holes extending through the refining element for attachment to the refining element holder at corresponding attachment holes therein, whereby attachment screws can be provided for affixing the refining element to the refining element holder through the plurality of attachment through holes, and at least one removal hole including threads and being substantially centrally located on the refining element, whereby the refining element can be removed from the refining element holder by extending a removal screw through the removal hole to apply pressure for removal of the refining element against the refining element holder.

Abstract: An apparatus convertible between chopping or shredding operations and grinding operations. The centrifugal grinder or chopper includes two opposed plates with at least one plate rotating with respect to the other. A plurality of shearing plates are rigidly but removably secured to one mounting plate while a plurality of grinding segments or chopping and shredding knives are rigidly but removably secured to the other mounting plate. Each shearing plate includes a curved rib extending outwardly toward the other mounting plate. When one of the mounting plates is rotated with respect to the other, material is forced centrifugally outward into spaces or grinding chamber segments and chopped or ground before passing out of the spaces or grinding chamber segments and into an outlet. An automatic gap adjustment mechanism is further disclosed for setting the desired gap between the ribs of the shearing plates and the grinding segments or chopping and shredding knives.

Abstract: A chopper has a straight knife clamped between a clamping member and a counter knife. The knife, clamping member, and counter knife are collectively positioned in a machined area formed in a holder that is in turn fitted within a larger recess formed in a chopping disk. A first fastener secures the knife holder to the chopping disk, a second fastener secures the clamping member to the knife holder, and a third fastener secures the counter knife to the knife holder. A projection formed in the counter knife engages a groove formed in the knife to properly align the knife and to inhibit entry of fibers into the space between the counter knife and the knife. The holder further includes a series of steps that position the counter knife and the clamping member, respectively, with respect to the holder.

Abstract: A disk refiner for producing paper pulp has two counter-rotating rotors to which are mounted refining disks which spin with respect to one another to refine a stream of suspended pulp. Each disk has an outer disk ring with a plurality of radially extending refiner bars. The outer disk ring is substantially annular. A fastener extends into a threaded mounting hole in the outer disk ring to connect it to a rotor support. An inner disk ring has a plurality of protruding refiner bars which extend radially toward the outer ring. A mounting tab extends from the inner disk ring refiner bars beneath the outer disk ring. Fasteners extend through mounting holes in the mounting tab to connect the inner disk ring to the support. The fastener is covered by the outer disk ring and substantially protected from erosion thereby.

Abstract: A knife (12) are a holding and releasing mechanism (8) are oriented in the direction of a radius of a chipper disc (19). The holding and releasing mechanism (8) is pushed in the direction of the radius of the chipper disc to release the knife (12) and drawn in the opposite direction to fasten the knife in the chipper disc (19). The time consumed in replacing the knives is reduced and laborious manual operations can be avoided. The procedure can be automated.

Abstract: A log-slabbing chipper with multiple knife structures distributed about the periphery of a power-driven rotor head. Each knife structure includes a holder and a pair of assemblies mounting double-edge replaceable knives. Each knife is mounted between a clamp and a fixed counterknife. Each knife has a serrated back-bearing surface and each clamp has a correspondingly serrated clamping surface. Adjusting screws exert pressure on the clamps to slide the clamps and the knives with respect to the stationary counterknives to achieve desired precise edge positions.

Abstract: There is disclosed a wood shaving device which utilizes a rotating cutting member that supports a plurality of cutting blades which move past a stationary doctor bar. The cutting blades are arranged in a spaced-apart array on the shaving device, lying along non-radial paths so that the predominant action is a successive impact of individual cutting blades, rather than a simultaneous impact of two or more blades against the wood scrap. The cutting blades are preferably supported on a rotating cutting wheel which has a plurality of through apertures, with one each of the cutting blades removably mounted immediately adjacent each through aperture. The cutting blades are rotated past the doctor bar which restricts movement of the wood, resulting in a shaving action on the wood. The wood shavings pass through the through apertures of the cutting wheel and are removed.

Abstract: A log chipper is provided for allowing a lower horsepower rated motor to drive the chipper. Peak power demand is reduced by cutting shorter chips from large diameter logs, while the length of chips cut from logs of small and medium diameter continues to be of standard specified length, the length of chips cut from large diameter logs only being shortened. The feed rate for large diameter logs is reduced and will therefore result in a reduction of peak power demand achieved by the use of large diameter log positioning means. A first version of the large diameter log positioning means involves the placement of a raised platform on the wear plate where the outer perimeter of the large diameter log would otherwise contact the wear plate. A second version of the positioning means involves raising the heel of the knife clamp at a point where a portion of the outer perimeter of a large diameter log contacts the heel of the clamp.

Abstract: An apparatus for deagglomerating powder in a mixture of liquid and powder. This apparatus contains a mixing tank, an agitator disk disposed within the mixing tank, and a baffle. The agitator disc has a maximum dimension of from about 6 to about 40 inches. The disc contains a multiplicity of compound teeth radially and removably attached its perimeter. Each of the compound teeth is comprised of a substrate to which is attached a front plate which preferably consists of a ceramic material, such as tungsten carbide.

Abstract: An improved pattern of bars and grooves on the plates of a rotating disc refiner, whereby the inherent restriction in the transfer of material into the grooves of the refining zone is reduced relative to conventional designs. The invention can be implemented at one or both of the transition from an innermost, feed zone to an intermediate, refining zone, or the transition from an intermediate, refining zone to an outer, refining zone. The invention can be generally understood as providing an asymmetric or jagged transition line from one zone to another. The asymmetry can be seen in a plate segment, relative to the segment central axis, or it may be seen as a saw tooth shape with respect to laterally adjacent regions of the same zone. Preferably, a line connecting the inlets on laterally successive regions of a particular zone, defines a substantially continuous saw tooth shape or a succession of jagged, "Z" shapes.

Abstract: The invention is a tool support for a waste processor comprising a plurality of rotating discs on which can be mounted a combination of chipper knives, swing hammers, and hog hammers. The tool support has an incline surface on which the chipper knives and hog hammers are removably mounted in a position so that a portion of the chipper knives and the hog hammers extend beyond the periphery of the discs. During rotation of the discs, if the chipper knives or hog hammers encounter an object that cannot be chipped or broken, the chipper knife and hog hammer, respectively, are forced down the mounting surface of the tool holder to a position below the periphery of the discs so that the chipper knives and hog hammers are protected from further damage by the circumference of the disc.

Abstract: A chipper employs a rotary cutting disk with a plurality of radial knife assemblies. Each knife assembly has a reversible blade of generally trapezoidal cross section. The assembly has a knife holder and a knife clamp that sandwich the blade between them. An elongated load bar is seated in a recess in the clamp and supports a sloping surface at a concealed edge of the blade.

Abstract: A blade mounting for a chipper blade of a wood-chipping machine, the chipper blade having a back and a fore-part, the blade mounting including: a disk coverplate having an inner slope which bears against the back of the chipper blade; a blade holder having at least two grooves which are oriented perpendicular to a longitudinal axis of the blade holder and parallel to a plane of the chipper blade, the blade holder bearing against the fore-part of the chipper blade; adjusting screws located in the grooves in the blade holder; and dogs for underpinning a bottom edge of the chipper blade at at least two locations, the dogs being adjusted by the adjusting screws.

Abstract: An apparatus for deagglomerating powder in a mixture of liquid and powder which contains a mixing tank, an agitator disposed within the mixing tank, and a baffle. The agitator disk is circular, has an diameter of from about 6 to about 40 inches, and contains a multiplicity of compound teeth radially and removably attached to its perimeter. Each of the compound teeth is comprised of a substrate to which is attached a front plate, a top plate, and a bottom plate; each of these plates preferably consists of a ceramic material, such as tungsten carbide.

Abstract: A knife blade clamp for a Carthage-Norman type of log chipper and having a substantially right triangular cross-sectional contour having an upper face, back face and hypotenuse surface, is provided with a series of slots on its back face. The slots communicate between an elongated depression on the back face and the hypotenune surface. By virtue of the series of slots, there is less accumulation of fine dust adjacent the back face which would thwart the removability of the associated knife for servicing.

Abstract: A knife assembly for a disc type wood chipper includes a reversible disposable knife having a serrated back bearing surface positioned between a serrated knife clamp and a flat counterknife. The knife can be reground and advanced along the serrated clamping surface of the clamp so as to maintain a desired edge position with respect to the surface of the chipper disc and the anvil surface.

Abstract: A log slabbing chipper with multiple knife structures distributed about the periphery of a power-driven rotor head. Each knife structure includes a holder, and a pair of knife mounting assemblies secured to the holder. Each knife mounting assembly mounts a double-edged replaceable knife.

Abstract: A wood curl-making apparatus includes a rotating disc having cutting blades mounted so as to extend from the face of the disc to engage wood pieces fed to the disc. The blades are mounted in cutting blocks attached to the disc. The cutting blocks have curved curling surfaces which receive the wood shaving and force the shaving to curl. When the shavings have been removed, they fall in a tightly curled roll.

Abstract: The present invention discloses an improved rotor disc for a refiner and its method of formation. The invention comprises a plurality of blade members spaced apart by a spacer between each adjacent blade member. Dams may be provided on the spacers. In forming the preferred disc, the plurality of blades and spacers are secured one to the other to form a blade segment. A plurality of blade segments are affixed one to the other to, in turn, form the disc. The invention is characterized by an absence of any mounting plate or base member. The method of the invention is characterized by a continuous weld along either of the inner circumference or the outer circumference of the disc.

Abstract: The present invention discloses an improved rotor disc for a refiner and its method of formation. The invention comprises a plurality of blade members spaced apart by a spacer between each adjacent blade member. Dams may be provided on the spacer. In forming the preferred disc, the plurality of blades and spacers are secured one to the other to form a blade segment. A plurality of blade segments are affixed one to the other to, in turn, form the disc. The invention is characterized by an absence of any mounting plate or base member. The method of the invention is characterized by a continuous weld along either of the inner circumference or the outer circumference of the disc.

Abstract: A chipper for cutting uniform chips from a log has a sliver ring mounted on the rotary disc radially outside the cutting blade assemblies, and also has cooperating arcuate wrapper member and special sliver bedknife mounted on the front plate of the chipper housing. The wrapper member is concentric with the sliver ring and extends circumferentially around it for a distance, and also extends axially towards the disc and beyond the proximal face of the sliver ring to define a radial gap between the ring and the wrapper. The sliver bedknife extends across the face of the disc from one end of the arcuate wrapper. The sliver bedknife, the wrapper, and the sliver ring cooperate with one another to limit progression of slivers that are formed from wooden logs at the position of the stationary bedknife.

Abstract: A knife holder for a rotary type wood chipper is in the form of a segment occupying a segmental portion of the proximal side of the cutting disk and extending to a chip slot of an adjacent knife from its associated knife assembly. The knife holder has a hardened helicoid proximal wear surface that faces the logs that are fed into the chipper. Each knife holder is formed of a base plate which removably mounts onto the disk and a wear plate that is replaceably attached onto the proximal side of the base plate. The wear plate is mechanically attached to the base plate by set screws and is also attached by a weld that runs along a peripheral chamfer. When the hardfacing surface on the wear plate becomes eroded, the wear plate can be removed and replaced.

Abstract: A cutter head for a wood chipper has a circular disc and is mounted on a spindle by which the cutter head is rapidly rotated. The disc has at least one knife detachably connected thereto with its cutting edge exposed on the face of the disc engaged by the lengths of wood to be chipped. The connecting means comprise an actuating member releaseably seated against the rear face of the disc in a manner such that it may be moved parallel to the slot through which the knife extends. The knife is releaseably connected to the disc to enable its cutting edge to be advanced or retracted relative to the face of the disc engaged by lengths of wood and is also connected to the actuating member in a manner such that movements of the actuating member in either direction parallel to the knife receiving slot are attended by corresponding movements of the knife in directions normal to movements of the actuating member.

Abstract: A double-edged knife detachably mounted on a counter knife. The knife overlies surfaces inclined and oriented so that when the knife is clamped in place, it is held well rearwardly an edge in the knife which is exposed for cutting. Fasteners hold the counter knife and these are protected from damage by a shoulder.

Abstract: A chipper knife blade assembly for a rotary disk chipper has first and second flat knife blades of substantially identical construction, with one of the blades serving as a chipper blade and the other serving as a counterknife supporting the chipper blade. The counterknife is seated on a sloping support surface in a recess in the disk and has its proximal edge reposed against a support or a thrust bar. A bolt-down clamping member has a shouldered surface with a flat portion clamped down against a top surface of the chipper knife blade, and with a shoulder supporting the proximal edge of the chipper blade. In a preferred embodiment, the chipper blade projects about one-half inch to three-quarters inch beyond the cutting edge of the counterknife blade. With this arrangement, a warn cutting blade can serve a second useful life as a counterknife, absorbing the wear that results from the chips moving at high speed into the chip slot.

Abstract: A refiner segment (1) for disc refiners is formed with a pattern of bars (2,4) and grooves (3,5), and flow restrictions (6) are located in the grooves (5). Through apertures (8) in the bars (4), the grooves (5) communicate with each other so that the grooves have free communication outward and inward via the apertures (8).

Abstract: A knife assembly for a wood chipper has a cassette, a top blade holder, and a trapezoidal cross-section double-edge blade. The cassette is of profiled cross-section, with a full-width proximal section, a stepped-down blade holder support surface on an intermediate section, and a blade support surface on a distal or tip section. A proximally and downward sloping surface extends from a distal edge of the blade holder support surface to the blade support surface. The blade has substantially flat upper and lower surfaces so as to avoid structure which is susceptible to snapping or splitting under the stresses normally encountered in a chipping operation. One edge of the trapezoidal blade is exposed and extends forward of the cassette and the blade holder. The tapered ground surface that defines the concealed edge of the blade faces against the sloping surface of the cassette.

Abstract: Chipper apparatus including a rotating disc with one or more knives mounted on the disc operable to produce wood chips under the cutting action of the knives. Each knife comprises an elongate knife body bounded by opposed cutting edges. The knife includes a back side formed back knife surfaces extending inwardly on the knife from its cutting edges and the back knife surfaces meeting with a bearing surface. The front side of the knife includes front knife surfaces extending inwardly on the knife from its cutting edges joining with an elongated key-receiving channel indented inwardly into the knife body. A knife is mounted on a rotatable chipper disc through a clamp member which bears against the bearing surface of a knife and a counter-knife which supports the front side of the knife and which includes an elongate key portion fitting within the key-receiving channel of the knife.