Abstract: This invention provides an angled-dual-axis optical coherence scanning microscope comprising a fiber-coupled, high-speed angled-dual-axis confocal scanning head and a vertical scanning unit. The angled-dual-axis confocal scanning head is configured such that an illumination beam and an observation beam intersect optimally at an angle &thgr; within an object and the scanning is achieved by pivoting the illumination and observation beams jointly using a high-speed scanning element. The vertical scanning unit causes the angled-dual-axis confocal scanning head to move towards or away from the object, thereby yielding a vertical cross-section scan of the object, while keeping the optical path lengths of the illumination and observation beams unchanged. By incorporating MEMS scanning mirrors and fiber-optic components, the angled-dual-axis optical coherence scanning microscope of the present invention can be miniaturized to provide a particularly powerful tool for in vivo medical imaging applications.

Abstract: A scanning method for detecting documents is provided an optical scanning device. The optical scanning device is capable of scanning an object by a reflective scanning mode or a transmittal scanning mode. Then obtaining an image signal of the object by either the reflective scanning mode or a transmittal scanning mode with the retrieved scanning mod. Comparing the image signal with a pre-determined signal will result in an implementation from one of the reflective scanning mode or the transmittal scanning mode.

Abstract: A connection selection circuit is connected to laser elements of a first sub-array light source via a first circuit and also to laser elements of a second sub-array light source via a second circuit. The connection selection circuit initially connects a laser drive system to the laser elements of the first sub-array light source. When one or more of the laser elements of the first sub-array light source become defective, then the connection selection circuit connects the laser drive system to the laser elements of the second sub-array light source.

Abstract: To read an image with high resolution via a CCD linear sensor having a limited pixel count, an image reading apparatus includes: a CCD linear sensor having arranged in a main-scanning direction photoelectric conversion elements for receiving a light reflected from an original; a piezoelectric element for providing a relative displacement between a light receiving surface of the CCD linear sensor and an object's image formed on the light receiving surface, according to a predetermined oscillation function and in the main-scanning direction; and a sensor drive circuit timing the CCD linear sensor's charge accumulation. The sensor drive circuit uses a distance from a center of an amplitude of the relative displacement to the CCD linear sensor and a time period of charge accumulation by the CCD linear sensor to determine a time point to start charge accumulation.

Abstract: An f-&thgr; lens is composed of a negative lens element of a negative power, and second and third lens elements of a positive power, arranged in this order from the side of a optical deflection device, wherein at least one surface of the lens elements is a cylindrical surface that has a refractive power only in the deflecting direction. The f-&thgr; lens satisfies the conditions: N1>N2=N3, v1>v2=v3, and 4 mm≦|f23/f1·D0|<16 mm, wherein N1, N2 and N3 represent refractive indexes, v1, v2 and v3 represent Abbe constants of the first to third lens elements respectively, f1 represents the focal length of the first lens element, f23 represents the composite focal length of the second and third lens elements, and D0 represents a distance from the optical deflection device to the lens surface of the first lens element.

Abstract: The improved diffractive-based laser scanning system of the present invention monitors portions of the laser light beams generated by a laser light source (e.g., VLD) employed therein to generate a mode switching signal indicative of a shift in the characteristic wavelength of the laser light beams emitted from the laser light source. In response thereto, a temperature controller selectively heats (or cool) the laser light source to minimize and avoid such wavelength changes, thereby mitigating any potential problems caused by such wavelength changes (for example, unwanted beam distortion and signal processing errors as described above). Preferably, mode switching (e.g., change in characteristic wavelength of light emitted from the laser light source) is detected by monitoring a zeroth diffractive order beam produced by a diffractive element of the system. Moreover, temperature control of the laser light source is preferably accomplished using active heating elements (e.g.

Abstract: A discharging and light emitting element included in a CIS unit includes a transparent electrode having an external electrode and a substrate having an internal electrode. A first lead is led out from the internal electrode and a second lead is led out from the external electrode, and first and second leads are led out from end portions of the substrate and the transparent electrode at the same side.

Abstract: An image projector of the present invention which is capable of automatically adjusting a size of an image area and a focal distance has light sources with a device for modulating light for forming an image, a measuring light source for supplying measuring light, a mixing optical system for mixing the light for forming an image and the measuring light on one optical axis, a projection device for scanning the light mixed by the mixing optical system and projecting the mixed light onto a screen, a photodetector for detecting the measuring light reflected by the screen, and correction devices for correcting an image by controlling the projected light on the basis of a result of detection by the photodetector.

Abstract: New and improved scanning device and corresponding method that include and involve a movable stage on which a specimen is positioned, irradiation means which irradiates an electron beam onto an irradiation region of the specimen, secondary beam detection means used in generating a picture of the irradiation region by detecting a secondary beam which consists of at least one of secondary electrons or reflected electrons from the irradiation region of the electron beam, an imaging electron optical system which causes imaging of the secondary beam on a detection surface of the secondary beam detection means, and which is arranged between the specimen and the secondary beam detection means.

Abstract: Provided are a multi-beam scanning optical system capable of implementing high-quality printing in relatively simple structure and at high speed, and an image forming apparatus using it. The multi-beam scanning optical system has an incidence optical unit for guiding a plurality of beams emitted from a light source unit having a plurality of light-emitting regions spaced apart from each other in a main scanning direction, to a deflector; a scanning optical unit for focusing the plurality of beams deflected by the deflector, on a surface to be scanned; and a synchronism-detecting optical unit for converging part of the plurality of beams deflected by the deflector, via a return mirror on a slit surface by a lens section, thereafter guiding the beams to a synchronism detector, and controlling timing of a scan start position on the surface to be scanned, by use of a signal from the synchronism detector.

Abstract: A MEMs scanning device has a variable resonant frequency. In one embodiment, the MEMs device includes a torsion arm that supports an oscillatory body. In one embodiment, an array of removable masses are placed on an exposed portion of the oscillatory body and selectively removed to establish the resonant frequency. The material can be removed by laser ablation, etching, or other processing approaches. In another approach, a migratory material is placed on the torsion arm and selectively stimulated to migrate into the torsion arm, thereby changing the mechanical properties of the torsion arm. The changed mechanical properties in turn changes the resonant frequency of the torsion arm. In another approach, symmetrically distributed masses are removed or added in response to a measured resonant frequency to tune the resonant frequency to a desired resonant frequency. A display apparatus includes the scanning device and the scanning device scans about two or more axes, typically in a raster pattern.

Abstract: The separation between the light source module for a film scanner and the protection window for pressing against the film document is minimized to increase light intensity by inserting low friction material between the scanning light source module and the protection window. The pressure is exerted by means of a spring or gravity.

Abstract: A mounting apparatus for an optical sensor, applied to an optical scan module. A screw pile with a filet slot head, a washer and a screw nut are used to mount the base plate of the charged-couple device to the main body. Therefore, it is easy to adjust the skew in the direction parallel to the base plate of the charged-couple device and the depth of focus.

Abstract: A conventional up/down Gray code counter has both a logic circuit section for up counting and a logic circuit section for down counting, and thus has a large circuit scale. To overcome this inconvenience, an up/down Gray code counter of the invention has a one-way Gray code counter that can count only in one, up or down, direction and a highest bit selecting circuit that receives the highest bit of the data output from the one-way Gray code counter and that then outputs the bit selectively either intact or after inverting it.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to an optical scanning stage. The optical scanning stage comprises a specimen holder that holds the specimen, a main scanning guide that guides the specimen holder along a main scanning axis, a sub-scanning stage that supports the specimen holder through the main scanning guide, and a main scanning driving mechanism that scans the specimen along the main scanning axis. The main scanning driving mechanism comprises a motor having a rotation shaft that rotates in one direction, and a movement conversion mechanism that converts a one-directional rotary motion of the rotation shaft of the motor to a linear reciprocation.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a scanner is provided having inter alia an optical zoom system, which includes a movable lens assembly and a rotatable mirror. The image to be scanned, the optical zoom system and the scanning head are located along an optical axis. The optical resolution of the image is variable by selectively displacing the lens assembly along the optical axis while simultaneously rotating the rotatable mirror about its center. In a further embodiment, a scanner is provided having inter alia a variable aperture for controlling the infiltration of stray light in a scanner having a plurality of optical resolutions.

Abstract: A scanning microscope has at least one illumination source for emitting a light beam, which is fed via a microscope optic to a specimen and scans the latter. In order to correct the imaging defect of the microscope optic, said defect is determined and a correction value is determined therefrom. This correction value is used for influencing control signals which control the impinging of the light beam on the specimen.

Abstract: Distinct designs are provided to reduce dimensions of an image sensing module without affecting the sizes of the original individual components in the image sensing module. According to one embodiment, a mirror is mounted before an optical focus system and used to collect and redirect reflected light from a scanning object being illuminated by an illumination source in the image sensing module, wherein the scanning object is parallel to the optical focus system.

Abstract: A MEM s scanning device has a variable resonant frequency. In one embodiment, the MEMs device includes a torsion arm that supports an oscillatory body. In one embodiment, an array of removable masses are placed on an exposed portion of the oscillatory body and selectively removed to establish the resonant frequency. The material can be removed by laser ablation, etching, or other processing approaches. In another approach, a migratory material is placed on the torsion arm and selectively stimulated to migrate into the torsion arm, thereby changing the mechanical properties of the torsion arm. The changed mechanical properties in turn changes the resonant frequency of the torsion arm. In another approach, symmetrically distributed masses are removed or added in response to a measured resonant frequency to tune the resonant frequency to a desired resonant frequency. A display apparatus includes the scanning device and the scanning device scans about two or more axes, typically in a raster pattern.

Abstract: A display apparatus includes a scanning assembly that scans about two or more axes, typically in a raster pattern. A plurality of light sources emit light from spaced apart locations toward the scanning assembly such that the scanning assembly simultaneously scans more than one of the beams. The scanning assembly is a resonant scanning assembly with a variable resonant frequency. The resonant frequency of the scanning assembly can be actively controlled by controlling partial pressure of fluids in a package containing the scanning assembly. In one embodiment, the increased partial pressure increases the mass of a scanning mirror, thereby changing the resonant frequency. In another embodiment, a gas absorbing material is coupled to a support arm that carries a scanning mirror. As the gas absorbing material absorbs gas, its physical properties change, thereby shifting the resonant frequency of the scanning assembly.

Abstract: A scanning apparatus comprises a transparent housing, a driving means arranged within the transparent housing, and an image sensor arranged within the transparent housing and driven by the driving means. The upper surface and the lower surface of the transparent housing are marked to define a transparent upper window and a transparent lower window. The image sensor comprises a contact image sensor and a supporting box for housing the contact image sensor. The small article to be scanned is facedown placed on the transparent upper window of the scanning apparatus when the scanning apparatus is in erect arrangement. The large article to be scanned is faced up placed and the user can align the scanning region through the transparent upper window and lower window. Therefore, the inventive scanning apparatus is applicable to scan article of both large and small size, and the transparent upper window and lower window facilitate the alignment of scanner for user for entire scanning or partial scanning of an article.

Abstract: Apparatus and method are disclosed for controlling the spatial beam position of laser beams, e.g., in a laser exposure device, using a position detector for determining the current (actual), beam position and a control element for determining the control quantity based on the difference between the actual and the desired beam position. An actuator that moves an optical element, which in turn guides the laser beam, is provided for changing the beam position. The actuator includes a controllable heating element that is connected to a position-determining actuator element, for moving the actuator element and, thus, the optical element, through thermal expansion due to heating of the actuator element.

Abstract: Surface-enhanced Raman optical data storage (SERODS) systems having increased reading and writing speeds, that is, increased data transfer rates, are disclosed. In the various SERODS read and write systems, the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) data is written and read using a two-dimensional process called parallel signal transfer (PST). The various embodiments utilize laser light beam excitation of the SERODS medium, optical filtering, beam imaging, and two-dimensional light detection. Two- and three-dimensional SERODS media are utilized. The SERODS write systems employ either a different laser or a different level of laser power.

Abstract: A scanner includes a photodetector, a dc motor drive and a gain compensation control for non-linearly adjusting the gain of at least one channel of the photodetector. The gain compensation control may adjust the gain by selecting different gain rates according to variations from a nominal exposure time.

Abstract: An optical scanning system. In representative embodiments, an optical scanning system is disclosed which comprises at least one first photosensitive detector that is sensitive to light in a first frequency band, an exposure control circuit that is capable of exposing the first photosensitive detector for a first time period and at least one second photosensitive detector that is sensitive to light in a second frequency band. The second photosensitive detector is fixed at a first location relative to the first photosensitive detector. The exposure control circuit is capable of exposing the second photosensitive detector for a second time period with the second time period being longer than the first time period and the midpoint of the first time period occurring at a time proximate to the time of the midpoint of the second time period.

Abstract: An optical scanning device includes a plurality of optical scanning, units each including a light source emitting a light flux, a scanning input optical system directing the light flux emitted from the light source to a deflector. The deflector deflects the light flux so as to cause the light flux to scan a surface to be scanned. A scanning and imaging optical system condenses the light flux deflected by the deflector so as to form a beam spot thereof on the surface to be scanned. The optical scanning device scans the surface to be scanned continuously through coordinated movements of the plurality of optical scanning units, and the respective scanning and imaging optical systems of adjacent at least two of the plurality of optical scanning units have one lens in common.

Abstract: A display apparatus includes a scanning assembly that scans about two or more axes, typically in a raster pattern. A plurality of light sources emit light from spaced apart locations toward the scanning assembly such that the scanning assembly simultaneously scans more than one of the beams. The scanning assembly is a resonant scanning assembly with a variable resonant frequency. The resonant frequency of the scanning assembly can be actively controlled by controlling partial pressure of fluids in a package containing the scanning assembly. In one embodiment, the increased partial pressure increases the mass of a scanning mirror, thereby changing the resonant frequency. In another embodiment, a gas absorbing material is coupled to a support arm that carries a scanning mirror. As the gas absorbing material absorbs gas, its physical properties change, thereby shifting the resonant frequency of the scanning assembly.

Abstract: A MEM s scanning device has a variable resonant frequency. In one embodiment, the MEMs device includes a torsion arm that supports an oscillatory body. In one embodiment, an array of removable masses are placed on an exposed portion of the oscillatory body and selectively removed to establish the resonant frequency. The material can be removed by laser ablation, etching, or other processing approaches. In another approach, a migratory material is placed on the torsion arm and selectively stimulated to migrate into the torsion arm, thereby changing the mechanical properties of the torsion arm. The changed mechanical properties in turn changes the resonant frequency of the torsion arm. In another approach, symmetrically distributed masses are removed or added in response to a measured resonant frequency to tune the resonant frequency to a desired resonant frequency. A display apparatus includes the scanning device and the scanning device scans about two or more axes, typically in a raster pattern.

Abstract: A system for inspecting and/or processing a sample on a stage with a probe or imaging apparatus, the probe or imaging apparatus is defined by an optical column having beam generating means and means to deflect the beam, the position of the stage relatively to the probe or imaging apparatus being controlled by position control means. The position control means comprises gyroscopic means fixed to the stage and/or the probe or imaging apparatus and is operatively connected with the deflection means in order to compensate unintentional movements of the stage relatively to the column.

Abstract: The present invention has applications that include detecting color variation in a region, for example, color variations due to temperature changes in an area of ocean water, and, in a more specific application, detecting bioluminescence of certain organisms known to attach themselves to various objects. In one aspect of the invention, an acousto-optic tunable filter hyperspectral imaging system is moved across the region to collect a series of images in which each image represents the intensity of light at a different wavelength. In one embodiment, the acousto-optic tunable filter hyperspectral imaging system includes a motion platform for positioning the acousto-optic tunable filter hyperspectral imaging system over successive Y-coordinates of a region in a direction substantially parallel to a direction of motion of the motion platform.

Abstract: The laser beam emitted from a laser diode is applied to a sample, thereby measuring the height of the sample in accordance with the principle of trigonometrical measurement. A line-sensor camera acquires a dark-field image of the sample by using a ring-shaped illumination device, and a bright-field image of the sample by using a light source. The luminance-image data items representing the dark-field image and the bright-field image, respectively, are input to a controller. The position of the sample and the defects in the sample can thereby be detected. The position can be detected and the height can be measured, with high accuracy. This greatly relieves inspectors.

Abstract: Provided are a multi-beam scanning optical system capable of implementing high-quality printing in relatively simple structure and at high speed, and an image forming apparatus using it. The multi-beam scanning optical system has an incidence optical unit for guiding a plurality of beams emitted from a light source unit having a plurality of light-emitting regions spaced apart from each other in a main scanning direction, to a deflector; a scanning optical unit for focusing the plurality of beams deflected by the deflector, on a surface to be scanned; and a synchronism-detecting optical unit for converging part of the plurality of beams deflected by the deflector, via a return mirror on a slit surface by a lens section, thereafter guiding the beams to a synchronism detector, and controlling timing of a scan start position on the surface to be scanned, by use of a signal from the synchronism detector.

Abstract: Provided are a multi-beam scanning optical apparatus capable of realizing compactification of a synchronism-detecting optical system and high-accuracy synchronism detection based on prevention of spatial overlap between spots, and an image forming apparatus using it.

Abstract: A point of sale (POS) device, such as an optical scanner, reduces the beam diameters of two light beam components having been emitted from a common light source and split by an optical beam splitter. The optical scanner includes a light source emitting a light beam, a light beam splitter splitting the emitted light beam, a polygon mirror reflecting the split light beam components into mutually different directions, and groups of mirrors. The groups of mirrors are provided for each reading window, allowing the light beam components to be emitted therefrom. The emitted light beam components can then impinge on an object, whereupon the optical scanner detects by detectors and reads a bar code located on the object. The optical scanner also includes beam shaping devices, one of which is placed between the light source and light splitting device and the other of which is placed in one of the optical paths followed by one of the light beam components.

Abstract: A pair of sensor patterns detect a passage position in a sub-scan direction of a light beam scanned over a surface of a photosensitive drum. The sensor patterns have, for example, trapezoidal shapes and are disposed symmetrical at a position equivalent to a position of the surface to be scanned. The sensor patterns are juxtaposed in a scan direction of the light beam at a predetermined interval therebetween. An output integration value from one of the paired photodetector elements successively increases while an output integration value from the other photodetector element successively decreases in relation to a variation of a passage position of the light beam in the sub-scan direction. On the basis of a difference between the output integration values of the paired sensor patterns, the passage position of the light beam in the sub-scan direction is detected.

Abstract: The improved diffractive-based laser scanning system of the present invention monitors portions of the laser light beams generated by a laser light source (e.g., VLD) employed therein to generate a mode switching signal indicative of a shift in the characteristic wavelength of the laser light beams emitted from the laser light source. In response thereto, a temperature controller selectively heats (or cool) the laser light source to minimize and avoid such wavelength changes, thereby mitigating any potential problems caused by such wavelength changes (for example, unwanted beam distortion and signal processing errors as described above). Preferably, mode switching (e.g., change in characteristic wavelength of light emitted from the laser light source) is detected by monitoring a zeroth diffractive order beam produced by a diffractive element of the system. Moreover, temperature control of the laser light source is preferably accomplished using active heating elements (e.g.

Abstract: This invention provides an angled-dual-axis optical coherence scanning microscope comprising a fiber-coupled, high-speed angled-dual-axis confocal scanning head and a vertical scanning unit. The angled-dual-axis confocal scanning head is configured such that an illumination beam and an observation beam intersect optimally at an angle &thgr; within an object and the scanning is achieved by pivoting the illumination and observation beams jointly using a high-speed scanning element, thereby producing an arc-line scan. The vertical scanning unit causes the angled-dual-axis confocal scanning head to move towards or away from the object. Optical coherence detection is employed to provide temporal gating, thus detecting mostly single-scattered light and preventing multiple-scattered light from dominating the signal when imaging in a scattering medium.

Abstract: The invention provides a device for linear scanning, including at least one reflecting element whereby an incident beam of light undergoes at least two reflections; at least one optical system comprising an objective capable of forming an image of an object, the objective, depending on the respective direction of the light beam, defining a pre-objective scanning space and a post-objective scanning space; a mounting structure for the at least one reflecting element; drive means for causing the mounting structure to perform a movement; and a light-detecting element for detecting the incident beam of light, or an element for producing light, wherein, with light-detecting, scanning takes place in the post-objective space, and with light-producing, scanning takes place in the pre-objective space.

Abstract: This invention provides an angled-dual-axis confocal scanning microscope comprising a fiber-coupled, angled-dual-axis confocal scanning head and a vertical scanning unit. The angled-dual-axis confocal scanning head is configured such that an illumination beam and an observation beam intersect optimally at an angle &thgr; within an object and the scanning is achieved by pivoting the illumination and observation beams using a single scanning element, thereby producing an arc-line scan. The vertical scanning unit causes the angled-dual-axis confocal scanning head to move towards or away from the object.

Abstract: Disclosed is a laser optical system including a multiline laser source that emits a laser beam having a plurality of peak wavelengths, a wavelength separating optical system that separates the laser beam emitted from the laser source into two monochromatic beams, a pair of modulating optical systems that modulate intensities of the monochromatic beams, a beam combining optical system that combines the laser beams modulated by the modulating optical systems, a deflector for deflecting a plurality of laser beam combined by the beam combining optical system, and a converging optical system that converges the laser beams deflected by the deflector to form beam spots on an object surface to be exposed. The modulating optical systems, which include diffractive beam-dividing elements, are optimized for the respective monochromatic beams to form the beam spots at the identical pitches on the object surface.

Abstract: An optical scanning apparatus includes a light source for radiating a light beam, an optical scanning system for deflecting the light beam from the light source and condensing the light beam on a surface to be scanned, a detecting device for detecting an image forming state of the light beam scanned by the optical scanning system, and an adjusting mechanism for adjusting the focal position of the light beam on the surface to be scanned. The detecting device includes a very low cost detecting element that can accurately detect an image forming state of the light beam scanned by the optical scanning system independently in a main scanning direction and in a sub scanning direction. While the focal position of the light beam is changed continuously or at a predetermined pitch by the adjusting mechanism, the detecting device monitors the image forming state of the light beam and detects the location and vicinity of a light beam waist position relative to a desired position on the surface to be scanned.

Abstract: In a image processing system, a cassette loading unit, a reciprocating feed system, an auxiliary scanning feed mechanism, and an erasing unit are controlled by a first CPU, and an image reading process and error processes relative to the reading of image information are performed by a second CPU. The image processing system starts a shading correcting process at a time when a first time has elapsed from a time when a start-of-scan signal is supplied, and ends the shading correcting process and detects an error and an erasing level at a time when a third time has elapsed from a time when an effecting reading period is ended.

Abstract: A light scanner includes a semiconductor laser, a polygon mirror, a first imaging optical system for guiding a light beam from the semiconductor laser to the deflection surface of the polygon mirror, a second imaging optical system of a single curved mirror for guiding the light beam from the polygon mirror to a photosensitive drum, and a photodiode for detecting the light beam scanned by the polygon mirror. The first imaging optical system, the polygon mirror, and the second imaging optical system are located at different positions in the sub-scanning direction so that the light beam from the first imaging optical system enters obliquely with respect to a plane containing the normal to the deflection surface of the polygon mirror and being parallel to the main scanning direction, and the light beam from the polygon mirror enters obliquely with respect to a plane containing the normal to the curved mirror at its vertex and being parallel to the main scanning direction (i.e., a Y-Z plane).

Abstract: A scanner module with adjustable magnification ratio includes a photo-mechanical body, a charge-coupled device module and a pressing device, such as a wedge element or an adjusting screw. The photo-mechanical body is arranged along an optical distance and has a first plane vertical to the direction of the optical distance. The charge-coupled device module is arranged along the direction of the optical distance in the photo-mechanical body and has a second plane vertical to the optical distance and facing to the first plane. The pressing device is supported by the second plane and vertical to the first plane, for enabling the charge-coupled device module to move back and forth along the optical distance. Therefore, the magnification ratio of the scanner module can be adjusted through the length of the optical distance.

Abstract: An image reading apparatus is provided which includes a cold-cathode tube as a light source for illuminating a document sheet, an inverter for providing the light source with driving power. A connection cable is used for electrically connecting the light source to the inverter. The image reading apparatus also includes three kinds of rows of light receiving elements arranged in the primary scanning direction for detecting the light reflected on the document sheet. A lens array is provided for focusing the reflected light at the respective rows of light receiving elements. The light receiving elements are mounted on a printed circuit board. The light source, the inverter, the lens array and the printed circuit board are supported by a single case of the image reading apparatus.

Abstract: Moire patterns are significantly suppressed in a scanner that continuously varies its number of lines per inch. The number of dots per inch in the direction different from the relative motion between the scanner and the document is generally a fixed property of the optical sensor, but in the LPI direction the distance between consecutive lines can be made to randomly vary between a maximum distance and a minimum distance. This spatially distributes the moire effect, and prevents its accumulation into the usual recognizable two dimensional pattern.

Abstract: A printing apparatus places multiple images on a sheet, either by re-feeding the sheet through a duplex path back to a marking device, or by feeding the sheet to successive marking devices. An edge position detector upstream of the marking device determines the location of the sheet so that an image may be precisely placed on the sheet. The system ensures that images on both sides of a sheet are in registration with each other.

Abstract: An optical scanning apparatus is capable of scanning a surface with a plurality of fluxes of light along a principal scanning direction. In the apparatus, a plurality of fluxes of light are emitted by a plurality of light sources arranged at intervals along an auxiliary scanning direction perpendicular to the principal scanning direction. The plurality of fluxes of light are lead to an optical deflector via an optical system for incident light and deflected by the optical deflector. Most part of the deflected fluxes of light are lead to the surface via an imaging optical system for scanning the surface, while small part of the deflected fluxes of light are lead to a photodetector to generate a synchronizing signal for controlling the timing of the scanning start of each of the fluxes of light.

Abstract: An f-&thgr; lens is composed of a negative lens element of a negative power, and second and third lens elements of a positive power, arranged in this order from the side of a optical deflection device, wherein at least one surface of the lens elements is a cylindrical surface that has a refractive power only in the deflecting direction. The f-&thgr; lens satisfies the conditions: N1>N2=N3, &ugr;1<&ugr;2=&ugr;3, and 4≦|f23/f1·D0|≦16, wherein N1, N2 and N3 represent refractive indexes, &ugr;1, &ugr;2 and &ugr;3 Abbe constants of the first to third lens elements respectively, f1 the focal length of the first lens element, f23 the composite focal length of the second and third lens elements, and D0 a distance from the optical deflection device to the lens surface of the first lens element.

Abstract: For the purpose of calibration which is simple and can also be carried out as often as desired, an arrangement and a method for calibrating a preferably confocal laser scanning microscope, it being possible for an object (1) to be scanned by a scanning beam (2), are defined by calibration means (12) which are arranged in the plane of an intermediate image (11) and can likewise be scanned by the scanning beam (2).