Abstract: A process and device for generating a prototype waveform and a weighting function. The process including obtaining waveforms generated by a detector having at least one photosensor, generating an initial estimate for the prototype waveform and the weighting function and parameterizing the prototype waveform and the weighting function and determining for each waveform an optimal amplitude and an optimal time offset of the prototype waveform.

Abstract: A device for detecting a difference in illumination may include at least two adjacent photoelectric sensor element groups on which light falls during an adjustable illumination time, said light being converted to a quantity of electric charge, which corresponds to the quantity of light falling on each sensor element group during the illumination time, and having a detector, which detects a minimum charge of the charge quantities generated by both photoelectric sensor element groups and subtracts said minimum charge from both photoelectric sensor element groups. The device can be used in a variety of applications, e.g., for digital cameras and medical devices. Wavelet coefficients can be generated directly using metrological and sensory means and may be available for further signal processing.

Abstract: An electronic device according to one or more embodiments of the invention comprises a plurality of first output lines and a plurality of current to voltage convertors. Current signals from a plurality of signal sources are output to the first output lines. Each of the current to voltage convertors are electrically connected to a corresponding one of the first output lines. The current to voltage convertor includes a first amplification unit. An offset reduction unit in a subsequent stage of the current to voltage convertor is provided for each of the first output lines.

Abstract: A light sensing apparatus includes a light sensing module, a signal conversion module and a processing module. The light sensing module is configured to output a first and second sense signals according to a light intensity emitting thereon. The signal conversion module is electrically coupled to the light sensing module and configured to receive the first and second sense signals and output a sense value according to a relative difference between the first and second sense signals, The comparison module is electrically coupled to the signal conversion module and configured to adjust a light sensing characteristic of the light sensing module according to the sense value so as to adjust a light sensing characteristic of the light sensing module. An adjustment method for a light sensing apparatus is also provided.

Abstract: An optical detector may include an aperture, at least two photodetectors, and a measuring arrangement to quantify light detected at the photodetectors after passing through the aperture without the need for a lens. The aperture may be positioned between a light source and the two photodetectors to allow light from a light source to pass through the aperture to the photodetectors. The photodetectors may include PIN junction photodiodes and may be electrically isolated from each other, positioned next to each other in a side-by-side configuration, and then aligned with the aperture so that a proportion of the quantified light detected at the photodetectors changes as an angle of light from the light source incident to the aperture changes. Optical detectors and methods are provided.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a method for detecting the presence of an object near a detection device, comprising: reverse biasing single photon avalanche photodiodes, at a bias voltage greater than a breakdown voltage of a PN junction of each photodiode, emitting pulses of an incident photon beam, detecting photodiodes which avalanche trigger after the reception by the photodiode of at least one photon of a reflected photon beam produced by a reflection of the incident beam on an object near the detection device, determining the object presence as a function of the existence of at least one avalanche triggering in one of the photodiodes, and selecting a number of photodiodes to be reverse biased in relation to the detection device, as a function of a load of a circuit for generating the bias voltage.

Abstract: A display device in which light leakage in a monitor element portion is prevented without increasing the number of steps and cost is provided. The display device includes a monitor element for suppressing influence on a light-emitting element due to temperature change and change over time and a TFT for driving the monitor element, in which the TFT for driving the monitor element is provided so as not to overlap the monitor element. Furthermore, the display device includes a first light shielding film and a second light shielding film, in which the first light shielding film is provided so as to overlap a first electrode of the monitor element and the second light shielding film is electrically connect to the first light shielding film through a contact hole formed in an interlayer insulating film. The contact hole is formed so as to surround the outer edge of the first electrode of the monitor element.

Abstract: An improved method and apparatus for a device with minimized optical cross-talk are provided. In one example, the device includes a filtering material selected to maximize the attenuation of signals causing cross-talk while minimizing the attenuation of desired signals.

Abstract: A photoelectric converting apparatus has: a first photoelectric conversion element for outputting a current to a first terminal by a photoelectric conversion; a first detecting unit for detecting an electric potential of the first terminal of the first photoelectric conversion element; a first feedback unit for feeding back a signal based on the electric potential detected by the first detecting unit to the first terminal of the first photoelectric conversion element and output a current based on the electric potential of the first terminal of the first photoelectric conversion element to a first current output terminal; and a current supplying unit for supplying the current to the first terminal of the first photoelectric conversion element.

Abstract: A radiation sensor (10) comprises plural radiation sensing elements (1) arranged along an arrangement line, a lens having an optical axis focusing radiation towards the sensing elements, and circuitry (2) receiving the electric signal of the sensing elements and providing an output signal. The midpoint of the arrangement line may be offset against the optical axis of the converging section (5). At least some of the sensing elements may have different sizes. At least some of the sensing elements may have different relative sensitivity compared to each other. Two or more pairs of adjacent sensing elements may have a different pitch.

Abstract: A detection system for use with a communications system and an associated communication systems, methods, portable electronics devices and geolocation and/or reporting devices, the detection system having at least one radiation detector for receiving a radiation signal, wherein the at least one radiation detector includes a plurality of sensing elements, and the detection system is configured to detect the radiation signal using differing subsets of sensing elements at differing times and determine data encoded in the radiation signal based on the radiation detected by the different subsets of sensing elements.

Abstract: Optical detection apparatus (300) comprising an optical detector (302, 304, 306), a detector amplifier (336, 338, 340), and switching means, e.g., a multiplexer (344, 348), for dynamically selecting at least one of the optical detector or the detector amplifier by switching from among at least two alternative optical detectors and/or at least two detector amplifiers such as to minimize noise equivalent power (NEP) of a selected detector or combination of detector and amplifier under given operating conditions.

Abstract: A photodetector is described along with corresponding materials, systems, and methods. The photodetector comprises an integrated circuit and at least two optically sensitive layers. A first optically sensitive layer is over at least a portion of the integrated circuit, and a second optically sensitive layer is over the first optically sensitive layer. Each optically sensitive layer is interposed between two electrodes. The two electrodes include a respective first electrode and a respective second electrode. The integrated circuit selectively applies a bias to the electrodes and reads signals from the optically sensitive layers. The signal is related to the number of photons received by the respective optically sensitive layer.

Abstract: A sensor for range finding and ambient light measurement wherein the sensor includes an array of pixels capable of sensing illumination in a plurality of wavelengths and generating a response thereto for each wavelength; the sensor including an ambient light sensing system which includes a module for adjusting the response from the ambient light sensor, such that the response for each wavelength is independent of the wavelength of the illumination.

Abstract: A method for generating a deselect mapping for a focal plane array according to one embodiment includes gathering a data set for a focal plane array when exposed to light or radiation from a first known target; analyzing the data set for determining which pixels or subpixels of the focal plane array to add to a deselect mapping; adding the pixels or subpixels to the deselect mapping based on the analysis; and storing the deselect mapping. A method for gathering data using a focal plane array according to another embodiment includes deselecting pixels or subpixels based on a deselect mapping; gathering a data set using pixels or subpixels in a focal plane array that are not deselected upon exposure thereof to light or radiation from a target of interest; and outputting the data set.

Abstract: A radiation sensor of the type having a packaged radiation source and detector, which includes an isolator that blocks propagation within the package of radiation from the source to the detector, in order to improve signal to noise ratio of the sensor. The isolator is formed by appropriately formed surfaces of the package.

Abstract: Silicon photomultiplier and readout method A silicon photomultiplier device is provided which comprises a first electrode arranged to provide a bias voltage to the device, a second electrode arranged as a ground electrode for the device, and a third electrode arranged to provide an output signal from the device using the second electrode as the output signal ground.

Abstract: Provided are an integrating sphere photometer and a measuring method of the same. The integrating sphere photometer includes a plurality of photodetectors, an integrating sphere having through-holes formed to correspond to the photodetectors, baffles disposed inside the integrating sphere in front of the photodetectors to be spaced apart from the photodetectors, a photometer disposed at a through-hole, and an adjustment unit adjusting output signals of the photodetectors to have the same output signal with respect to light illuminated from a point-like standard light source disposed at a center region in the integrating sphere.

Abstract: An apparatus includes an array containing N sub-diffraction limit light sensors each having an associated light absorption activation threshold for switching from a reset state to an activated state, where the light absorption activation values lie within a range of values. The apparatus further includes a processor connected with a memory including computer program code, where the memory and computer program code are configured to, with the processor, cause the apparatus at least to perform estimating an intensity of light that illuminates the array based on electrical outputs of the array.

Abstract: A detector assembly is configured for characterizing electromagnetic energy that propagates along a light path. At least a component of the electromagnetic energy carries electromagnetic energy information along the light path. The detector assembly includes a first detector array arranged along the light path and having photosensitive elements aligned to receive at least some of the electromagnetic energy, including the component. The photosensitive elements selectively absorb a first portion of the component and produce a first set of electrical image data, based at least in part on the electomagnetic energy information, in response to the component. At least some of the photosensitive elements are at least partially transparent so that they selectively pass a second portion of the component to continue along the light path.

Abstract: A configurable photo detector circuit comprises a photo detector array including a plurality of photo detectors coupled to a plurality of amplifiers. A method for programming a detection pattern of the configurable photo detector circuit comprises selecting a first detection pattern for the photo detector array, generating first signals to create the first selected detection pattern, and applying the first generated signals to the photo detector circuit to implement the first selected detection pattern.

Abstract: A sensor array includes a plurality of pixel sensor circuits; and a current-mode readout circuit to sample signals generated in each pixel sensor circuit; and addressing circuitry to individually select each pixel sensor circuit. Each pixel sensor circuit includes: a transducer and an amplifying element coupled to the transducer and configured to output a signal current which varies as a function of a measured physical property. The current-mode readout circuit includes: a sense signal line coupled to each of the amplifying elements in order to monitor the voltage presented across the amplifying element of the selected pixel sensor circuit; a drive signal line coupled to an output of each of the amplifying elements in order to provide a constant bias voltage to the amplifying element of the selected pixel sensor circuit; and a current conveyor circuit coupled to the sense signal line and drive signal line.

Abstract: Disclosure is related to an electromagnetic wave sensing apparatus with integration of multiple sensors, and a method for applying the apparatus. According to one of the embodiments, the method adapted to an electronic wave sensing apparatus includes an initialized step of a host enabled to configure one or more sensors of the electronic wave sensing apparatus. The initialization for those sensors includes one or more setting items selected from resolution, gain, data rate, frequency, and driving current. A next step is to set up a control unit electrically connected with the multiple sensors, and the related setting items are such as output format, output gain, output source, output level, and output driving current. Based on the setting items, the signals will be shaped accordingly and be output. In response to the setting items, the control unit drives one or more internal devices or external devices to function the various applications.

Abstract: A multi-spectrum photosensitive device and method for sampling the same, the method includes a first combining process for combining-and-sampling two adjacent pixels in same row different column, or in different row same column, or in different row different column in the pixel array to obtain a sampling data of a first combined pixel; a second combining process for combining-and-sampling the sampling data of the first combined pixel obtained from the first combining unit to obtain a sampling data of a second combined pixel; and a third combining process, a sampling data of a third combined pixel is obtained by a method for color conversion and image scaling in a digital space. The application is applied for a multi-pixel sharing reading and amplifying circuit of a single-layer color photosensitive chip, a single-sided multi-layer photosensitive chip, and a double-sided double-layer photosensitive chip.

Abstract: The present application relates to a photosensitive device as well as a reading method and a reading circuit thereof. The photosensitive device comprises a pixel array and a read circuit, wherein a transfer gate for connecting adjacent pixels and transferring charge between the connected pixels is arranged among at least some designated pixels in the pixel array, the read circuit is used for reading charge of a pixel in the pixel array, said charge is at least one of self-charge of said pixel, charge transferred from an adjacent pixel of said pixel, superposition of the self-charge of said pixel and the charge transferred from one or more pixels adjacent to said pixel, and superposition of the transfer charges of two or more pixels adjacent to said pixel.

Abstract: A multi-sensor fire detector includes first and second flame sensors which are coupled to an external environment by a rigid, tapered, optical coupling element. An external end of the coupling element has a cured hemispherical shape with a viewing angle approaching one hundred eighty degrees. Processing and control circuits coupled to the sensors make a determination as to the presence of a fire condition.

Abstract: Apparatuses, methods and systems for dual-technology occupancy detection are disclosed. One dual-technology occupancy detection apparatus includes a motion sensor sensing motion, an ambient light sensor sensing variation in ambient light, and a controller for detecting occupancy and controlling a building environmental parameter based on the sensed motion and the sensed variations in ambient light. One method of detecting occupancy for controlling lighting includes sensing motion with a motion sensor, sensing variations in ambient light with an ambient light sensor, and detecting occupancy and controlling activation of a light based on the sensed motion and the sensed variations in ambient light.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a light-sensing apparatus includes a light-sensing pixel array that has a plurality of light-sensing pixels arranged in rows and columns; and a gate driver configured to provide the light-sensing pixels with a gate voltage and a reset signal that have inverted phases. Each of the light-sensing pixels includes a light sensor transistor configured to sense light and a switch transistor configured to output a light-sensing signal from the light-sensor transistor. The gate driver includes a plurality of gate lines connected to gates of the switch transistors, a plurality of reset lines connected to gates of the light sensor transistors, and a plurality of phase inverters each connected between a corresponding reset line and a gate line. Thus, when a gate voltage is applied to one of the plurality of gate lines, a reset signal with an inversed phase to the gate voltage may be applied to a corresponding reset line.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes a pair of sensor units each of which includes a photoelectric conversion unit, a signal holding unit and a transfer unit, and outputs a signal held by the signal holding unit, comprising a control unit including a detector unit, wherein when one of the pair of sensor units operates in a first mode, the other operates in a second mode, the detector unit detects that the output has reached a predetermined value after the one starting a signal transfer, the one ends the signal transfer in response to the detection and determines the held signal, the control unit generates a control signal after that, and the other in the second mode accumulates generated charges and starts a signal transfer in accordance with the control signal, then ends the signal transfer and determines the held signal.

Abstract: A multi-spectrum photosensitive device comprises two, three, or four composite sensing pixels arranged in layers up and down in a base layer of P-type or N-type silicon by means of single-sided processing or double-sided processing, each composite sensing pixels can sense respectively spectrum orthogonal or complementary to each other in visible light or visible and infrared light. The basic sensing pixels on different layers of the composite sensing pixels can be designed to sense different colors or spectrums, so that a multi-spectrum photosensitive chip can be achieved by repeatedly arranging the macro units consisting of more than one composite sensing pixel. The present disclosure also includes a new multi-layer sensing pixel, and examples of which used in a single-sided double-layer, or a double-sided double-layer, or a double-sided three-layer, or a double-sided four-layer, or a single-sided mixed double-layer, or a double-sided mixed with double-layer or a multi-layer multi-spectrum sensing device.

Abstract: A method for sensing an optical image and producing an improved image signal, includes the steps of: supplying a first signal to a first plurality of nodes, the nodes residing in an integrated circuit substrate; producing a second signal at a second plurality of nodes residing in the integrated circuit substrate, the first plurality of nodes substantially corresponding to the second plurality of nodes, wherein the step of producing the second signal includes: imposing a smoothness constraint on the second signal restricting a signal difference between the nodes of the second signal, the smoothness constraint imposed with a plurality of horizontal electronic element; imposing a closeness constraint on the second signal, thereby restricting a signal difference between the corresponding nodes in the first signal and the second signal, the closeness constraint imposed with a plurality of vertical electronic element; and balancing the smoothness constraint and the closeness constraint with a balancing means contro

Abstract: A solution is provided in which one or more of a plurality of light elements is alternately operated as a light emitting element and a light detecting element. For example, a system can operate a light element as a light detecting element while operating at least one other light element as a light emitting element in order to manage operation of the light elements to generate light having a set of desired attributes, evaluating an operating condition of the other light element(s), and/or the like.

Abstract: A signs-of-deterioration detector for a semiconductor laser includes a first light receiving section that acquires first information relating to an optical output of the semiconductor laser and a second light receiving section that acquires second information relating to an intensity distribution of the emission pattern below the lasing threshold of the semiconductor laser. The detector also includes a holding section that holds the first information and the second information at a predetermined time point T1. The detector further includes a deciding section that decides the presence or absence of signs of rapid decrease of the optical output of the semiconductor laser by comparing the first information and the second information at at least one time point Tn (T1<Tn), with those at the time point T1.

Abstract: A device for lighting an object, with light source provided with a member for sampling a portion of the light, application to the measurement of flux variations of the source. The device includes at least one light source emitting an illuminating light around an illumination axis, for lighting the object, and a photodetector.

Abstract: A vehicle interior rearview mirror system includes an interior rearview mirror assembly having a reflective element and ambient and glare light sensors. A control circuit is operable to establish a reflectance level of the reflective element. At least one of (a) the mirror system includes a charge accumulation device selectively connected with the ambient or glare light sensor and the control circuit establishes the ambient and glare light levels as a function of time for an output of the charge accumulation device to reach a reference level when connected to the respective light sensor, (b) a common element is used to measure outputs of the light sensors sequentially to correspond errors due to component variations, and (c) the mirror system includes temperature compensation of the glare and/or ambient light sensor and the temperature compensation is responsive to a reference light sensor that is substantially not exposed to light.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are presented to measure the photoluminescence of incoming wafers and extract parameters such as minority carrier life time, diffusion length, and defect density that may be used to predict final solar cell efficiency. In some examples, illumination light is supplied to a side of an as-cut silicon wafer and the induced luminescence measured from the same side and the opposite side of the wafer is used to determine an indication of the minority carrier lifetime. In another example, the luminescence induced by two instances of illumination light of different wavelength is used to determine an indication of the minority carrier lifetime. In another example, the spatial distribution of luminescence intensity over an area surrounding a focused illumination spot is used to determine an indication of the minority carrier lifetime. Other apparatus useful to passivate the surface of a wafer for inspection are also presented.

Abstract: The input device includes a frame-shaped optical waveguide having a hollow input-use interior, and a control means provided on the outside of one of the sides of the optical waveguide. The optical waveguide and the control means are provided on a surface of a frame-shaped retainer plate. The control means includes: a light-emitting element connected to ends of light-emitting cores of the optical waveguide; a light-receiving element connected to ends of light-receiving cores of the optical waveguide; and a CPU incorporating a program. Upon sensing a first light-shielded area where light is intercepted by the tip of a pen and a second light-shielded area where light is intercepted by user's hand that holds the pen, the program recognizes the second light-shielded area larger than the first light-shielded area as unnecessary information, based on a difference in light-shielded area.

Abstract: A method of selecting for analysis a sample of a biological material anisotropically distributed on a substrate is disclosed, comprising the steps of directing a beam of radiation onto the substrate, said radiation being selected to interact with the biological material to an extent corresponding to the anisotropy; measuring the interaction at plurality of locations; and selecting the sample by reference to the measurements. An inspection apparatus for selecting for analysis a sample of a biological material anisotropically distributed on a substrate is disclosed comprising a source of radiation selected to interact with the anisotropically distributed biological material to an extent corresponding to the anisotropy; a detector for measuring the interaction at plurality of locations on the substrate; and a processor coupled to the detector for utilizing the measurement to select a portion of the sample for further analysis.

Abstract: An optical sensor includes: first and second light receiving elements on a semiconductor substrate; a light blocking film over the semiconductor substrate via a light transmitting film; and first and second openings corresponding to the light receiving elements and disposed in the light blocking film. First and second virtual lines are defined to extend from the centers of the first and second light receiving elements and pass through the centers of the first and second openings, respectively. At least one of elevation angles and left-right angles of the first and second virtual lines are different. The photosensitive area of the first light receiving element is larger than the aperture area of the first opening. The photosensitive area of the second light receiving element is larger than the aperture area of the second opening.

Abstract: A light sensing panel includes sensors arranged in rows and columns, where the sensors receive a first bias voltage and a second bias voltage and output light sensing signals based on light incident thereto; first and second bias lines which transfers the first and second bias voltages, respectively, to the sensors, where each of the first and second bias lines includes a main line and sub lines diverged from the main line and arranged in a second direction corresponding to the columns;, where the sub lines of the first and second bias lines are alternately arranged, and where when two adjacent sub lines are shorted, the shorted sub line of the first bias line is separated from the main line of the first bias line.

Abstract: A light-sensing apparatus in which a light sensor transistor in a light-sensing pixel is formed of an oxide semiconductor transistor for sensing light, a method of driving the light-sensing apparatus, and an optical touch screen apparatus including the light-sensing apparatus. The light-sensing apparatus includes a light-sensing pixel array having a plurality of light-sensing pixels arranged in rows and columns, and a plurality of gate lines which are arranged in a row direction and respectively provide a gate voltage to the light-sensing pixel. Each of the light-sensing pixels includes a light sensor transistor for sensing light and a switch transistor for outputting a light-sensing signal from the light sensor transistor, and gates of the light sensor transistors of the light-sensing pixels arranged in an arbitrary row are connected to a gate line arranged in a row previous or next to the arbitrary row.

Abstract: Provided is a photodetector device for detecting light intensity based on a detection signal of a difference circuit, the photodetector device including: a first light receiving element which generates an electric charge based on incident light; a second light receiving element, which includes a light blocking part for blocking incident light and generates an electric charge being a reference; and a storage detection circuit for detecting that an output voltage of the first light receiving element or the second light receiving element has reached a predetermined potential and outputting the detection signal when the difference does not reach a predetermined value even though sufficient incident light is provided.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods are described including an individual solar power generating and sun sensing cell formed to have a plurality of electrically isolated portions, the output of each portion being monitored and analyzed to determine whether the solar cell is optimally positioned relative to the direction of solar rays to optimize power generation of the solar cell, and also of an array of solar cells which includes the solar power generating and sun sensing cell.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention generally relate to circuits, systems and methods that can be used to detect light beam misalignment, so that compensation for such misalignment can be performed. In accordance with an embodiment, a circuit includes a photo-detector (PD) having a plurality of electrically isolated PD segments. Additionally, the circuit has circuitry, including switches, configured to control how currents indicative of light detected by the plurality of electrically isolated PD segments are arithmetically combined. When the switches are in a first configuration, a signal produced by the circuitry is indicative of vertical light beam alignment. When the switches are in a second configuration, the signal produced by the circuitry is indicative of horizontal light beam alignment. The signals indicative of vertical light beam alignment and horizontal light beam alignment can be used detect light beam misalignment, so that compensation for such misalignment can be performed.

Abstract: A system and method are disclosed for the simultaneous optical disinfection and detection of biological particles in a flowing fluid, such as air or water, medium. A light source for irradiating the flowing medium is a dual wavelength laser element simultaneously emitting a visible laser beam and an ultraviolet laser beam. In particular, a laser diode may generate a first visible laser light beam, and a second ultraviolet laser light beam may be generated by passing the first laser light beam through a frequency doubling crystal. Optical detectors measure scattering, fluorescence and/or transmission of the laser light beams from the air or water medium to determine the presence of biological particles in real-time.

Abstract: The device for ambient light compensation for use in optical sensors exposed to both useful light and ambient light comprises at least one first photodiode and at least one second photodiode, the at least one first photodiode being adapted to be exposed to substantially the same useful light and ambient light as the at least one second photodiode. The device further comprises a current mirror circuit having an input and an output, the at least one first photodiode being connected to the input of the current mirror circuit, and the at least one second photodiode being connected to the output of the current mirror circuit. The current mirror circuit comprises a lowpass filter connected between the input and the output of the current mirror circuit. The output of the current mirror circuit provides an output signal representing the useful signal compensated for ambient light.

Abstract: Disclosed is a handheld long range dazzling laser including a 1 Watt or greater laser light source, a focus-adjustable beam expander, a power source, a trigger and a magnifying targeting device. Also disclosed is a method of discounting ship insurance rates based on equipping ships with the disclosed handheld long range dazzling laser.

Abstract: The cost and size of an atomic magnetometer are reduced by attaching together a first die which integrates together a vapor cell, top and side photo detectors, and processing electronics, a second die which integrates together an optics package and a heater for the vapor cell, and a third die which integrates together a VCSEL, a heater for the VCSEL, and control electronics.

Abstract: A device for detecting light includes at least one silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) having an array of a plurality of single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs), the array being larger in area than an incident light. The device is configured so as to at least one of activate and analyze only the SPADs upon which a specific minimum intensity of light impinges.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods reduce common-mode error. An integrated circuit includes a plurality of signal channels, a first proxy channel, and a subtraction block. The signal channels are configured to receive a plurality of input signals and to generate a plurality of output signals, and each of the signal channels has a substantially similar circuit topology. The first proxy channel has a substantially similar circuit topology as the plurality of signal channels, and includes an output that can vary in relation to a common-mode error of the signal channels. The subtraction block is configured to generate a plurality of modified output signals by using the output of the first proxy channel to reduce the common-mode error of the plurality of output signal channels.