Abstract: Disclosed herein are various methods and apparatus for performing charge detection mass spectrometry (CDMS). In particular, techniques are disclosed for monitoring a detector signal from a CDMS device to determine how many ions are present in the ion trap (10) of the CDMS device. For example, if no ions are present the measurement can then be terminated early. Similarly, if more than one ion is present, the measurement can be terminated early, or ions can be removed from the trap (10) until only a single ion remains. Techniques are also provided for increasing the probability of there being a single ion in the trap (10). A technique for attenuating an ion beam is also provided.

Abstract: The invention provides for methods and apparatuses for testing liquid samples using small amounts of the liquid sample in a non-destructive fashion.

Abstract: The invention generally relates to two-dimensional mass spectrometry using ion micropacket detection. In certain aspects, the invention provides systems including a mass spectrometer having an ion trap and one or more detectors. The system includes a central processing unit (CPU), and storage coupled to the CPU for storing instructions that when executed by the CPU cause the system to: apply one or more scan functions to the ion trap that excite a precursor ion and eject a product ion from the ion trap; and determine a secular frequency of the product ion by detecting micropackets of the product ion as the micropackets are ejected from the ion trap.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for ion manipulations, including ion trapping, transfer, and mobility separations, using traveling waves (TW) formed by continuous alternating current (AC) are disclosed. An apparatus for ion manipulation includes a surface to which are coupled a first plurality of continuous electrodes and a second plurality of segmented electrodes. The second plurality of segmented electrodes is arranged in longitudinal sets between or adjacent to the first plurality of electrodes. An RF voltage applied to adjacent electrodes of the first plurality of electrodes is phase shifted by approximately 180° to confine ions within the apparatus. An AC voltage waveform applied to adjacent electrodes within a longitudinal set of the second plurality of segmented electrodes is phase shifted on the adjacent electrodes by 1°-359° to move ions longitudinally through the apparatus for separation.

Abstract: A first multipole assembly includes a first plurality of rod electrodes arranged about an axis and configured to confine ions radially about the axis. A second multipole assembly disposed adjacent to the first multipole assembly includes a second plurality of rod electrodes arranged about the axis and configured to confine the ions radially about the axis. An orientation of the first multipole assembly about the axis is rotationally offset relative to an orientation of the second multipole assembly about the axis.

Abstract: Exemplary embodiments provide methods, mediums, and systems for automatically tuning a mass spectrometry (MS) apparatus. The MS apparatus may include a number of parts, each of which may be associated with adjustable parameters that affect a performance of the part. An artificial intelligence may determine values for the parameters that are predicted to reduce data variability when performing an experiment with the MS apparatus. By reducing data variability, experiments run with the MS apparatus are more likely to be repeatable on different devices, in different labs, by different operators, and at different times.

Abstract: A spherical ion trap includes a substrate and an ion aperture; two RF electrodes in electrostatic communication with an ion trapping region; RF ground electrodes in electrostatic communication with the ion trapping region; and the ion trapping region bounded by opposing RF electrodes and the RF ground electrodes, such that: the ion trapping region is disposed within the ion aperture and receives ions that are selectively trapped in the ion trapping region in response to receipt of DC and RF voltages by the RF electrodes, and receipt of the DC voltages by RF ground electrodes, and the first RF electrode, the second RF electrode, the RF ground electrodes, and the ion trapping region are disposed in the same plane within the ion aperture.

Abstract: In one aspect, an electron-ion reaction module, e.g., an electron capture dissociation module, for use in a mass spectrometer is disclosed, which comprises a chamber, an electron source for generating electrons and introducing the electrons into the chamber, a gate electrode positioned relative to the electron source and the chamber, and a DC voltage source operatively coupled to the gate electrode for applying control voltages to the gate electrode. The electron-ion interaction module can further include a controller operably coupled to the DC voltage source and configured for adjusting the DC voltage applied to the gate electrode to adjust flow of electrons into the chamber.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and devices for a quantum Internet router are described. A first network node (e.g., a quantum Internet router) may receive a command from a second network node by a digital information channel indicating a destination network node, a Bell State Measurement (BSM), and a pair of entangled particles establishing a quantum entangled channel between the first and second network nodes. The first network node may determine a third network node to forward the command based on a forwarding table and generate a second BSM based on a QSR operation and a second pair of entangled particles establishing a quantum entangled channel between the first and third network nodes. The first network node may forward, to the third network node, a command indicating the destination network node, the second BSM, and the second pair of entangled particles.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are various methods and apparatus for performing charge detection mass spectrometry (CDMS). In particular, techniques are disclosed for monitoring a detector signal from a CDMS device to determine how many ions are present in the ion trap (10) of the CDMS device. For example, if no ions are present the measurement can then be terminated early. Similarly, if more than one ion is present, the measurement can be terminated early, or ions can be removed from the trap (10) until only a single ion remains. Techniques are also provided for increasing the probability of there being a single ion in the trap (10). A technique for attenuating an ion beam is also provided.

Abstract: The disclosure describes various aspects of a practical implementation of multi-qubit gate architecture. A method is described that includes enabling ions in the ion trap having three energy levels, enabling a low-heating rate motional mode (e.g., zig-zag mode) at a ground state of motion with the ions in the ion trap; and performing a Cirac and Zoller (CZ) protocol using the low-heating rate motional mode as a motional state of the CZ protocol and one of the energy levels as an auxiliary state of the CZ protocol, where performing the CZ protocol includes implementing the multi-qubit gate. The method also includes performing one or more algorithms using the multi-qubit gate, including Grover's algorithm, Shor's factoring algorithm, quantum approximation optimization algorithm (QAOA), error correction algorithms, and quantum and Hamiltonian simulations. A corresponding system that supports the implementation of a multi-qubit gate architecture is also described.

Abstract: The invention provides for methods and apparatuses for testing liquid samples using small amounts of the liquid sample in a non-destructive fashion.

Abstract: The invention generally relates to ion traps and methods of use thereof. In certain embodiments, the invention provides a system that includes a mass spectrometer including an ion trap, and a central processing unit (CPU). The CPU has storage that is coupled to the CPU for storing instructions that when executed by the CPU cause the system to apply a constant radio frequency (RF) signal to the ion trap, and apply a first alternating current (AC) signal to the ion trap the frequency of which varies as a function of time.

Abstract: An ion guide (40) is disclosed that comprises an ion confinement region having a first cross-sectional profile with a first cross-sectional area A1 in a plane orthogonal to a direction of ion transmission. An attenuation device ejects or deflects ions having spatial positions which fall outside of a second cross-sectional profile having a second cross-sectional area A2, wherein A2<A1.

Abstract: Disclosed embodiments include a time-of-flight mass spectrometer with a straight ion optical axis comprising: an ion gate is electrically insolated electrode on which applied voltages to reject/pass ions through ion gate, entrance module and exit module set in focus/mirror modes, and create ion optical image on image plane located in field view aperture, electrostatic object lens, entrance module in focus mode and, transport electrostatic lens, exit module in focus mode and projection lens focused and map ions from image plane of field view aperture to image plane of ion detector, projection lens configured to form ion optical image of sample holder on image plane of ion detector and ion optical components with corrected geometrical, chromatic and timed aberrations configured to compensate time arriving disturbance in image plane of ion detector and improve mass and spatial resolution of image on image plane of ion detector.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for analyzing a sample using overlapping precursor isolation windows. A mass analyzer of a tandem mass spectrometer is instructed to select and fragment at least two overlapping precursor isolation windows across a precursor ion mass range of a sample using a processor. The tandem mass spectrometer includes a mass analyzer that allows overlapping precursor isolation windows across the mass range of the sample.

Abstract: A first multipole assembly includes a first plurality of rod electrodes arranged about an axis and configured to confine ions radially about the axis. A second multipole assembly disposed adjacent to the first multipole assembly includes a second plurality of rod electrodes arranged about the axis and configured to confine the ions radially about the axis. An orientation of the first multipole assembly about the axis is rotationally offset relative to an orientation of the second multipole assembly about the axis.

Abstract: Correction of an angle of tilt of an ion beam front in a Time of Flight (TOF) mass spectrometer is described. In one aspect, an ion beam front tilt corrector can include an electrode that, when applied with a voltage, defines an equipotential channel of particular dimensions to allow for ions in different transverse positions along a transverse axis of the equipotential channel to have different traversal times.

Abstract: A method of filtering ions (16) is disclosed comprising: providing an ion filter (6) having an ion entrance, an ion exit and a plurality of electrodes (18); applying an AC and/or RF voltage to at least a first electrode so as to generate a pseudo-potential barrier; and urging ions towards the pseudo-potential barrier as they travel from the entrance to the exit whilst maintaining the ion filter (6) at a pressure such that first ions are repelled by the pseudo-potential barrier and so are transmitted through the filter to said exit, whereas second ions having substantially the same mass to charge ratio as the first ions but a lower mass are not capable of being repelled by the pseudo-potential barrier and reaching said exit.

Abstract: The invention discloses design of the open-type dynamically harmonized trap directly incorporated into the body of vacuum chamber of Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass analyzer. The proposed trap provides ultra-high resolution of the mass spectrometer as well as improves performance of the instrument, increases pumping rate (accelerates evacuation), eliminates necessity in vacuum feed-through, and increases maximum trap resolution limit at a fixed magnetic field.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a method of operating a secondary-electron multiplier in the ion detector of a mass spectrometer so as to prolong the service life, wherein the secondary-electron multiplier is supplied with an operating voltage in such a way that an amplification of less than 106 secondary electrons per impinging ion results, while the output current of the secondary-electron multiplier is amplified using an electronic preamplifier mounted close to the secondary-electron multiplier with such a low noise level that the current pulses of individual ions impinging on the ion detector are detected above the noise at the input of a digitizing unit. Further disclosed are the use of the methods for imaging mass spectrometric analysis of a thin tissue section or mass spectrometric high-throughput analysis/massive-parallel analysis, and a time-of-flight mass spectrometer whose control unit is programmed to execute such methods.

Abstract: A data independent acquisition method of mass spectrometry for analyzing a sample within a mass range of interest as it elutes from a chromatography system. The method comprises selecting precursor ions within a mass range of interest to be analyzed, performing at least one MS1 scan of the precursor ions using a first, high-resolution mass analyzer and performing a set of MS2 scans by segmenting the precursor ions into a plurality of precursor mass segments, each precursor mass segment having a mass range of no greater than 5 amu, and for each precursor mass segment fragmenting the precursor ions within that precursor mass segment and performing an MS2 scan of the fragmented ions using a time of flight mass analyzer.

Abstract: This document relates to the apparatus and methods used in the minimally invasive creation of arteriovenous fistula (AVF). In particular, the invention relates to the creation of an AVF using catheters and an alignment methodology that is based upon detection of asymmetric electric fields. The invention finds particular application in vascular access (VA) in the hemodialysis (HD) population.

Abstract: Two-channel electrical and photo-electrical TOF ion detection systems are provided. These systems maintain the resolution and dynamic range advantages of four-channel systems but at a lower cost. Electrodes or light pipes are configured to direct electrons or photons produced by ion impacts into two separate channels. The first channel receives electrons or photons resulting from the inner or central part of the rectangular pattern of each ion impact. The second channel receives electrons or photons resulting from the two outer ends of the rectangular pattern of each ion impact. In a two-channel digitizer, the first channel and the second channel are independently calibrated to align the first digital value and the second digital value in time and account for the convex shape of the ion impacts of each ion packet and/or the curvature of a microchannel plate.

Abstract: An ion guide includes electrodes and an RF generator. The electrodes extend in a Z-axis that is straight or curved with a radius that is larger than a distance between the electrodes. The electrodes are made of carbon filled ceramic resistors, silicon carbide, or boron carbide to form bulk resistance with specific resistance between 1 and 1000 Ohm*cm. Conductive Z-edges are disposed on each electrode. An insulating coating is disposed on one side of each electrode and oriented away from an inner region of the ion guide surrounded by said electrodes. At least one conductive track per electrode is attached on a top side of the insulating coating. The conductive track is connected to one conductive electrode edge. The RF generator has at least two sets of secondary coils with DC supplies connected to central taps of the sets of secondary coils to provide at least four distinct signals.

Abstract: When a first scheme (transition observation time optimization scheme) is selected, a computation unit computes an actual transition observation time as a time of an integer multiple of a storage-ejection time of a collision cell within a frame of a transition observation time. When a second scheme (storage-ejection time optimization scheme) is selected, the computation unit divides the transition observation time by a maximum storage-ejection time to determine a number of repetitions of a storing-ejecting operation of the collision cell, and determines a storage-ejection time based thereon.

Abstract: A quadrupole is filled with ions and the ions are cooled by applying a pressure and gas flow within the quadrupole. Ions are trapped in the quadrupole by applying a DC voltage and an RF voltage to quadrupole rods of the quadrupole, one or more DC voltages to a plurality of auxiliary electrodes of the quadrupole, and a DC voltage and an RF voltage to an exit lens at the end of the quadrupole. The ions are coherently oscillated after the filling and cooling by applying a coherent excitation between at least two rods of the quadrupole rods. The coherently oscillating ions are axially ejected through the exit lens and to a destructive detector for detection by changing one or more voltages of the one or more DC voltages of the plurality of auxiliary electrodes and changing the DC voltage of the exit lens.

Abstract: The invention generally relates to enclosed desorption electrospray ionization probes, systems, and methods. In certain embodiments, the invention provides a source of DESI-active spray, in which a distal portion of the source is enclosed within a transfer member such that the DESI-active spray is produced within the transfer member.

Abstract: A miniature mass spectrometer is disclosed comprising an atmospheric pressure ionization source, a first vacuum chamber having an atmospheric pressure sampling orifice or capillary, a second vacuum chamber located downstream of the first vacuum chamber and a third vacuum chamber located downstream of the second vacuum chamber. A first vacuum pump is arranged and adapted to pump the first vacuum chamber, wherein the first vacuum pump is arranged and adapted to maintain the first vacuum chamber at a pressure <10 mbar. A first RF ion guide is located within the first vacuum chamber and an ion detector is located in the third vacuum chamber. The ion path length from the atmospheric pressure sampling orifice or capillary to an ion detecting surface of the ion detector is ?400 mm.

Abstract: Systems and methods described herein utilize an ion guide for use in mass spectrometer systems, which ion guide can receive ions from an ion source for transmission to downstream mass analyzers, while preventing debris (e.g., unsolvated droplets, neutral molecules, heavy charged clusters) from being transmitted into a high-vacuum chamber of the mass spectrometer system. In various aspects, systems and methods in accordance with the present teachings can increase throughput, improve the robustness of the system, and/or decrease the downtime typically required to disassemble/clean sensitive components within the high-vacuum portions of the mass spectrometer system.

Abstract: The objective of the present invention is to obtain an MS2 spectrum for each of a plurality of different ion species even when their m/z values are extremely close to each other and prevent separate setting of each ion species as the precursor ion. In the vicinity of the target m/z, a precursor-ion selection window covering a predetermined m/z range (2×?M) is gradually shifted in predetermined steps (?m) to define a plurality of windows as the condition of the precursor-ion selection. When an MS2 analysis is performed on the same sample for each window, the intensities of the product-ion peaks which appear on the MS2 spectrum change with the change in the central m/z value of the window. From this intensity change, which of the plurality of ion species selected as the precursor ion is the origin of each product ion is determined. Based on the result of this determination, the product ions are sorted out and an MS2 spectrum is reconstructed for each ion species.

Abstract: The invention relates to a gating element for switching or modulating the ion current in ion mobility spectrometers, particularly in miniature ion mobility spectrometers (IMS) operated at atmospheric pressure, where the ion current of an ion source is modulated with a continuous modulation function and the mobility spectrum is generated from the measured ion current by a correlation analysis with the modulation pattern. The invention proposes using a layered plate with apertures (apertured plate) rather than a grid (or a series of grids), said apertured plate comprising at least three conductive and two insulating (or low-conductivity) layers arranged alternately, which are firmly bonded with each other.

Abstract: Methods and systems for analyzing ions in a magnetic ion trap are provided herein. In accordance with various aspects of the present teachings, the methods and systems described herein enable Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry across relatively narrow gap magnetic fields substantially perpendicular to the axis along which the ions are injected into the ion trap. As a result, smaller, less expensive magnets can be used to produce the high-intensity, uniform magnetic fields utilized in high performance FT-ICR/MS applications. Accordingly, the present teachings enable permanent magnets (as well as electromagnets) to generate these magnetic fields, potentially reducing the cost, size, and/or complexity of the systems described herein relative to conventional FT-ICR systems.

Abstract: A time of flight (“TOF”) mass spectrometer including an ion source, a detector, and a tilt correction device. The ion source is configured to produce ions having a plurality of m/z values. The detector detects ions produced by the ion source. The tilt correction device is located along a portion of a reference ion flight path extending from the ion source to a planar surface of the detector and includes tilt correction electrodes configured to generate at least one dipole electric field across the reference ion flight path. The at least one dipole electric field is configured to tilt an isochronous plane of ions produced by the ion source so as to correct a previous angular misalignment between the isochronous plane and the planar surface of the detector.

Abstract: An RF voltage is applied across each electrode of a first array of evenly spaced, parallel, and coplanar electrodes and its corresponding electrode of a second array of evenly spaced, parallel, and coplanar electrodes. The RF voltage varies in amplitude according to an RF voltage amplitude gradient. The RF voltage produces an array of different quadrupole RF electric fields in a uniform gap between the first array and the second array. A DC voltage is superimposed on each electrode of the first array and its corresponding electrode of the second array. The DC voltage varies according to a DC voltage gradient in order to produce a DC electric field in the uniform gap. When ions are introduced in the uniform gap, the DC electric field causes the ions to drift toward quadrupole RF electric fields with increasing RF voltage amplitudes where the ions are trapped according to their m/z.

Abstract: A method for detecting and counting particles suspended in fluids, such as bacteria suspended in urine, utilizing dynamic features of the suspended particles and employing light scattering measurements. The disclosed method is suitable for determining the susceptibility of bacteria to antibiotics. A cuvette for detecting bacteria in fluids, which is especially suited for the light scattering measurements, is provided.

Abstract: An indirectly heated capillary aerosol generator comprises a capillary tube adapted to form an aerosol when liquid material in the capillary tube is heated to volatilize at least some of the liquid material therein and a thermally conductive material in thermal contact with the capillary tube. The indirectly heated capillary aerosol generator provides substantially even and uniform heating across the heated length of the capillary tube.

Abstract: A method for tracing a distribution of moving ions in an ion mobility spectrometer is provided, including steps: first selecting a sample having light-emitting characteristics as a tracing sample; subsequently, ionizing the tracing sample by using an ionization source, and feeding ions of the tracing sample to a drift tube of the ion mobility spectrometer; using a plate to collect the ions at a cross section to be detected; and finally processing the ions collected on the plate by using an appropriate means, thereby enabling the ions to emit light, and displaying a distribution view of movement positions of the ions on the cross section. By combining a light-emitting tracing means and movements of charged ions in an ion mobility spectrometer, it is able to master a position distribution of the charged ions in the ion mobility spectrometer more intuitively and practically.

Abstract: To widen the dynamic range of a dielectric barrier ionization detector (BID), an insertion length of a sample injection tube 16 into a second gas passage 11 is set so that a sample-gas ejection port 16a is located on the downstream side of a dilution gas from the upper edge of a collector electrode 14 at which a DC electric field concentrates. By this setting, although the detection sensitivity is lower than in the case where the sample-gas ejection port 16a is placed to maximize the detection sensitivity, the decrease in the detection sensitivity to high-concentration samples is reduced since absorption of light by the sample gas is alleviated. Consequently, the sample-concentration range with a linearly-changing sensitivity becomes wider than that of conventional BIDs. Although the detection sensitivity becomes lower than that of conventional BIDs, a detection sensitivity adequately higher than that of FIDs can be ensured.

Abstract: A mass spectrometer device comprising an ion mobility separation device and a mass spectrometer that are coupled together. In order to achieve high efficiency, high throughput, and high sensitivity, the mass spectrometer is provided with: a first flow passageway 24 through which ions from an ion source 1 are introduced into the mass spectrometer 11 by passing through an ion mobility separation unit 2; a second flow passageway 21 through which the ions from the ion source are introduced into the mass spectrometer without passing through the ion mobility separation unit; and a switch means, such as shield units 4, 5, for switching between the first flow passageway 24 and the second flow passageway 21.

Abstract: An analytical device for analyzing ions is provided comprising a separator for separating ions according to a physico-chemical property and an interface comprising one or more ion guides. A quadrupole rod set mass filter is arranged downstream of the interface. A control system is arranged and adapted: (i) to transmit a first group of ions which emerges from the separator through the interface with a first transit time t1; and (ii) to transmit a second group of ions which subsequently emerges from the separator through the interface with a second different transit time t2.

Abstract: A miniature mass spectrometer is disclosed comprising an atmospheric pressure ionization source, a first vacuum chamber having an atmospheric pressure sampling orifice or capillary, a second vacuum chamber located downstream of the first vacuum chamber and a third vacuum chamber located downstream of the second vacuum chamber. A first vacuum pump is arranged and adapted to pump the first vacuum chamber, wherein the first vacuum pump is arranged and adapted to maintain the first vacuum chamber at a pressure <10 mbar. A first RF ion guide is located within the first vacuum chamber and an ion detector is located in the third vacuum chamber. The ion path length from the atmospheric pressure sampling orifice or capillary to an ion detecting surface of the ion detector is ?400 mm.

Abstract: A method is disclosed comprising providing a biological sample on a swab, directing a spray of charged droplets onto a surface of the swab in order to generate a plurality of analyte ions, and analyzing the analyte ions.

Abstract: A focusing ion guiding apparatus includes: at least one ion guiding inlet and ion guiding outlet connected to each other via a transport axial line; at least one group of focusing electrode structures comprising at least one smooth and non-concave focusing electrode or focusing electrode array to which a focusing voltage is applied, the focusing electrode structure causing the ions transported in the apparatus to be radially focused for many times under the action of a focusing electric field formed by the focusing electrode structure; and a neutral gas flow transported in the axial direction, a diffusion path of the gas flow in an at least partially radial direction relative to the axial direction being blocked by the focusing electrode or its bearing substrate to increase a transport velocity of the gas flow in the axial direction and reduce retention or turbulence of the transported ions.

Abstract: Ion filter for FAIMS fabricated using the LIGA technique. The ion filter is manufactured using a metal layer to form the ion channels and an insulating support layer to hold the structure rigidly together after separation of the metal layer into two electrodes.

Abstract: Sample molecules are ionized producing a beam of ions using an ion source. A plurality of ion extractions are performed on the beam of ions using a TOF mass spectrometer. Electrical detections from each extraction are measured using an ADC, producing a mass sub-spectrum for each extraction. An ion m/z from the plurality of mass sub-spectra is selected. For each mass sub-spectrum, the amplitude and m/z of an ion within a m/z tolerance of the ion m/z is assigned to the corresponding amplitude band of a plurality of predetermined amplitude bands, producing a plurality of amplitude and m/z values for the each amplitude band. For each amplitude band of the plurality of predetermined amplitude bands, the plurality of amplitude and m/z values are combined into a peak, resulting in a plurality of peaks corresponding to the plurality of predetermined amplitude bands.

Abstract: A concentric APCI surface ionization probe, supersonic sampling tube, and method for use of the concentric APCI surface ionization probe and supersonic sampling tube are described. In an embodiment, the concentric APCI surface ionization probe includes an outer tube, an inner capillary, and a voltage source coupled to the outer tube and the inner capillary. The inner capillary is housed within and concentric with the outer tube such that ionized gas (e.g., air) travels out of the outer tube, reacts with a sample, and the resulting analyte ions are sucked into the inner capillary. A supersonic sampling tube can include a tube coupled to a mass spectrometer and/or concentric APCI surface ionization probe, where the tube includes at least one de Laval nozzle.

Abstract: In a mass spectrometric method of the invention, a mass spectrometer (2) is used having a mass separation unit (231, 234) before and after a collision cell (232) for fragmenting ions. When a product ion corresponding to a precursor ion set for a sample is selected by performing product ion scan with respect to the precursor ion, an exclusion range of mass-to-charge ratios is set based on information on non-selection ions input by a user, and a product ion that satisfies a predefined criterion is selected within a range of mass-to-charge ratios excluding the exclusion range in a product ion spectrum. According to the mass spectrometric method of the invention, product ions suited for measurement on a target compound can be selected.

Abstract: Implementations of methods and apparatuses are disclosed for decoding multiplexed information in a chromatographic system. Implementations may include the method of pulsing ions from an ion source through an analyzer according to a predetermined multiplexing scheme, each pulse including one or more ions corresponding to a sample, detecting a plurality of ion strikes at a detector, determining a data point for each ion strike, wherein each data point includes an intensity of a detected ion strike and a time of the detected ion strike, maintaining a multiplexed spectrum of the data points, the multiplexed spectrum including the data points, and demultiplexing the time shifted spectrum using the data points of the multiplexed spectrum.

Abstract: In a helical resonator ion accelerator ions are injected into a hollow dielectric pipe forming a vacuum chamber along which the ions are accelerated. The dielectric pipe is wrapped with a coil and positioned inside a metal pipe. The dielectric pipe, the coil and the metal pipe are arranged coaxially on an axis along which ions are accelerated. A static or magnetic beam optic is used to radially focus the deuterium ions as they transit the accelerator. A pulse generator coupled to the coil is used to generate a voltage wave pulse. The pulse travels down the axis of the accelerator on the helix formed by the coil. An ion source injects deuterium ions along the dielectric pipe axis. A traveling voltage wave is accelerated by tapering the impedance of the accelerator along the accelerator to reduce the impedance per unit length of the accelerator.