Abstract: A multilayer film for coating an exterior of a scintillation detector bar includes a pressure sensitive adherent layer containing a percentage of a light-diffusing material therein for affixing to an external surface of the bar. A clear plastic layer separates the adherent layer from a specularly reflecting layer. A protective layer is disposed atop the specularly reflecting layer. The light-diffusing material and the specularly reflecting layer cooperate to retain light within the bar, direct light in random directions within the bar and block optical crosstalk between adjacent bars. A preform consisting of a single piece of film may be used for covering five sides of the bar.

Abstract: A plastic scintillator comprises a polymethylpentene thermoplastic material containing a fluorescent additive. This plastic scintillator material functions at high temperatures with excellent optical properties in the detection of neutrons. The plastic scintillator may also include an energy transfer compound, a wavelength shifter, a solubility enhancer for the polymethylpentene and a decolorizing agent.

Abstract: An X-ray image intensifier tube which includes a luminescent layer with an absorption material having a high absorption for secondary X-rays which are generated in the original luminescent material and which are intercepted to only a very small extent by the original luminescent material. The absorption material may be included in the layer of luminescent material in homogeneous form as well as in recesses in said layer. In addition to improved resolution, a higher efficiency can be achieved by ensuring that, upon interception of the secondary radiation, the absorption material generates luminescent or secondary radiation which is intercepted by the original luminescent material.

Abstract: A device for continuously and accurately measuring the number of bacteria present in superpure water such as may be used in the manufacture of semiconductor devices and the like. A sample flow of the superpure water is passed through a generally rectangular measuring flow path having a small thickness and large width. A reagent is added to the flow in the measuring flow path of a type which reacts with bacteria to produce products which fluoresce upon application of an exciting light beam. The light produced by such fluorescence is detected and the detection output converted to a signal indicative of the number of bacteria present in the sample flow.

Abstract: A dry solid scintillator counting composition for the detection of radiative substances in a liquid comprises a mixture of fluor particles and a binder bonding the particles into a coherent structure, the weight amount of the fluor being sufficiently greater than the weight amount of the binder to render the structure sufficiently porous between the disposed particles of fluor to provide transport of a saturating amount of liquid throughout at least 50% of the volume of the composition.

Abstract: An X-ray image transmitted through a patient is radiated on a phosphor member having a wide field of view and dimensions of about 40 cm.times.40 cm, and is converted into an optical image. The optical image is radiated on a light detector through a light guide member at substantially the same magnification. The light detector has pixels arranged in a 2,000.times.2,000 two-dimensional matrix form. Each pixel has a photocell and a MOSFET connected to each photocell. The photocell is electrically equivalent to a parallel circuit consisting of a photosensitive portion and an electrode capacitor. An extra capacitor is parallel-connected to the parallel circuit and a switch can turn on/off a connection between the extra capacitor and the photocell. When the optical image is radiated on the photocells, each photocell generates charges corresponding to the light amount, and the light amount is recorded in the electrode capacitor or the electrode capacitor and the extra capacitor, as a charged electrical amount.

Abstract: The invention relates to a liquid scintillation counter comprising at least two photodetectors (2,3) for viewing a scintillation solution (1) in which both real multiphoton events and single photon events take place, and producing logic pulses and amplitude pulses in correspondence to these events, the amplitude of these amplitude pulses being a function of the number of photons that reach the photodetectors (2,3) for each of said events.

Abstract: There is described a scintillation medium comprising at least one diisopropylnaphthalene, wherein said at least one diisopropylnaphthalene is liquid at a temperature of 5.degree. C.There is also described a method of detecting .beta.-ray emissions using the scintillation medium.

Abstract: Scintillators, and more particularly inorganic scintillation crystals such as cadmium tungstate, bismuth germanate, barium fluoride and calcium fluoride are coated with successive coatings of particulate materials such as barium sulfate and titanium dioxide to provide a highly reflective surface layer capable of providing internal reflection of scintillation events in the region of 200-700 nm. The reflective surface enhances the pulse height and resolution of the scintillator when coupled to a suitable detector such as a photomultiplier tube or a silicon photodiode.

Abstract: A high-energy radiation detector includes a collimator, coupled to one end of a scintillator and the other end of the scintillator optically coupled to an optical window. The optical window is composed of a material having a predetermined amount of heavy metal therein. The optical window is further coupled to a photomultiplier which generates an electrical signal based upon the amount of light directed thereon. A radiation shield extends only around the scintillator and around limited portions of the optical window to minimize the weight of the radiation detector.

Abstract: A gamma ray detector suitable for use in a positron CT and others is disclosed which comprises a scintillator formed of a single crystal of cerium activated gadolinium silicate which is expressed by a general formula Gd.sub.2(1-x-y) Ln.sub.2x Ce.sub.2y SiO.sub.5 (where Ln indicates at least one element selected from a group consisting of yttrium and lanthanum, and x and y lie in ranges given by formulae 0.ltoreq.x.ltoreq.0.5 and 1.times.10.sup.-3 .ltoreq.y.ltoreq.0.1).

Abstract: The presence of certain chemicals on the emitting surface of the palladium coated photoluminescent semiconductor alters the characteristics of radiation emitted from said surface. This alteration is used to indicate the presence of those chemicals in the environment.

Abstract: For use in a sonde adapted to be lowered in a well bore, the present apparatus sets forth an improved nuclear event detector. The detector is sized and shaped monotonically increasing in cross section or diameter with increasing distance from the radiation source to thereby bias the detector; this bias counteracts the bias arising from geometry altering the pattern in which nuclear events impinge on the detector, thereby altering the distribution of such events.

Abstract: An anti-parallax scintillator system images light from a face of a scintillator radiated by penetrating ionizing radiation from a localized source. Radiation from the source will traverse the scintillator along rays forming a cone having its vertex approximately at the source. Scintillator light directed along each such ray is collected and redirected toward an aperture in a screen between the scintillator and the photocathode of an image intensifier. The aperture transmits the redirected light which is then incident upon the photocathode to form an image. Scintillator light not directed along rays from the vertex will miss the aperture and be blocked from the photocathode by the screen. A second embodiment, without an aperture, uses a plurality of mirrors arranged in a quasi-Newtonian configuration to provide anti-parallax imaging.

Abstract: A method for use with a computerized axial tomographic scanner (CAT) of providing an image of a sample that has spatial resolution in the axial direction that is smaller than the width of the X-ray beam of the CAT. The sample is scanned at a plurality of points in a plurality of cross sections that are separated by a distance that is less than the width of the X-ray beam of the CAT to determine the measured density function for each of the plurality of points. The measured density function is deconvolved with the beam width function for the CAT for each of the plurality of points to obtain the actual density function for the plurality of points. The actual density function is then used to generate an image of the sample that has a spatial resolution in the axial direction that is smaller than the width of the X-ray beam of the CAT.

Abstract: Apparatus and a method for determining a quench-indicating parameter of a test sample utilizing a liquid scintillation counter are disclosed. The number of counts in a spectrum resulting from subtraction of a spectrum generated without an external source of radiation from a spectrum generated with an external source of radiation is utilized. The total number of counts is cumulatively summed from a higher energy level to a lower energy level and a curve representing this sum is generated. A portion of this curve is fitted with a function such as a straight line and the intersection of that function with the zero count axis is the intersection energy level which is an indication of the measure of quench of the test sample.

Abstract: Radioactive specimens are placed in the well (12) of a plastic scintillator body (11), and the light flashes from the scintillator body (11) are picked up by a photomultiplier tube (13). The anode (44) and dynodes (43) of the photomultiplier tube (13) are electrically isolated and a selected biasing voltage is provided across the cathode (42) and dynodes to operate the photomultiplier tube in its linear range at the activity level of the specimen. At high activity levels, the current flowing from the anode (44) is measured by an electrometer (21) to determine a value which is directly related to the activity of the specimen, whereas at lower activity levels where anode current is not accurately measurable, the pulses at the last dynode (50) are counted to determine the scintillation rate and thereby the activity level of the specimen.

Abstract: Scintillators, and more particularly inorganic scintillation crystals such as cadmium tungstate, bismuth germanate, barium fluoride and calcium fluoride are coated with one or more coatings of a highly reflective material such as barium sulfate dispersed in a suitable binder such as sodium silicate to provide a highly reflective surface layer capable of providing internal reflection of scintillation events in the region of 200-700 nm. The reflective surface enhances the pulse height and resolution of the scintillator when coupled to a suitable detector such as a photomultiplier tube or a silicon photodiode.

Abstract: Apparatus and a regionless method of ascertaining the activity of each radionuclide in a dual-label sample. A set of correlation curves is generated utilizing quench standards for both a low energy radionuclide and a high energy radionuclide. A test sample was then counted and the quench-indicating parameters for the test sample are compared with the quench-indicating parameters of the correlation curves to determine the appropriate contribution of each radionuclide to the overall energy spectra of the test sample. From this comparison the overall count rate for the test sample may be allocated between a low energy radionuclide and a high energy radionuclide. By dividing the count rates by efficiencies determined from another set of correlation curves the actual disintegration per minute (DPM) rate for each radionuclide may be ascertained.

Abstract: An energy discriminating apparatus and method is disclosed for use in connection with digital radiography and fluoroscopy. In use of the detection system and method an x-ray source is actuated to direct x-rays through a patient's body, the x-rays including both higher and lower energy radiation. A first detector element, including a plurality of segments, is positioned opposite the source to receive and respond predominantly to x-rays in a lower energy range, the remaining x-rays, being generally of higher energy, passing through the first detector element. A second detector element, also including a plurality of segments, each segment including a phosphor coating layer and a sensor, is positioned to receive and respond to the higher energy radiation passing through the first element.

Abstract: A scintillation converter for neutron radiography is described, comprising a composition formed of components (A) 100 parts by weight of an olefin rubber made mainly of ethylene and propylene, (B) from 100 to 400 parts by weight of at least one inorganic compound selected from the group consisting of inorganic boron compounds and inorganic lithium compounds, and (C) from 100 to 600 parts by weight of a zinc sulfide-base fluorescent material. This scintillation converter is not only superior in radiation-sensitive performance, but also has high elasticity and superior abrasion resistance.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for detecting light involve applying a substantially uniform electrical potential difference between first and second spaced surfaces of a body of mercuric iodide, exposing the first surface to light and measuring an electrical current passed through the body in response to the light. The mercuric iodide may be substantially monocrystalline and the potential may be applied between a substantially transparent conductive layer at the first surface and a second conductive layer at the second surface. In a preferred embodiment, the detector is coupled to a scintillator for passage of light to the mercuric iodide in response to ionizing radiation incident on the scintillator.

Abstract: A radiation measuring device comprises a scintillator for detection of radiation, a photomultiplier tube and an amplifier circuit for supplying signals having amplitudes dependent on the output current of the photodetector. A first series circuit of a sampling and digital-to-analog converter circuit and an adder is provided with a first storage register connected to the adder. A second storage register is connected to the output of the adder, and the output of the second storage register provides the output of the measuring device. A second series circuit is connected to the output of the photodetector or the amplifier circuit, and includes a pulse start detector, a clock pulse generator, a clock pulse counter, and a comparison circuit. The output of the comparison circuit is connected to the second storage register for storing a sum signal which is supplied by the adder, as well as the first storage register, in order to reset the first storage register to zero.

Abstract: In a radiation or high energy particle responsive system useful as a scintillator, and comprising,a first component which interacts with said radiation or high energy particle to emit photons in a certain first wavelength range; andat least one additional solute component which absorbs the photons in said first wavelength range and thereupon emits photons in another wavelength range higher than said first range;an improvement is provided wherein at least one of said components absorbs substantially no photons in said wavelength range in which it emits photons, due to a large Stokes shift caused by an excited state intramolecular rearrangement.

Abstract: A meat grader grades meat disposed in a bin of predetermined dimensions wherein the meat extends at least about two feet in all directions. A probe includes a housing containing a scintillation phosphor responsive to gamma rays including 1.46 Mev gamma rays from potassium-40 for producing corresponding light pulses of magnitude systematically related to the energy of the incident gamma rays, and a photomultiplier optically coupled to the phosphor for producing corresponding electronic pulses of magnitude systematically related to the magnitude of said light pulse. The probe is inserted into the meat to dispose the phosphor near the center of the meat. A differential pulse height discriminator selectively responds to such of the electronic pulses as are of a limited range of magnitude including that characteristic of the 1.46 Mev gamma rays by producing corresponding discriminated signal pulses.

Abstract: A plastic scintillator comprises a polymethylpentene thermoplastic material containing a fluorescent additive. This plastic scintillator material functions at high temperatures with excellent optical properties in the detection of neutrons.

Abstract: A solid state detector in which each scintillator is optimally configured and coupled with its associated sensing diode in a way which exploits light piping effects to enhance efficiency. Preferably, the detector is modular in nature. Each scintillator is a crystal having an index of refraction which differs as a function of direction through the crystal lattice, with the lowest index of refraction being parallel to the cleavage plane. The sides of each scintillator bar conform with the cleavage plane and are highly polished to light pipe photons created in the scintillator to the rear face for collection by an associated photodiode. The rear face is roughened to de-trap light, allowing transfer from the scintillator to the diode. Optical coupling means join the scintillators to their associated diodes to further enhance light transfer.

Abstract: A solid phase scintillation counting method is provided wherein a scintillating material is added to an inert carrier and a radioactive substance is caused to contact the carrier either before or after the scintillating material has been applied. The treated carrier is then counted in the solid state in a liquid scintillation counter without the necessity of dissolving the radioactive substance in a liquid solution containing a scintillator. The invention provides a highly efficient and very convenient method for counting low energy radioactive isotopes such as .sup.14 C and .sup.3 H.

Abstract: The invention relates to an apparatus for the taking of X-ray pictures, where there are between two radiation-transmitting electrodes two solid substance layers whose free sides lie in a charge storage layer. The first electrode is a photo-conducting layer which is impinged upon by image rays, while the second electrode is a photo-conducting layer which is impinged upon by an optical ray moved in a scanning raster, so that a reproducible signal is obtained. According to the invention, the time required per image is reduced and increased quantum yield is achieved at increased signal-to-noise ratio and greater dynamic range. There is correlated to the first photo-conducting layer a luminophor which transforms the image rays into light which is preferentially absorbed in this layer. An apparatus according to the invention is usable in particular in medical radio-diagnostics.

Abstract: A two-dimensional X-ray detecting apparatus is comprised of an amorphous silicon layer for trapping electrons in a pattern corresponding to an intensity distribution when it is receiving X-rays, and a scanning device for scanning the surface of the amorphous silicon layer with a laser beam to take out electrons trapped in the silicon layer.

Abstract: Light-collecting system, characterized in that it contains a coumarin derivative of the formula ##STR1## in which T designates O or NR.sub.4, wherein R.sub.4 represents hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl or optionally substituted aryl;R.sub.1 designates a carbocyclic or heterocyclic, oxygen-free 5-membered or 6-membered ring which is linked via a C atom or a 5-membered or 6-membered heterocyclic ring which is linked via an N atom and which rotates unsymmetrically about an axis passing through the coumarin-N-heterocyclic ring linkage, it being possible for the 5-membered or 6-membered rings mentioned to carry non-ionic substituents and for an optionally substituted benzene ring or an optionally substituted naphthalene ring to be fused onto them;R.sub.2 designates hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl or aryl, it being possible for the hydrocarbon radicals mentioned to be substituted, and R.sub.3 designates hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl, aryl or a --OR.sub.5, --SO.sub.2 R.sub.5, --SO.sub.2 NHR.sub.

Abstract: An improved scintillator for a solid state radiation detector useful in CT (computed tomography), DR (digital radiography), and related technologies. The scintillator, rather than being grown as a single crystal, is formed by means of hot pressing or sintering, as a polycrystalline ceramic. Rare earth oxides doped with rare earth activators are selected to yield a cubic crystal structure of high density and transmittance, which satisfies radiation detector requirements better than crystals utilized heretofore.

Abstract: Material for scintillators, application to the construction of very fast, high energy photon detectors and to the construction of tomographs.The material for scintillators is constituted by barium fluoride which, under excitation, is subject to light emission having a slow component with a maximum centered on 3200 .ANG. and a fast component with a maximum centered on 2250 .ANG., the barium fluoride being purified so as to reduce the defects of its crystal lattice, in order to reinforce the intensity of the fast component of its light emission.

Abstract: A portal radiation monitor combines 0.1% FAR with high sensitivity to special nuclear material. The monitor utilizes pulse shape discrimination, dynamic compression of the photomultiplier output and scintillators sized to maintain efficiency over the entire portal area.

Abstract: A fluorometric titrator has means to transfer a pipette between first and second positions and a buret for a chelating agent has a reversible drive powered either by a pulse generator or an oscillator. Valve controlled means are operable to place the buret in communication with the pipette or a reservoir. In the first position of the pipette, a precise sample volume is aspirated into it by the buret, then driven by the oscillator and in its second position and with the buret drive reversed but still powered by the oscillator, the sample volume is discharged from the pipette into a cuvette in the fluorometer. On the resulting fluorescence the fluorometer output drives the pulse generator to dispense chelating agent and to operate a counter until a selected end point is reached. The pipette is then returned to its second position with the buret drive again operated by the oscillator and during the return, the buret is refilled.

Abstract: The proposed method essentially consists in that a sample of a substance is placed between two scintillators in immediate contact therewith whereupon said sample is hermetically sealed. Arranged in close proximity to each scintillator is a photomultiplier tube recording ionizing .alpha.- and .beta.-radiation. A selector is utilized to select pulses corresponding to .alpha.- and .beta.-particles, and delayed coincidence circuits of a recording element separate and record .beta.-.alpha. and .alpha.-.alpha. cascade pairs of delayed coincidences of RaC, ThC, and AcA radionuclides. Flows are measured twice at a predetermined time interval to account for emanation build-up tendency and concentration of isotopes of radium is determined from the formula ##EQU1## where q.sub.Ra.sup.A =concentration of a given isotope of radium;.epsilon..sub.A =isotope-of-radium concentration unit sensitivity of measuring equipment;.PHI..sub.1, .PHI..sub.

Abstract: A gain stabilized natural gamma ray spectroscopy system is used to measure casing thickness in a cased well borehole. A ratio of gamma ray intensity in two selected energy ranges forms a measurement signal representative of casing thickness based on the photoelectric absorption of natural gamma rays by iron. A coincidence technique employing dual scintillation crystals and a stabilization source of charged particles and known energy gamma rays is used for gain stabilization.

Abstract: A high efficiency photoionization detector using tetraaminoethylenes in a gaseous state having a low ionization potential and a relative photoionization cross section which closely matches the emission spectrum of xenon gas. Imaging proportional counters are also disclosed using the novel photoionization detector of the invention. The compound of greatest interest is TMAE which comprises tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene which has a measured ionization potential of 5.36.+-.0.02 eV, and a vapor pressure of 0.35 torr at 20.degree. C.

Abstract: A radiation detector or detector array which has a non-constant spatial response individually and in combination with a tomographic scanner. The detector has a first dimension which is oriented parallel to the plane of the scan circle in the scanner. Along the first dimension, the detector is most responsive to radiation received along a centered segment of the dimension and less responsive to radiation received along edge segments. This non-constant spatial response can be achieved in a detector comprised of a scintillation crystal and a photoelectric transducer. The scintillation crystal in one embodiment is composed of three crystals arranged in layers, with the center crystal having the greatest light conversion efficiency. In a preferred embodiment, the non-constant spatial response is achieved in a detector comprised of a single scintillation crystal whose response is shaped by inducing along said first dimension a scintillation conversion efficiency gradient.

Abstract: A method is provided for monitoring irradiated nuclear fuel inventories located in a water-filled storage pond wherein the intensity of the Cerenkov radiation emitted from the water in the vicinity of the nuclear fuel is measured. This intensity is then compared with the expected intensity for nuclear fuel having a corresponding degree of irradiation exposure and time period after removal from a reactor core. Where the nuclear fuel inventory is located in an assembly having fuel pins or rods with intervening voids, the Cerenkov light intensity measurement is taken at selected bright spots corresponding to the water-filled interstices of the assembly in the water storage, the water-filled interstices acting as Cerenkov light channels so as to reduce cross-talk. On-line digital analysis of an analog video signal is possible, or video tapes may be used for later measurement using a video editor and an electrometer.

Abstract: An encapsulated scintillation detector is disclosed in which a detector crystal or the like is encapsulated in a hermetically sealed housing having a light-transmitting window at one end. In some instances, the window is mounted in a window assembly by a compression seal established by the differential coefficient of expansion and contraction during the cooling of the assembly. In other instances, the window is chemically bonded to the ring with or without a compression seal. The window is mounted within a ring, which is in turn welded to the end of a tubular body portion of the housing along thin weld flanges to reduce the amount of weld heat which must be applied. A thermal barrier is provided to resist the flow of welding heat from the weld to the seal between the ring and the window. Such thermal barrier includes a zone of relatively thin section located between the weld zone and the seal through which weld heat must flow.

Abstract: A circular glass window in the form of a shallow, truncated cone having parallel faces is nested within and equidistantly spaced from a metal retaining ring defining at its inner periphery a shallow, tapered, smooth-wall bore having a sloped sidewall to which the correspondingly sloped edge of the glass window is bonded by a thin layer of epoxy adhesive composition constituting an annular hermetic seal of constant predetermined thickness for optimum strength. The retaining ring, with the glass window mounted therein, is welded to the end of a tubelike metal housing containing a cylindrical scintillation crystal coaxially mounted therein, the larger diameter base end or inner face of the truncated, cone-shaped window being optically coupled to and adjacent one end of the crystal. The crystal is biased toward the inner face of the window to apply an evenly distributed compression force to the annular epoxy-formed seal to aid in maintaining its hermetic integrity under adverse temperature conditions.

Abstract: In an exemplary embodiment, a measuring arrangement for irradiating the radiography subject from different directions comprises a radiation source which emits a radiation beam which penetrates the layer to be examined, its dimension perpendicular to the layer plane being equal to the layer thickness, and a radiation receiver supplies electrical output signals which correspond to the radiation intensity measured. A computer calculates, from the output signals, the attenuation values of specific image points of the irradiated body layer. Correction devices are provided in the radiation beam with which the radiation quality (mean energy) of the radiation impinging on the receiver is determined, each preferably comprising several detectors arranged in series in the direction of radiation and separated from one another by a luminescent layer. The output signals of the correction detectors serve to correct for the radiation hardening in the patient.

Abstract: Panoramic detector for ions spatially distributed in different beams, wherein it comprises a diaphragm with plane symmetry having an opening permitting the passage of said beams, said diaphragm being brought into a given potential, an accelerating electrode having an opening facing the opening in the diaphragm, said accelerating electrode having a plane symmetry and being brought to a negative potential compared with that of the diaphragm and a plane electrode facing the accelerating electrode and brought to a negative potential compared with that of the diaphragm, the absolute value of the potential of the plane electrode being greater than the absolute value of the potential of the accelerating electrode.

Abstract: The radioactivity of discrete areas of radioactive material on a surface region of a support layer is monitored by converting the radioactivity emitted by these areas into light emissions with the use of a suitable scintillant, and scanning the surface region with at least one photodetector in a plurality of discontinuous steps. Each step places the support layer and the or each photodetector in relative positions in which the or each photodetector detects at least a proportion of the light emissions activated by a respective one of the areas of radioactive material over a finite interval of time. A plurality of output signals are therefore produced by the photodetector(s), each of which is proportional to the radioactivity of a respective one of the areas of radioactive material.

Abstract: A system for nondestructively determining the attenuation coefficient, .alpha.(.lambda.), of low-loss optical fiber wave guides. Cerenkov light pulses are generated at a plurality of locations in the fiber by a beam of charged particles. The transit times of selected spectral components and their intensities are utilized to unfold the .alpha.(.lambda.) values over the measured spectrum.

Abstract: A hand-held probe assembly, suitable for monitoring a radioactive fibrinogen tracer, is disclosed comprising a substantially cylindrically shaped probe handle having an open end. The probe handle is adapted to be interconnected with electrical circuitry for monitoring radioactivity that is sensed or detected by the probe assembly. Mounted within the probe handle is a probe body assembly that includes a cylindrically shaped probe body inserted through the open end of the probe handle. The probe body includes a photomultiplier tube that is electrically connected with a male connector positioned at the rearward end of the probe body. Mounted at the opposite end of the probe body is a probe head which supports an optical coupler therewithin. The probe head is interconnected with a probe cap which supports a detecting crystal.

Abstract: An input screen of an image intensifier comprises an aluminum substrate with electrochemically deposited netty protrusions, a phosphor layer formed on the substrate and including a large number of columnar blocks defined by cracks extending from the tops of the netty protrusions toward the surface of the layer, and a photocathode deposited on the phosphor layer directly or through a protective layer.

Abstract: A radiation detector, particularly suitable for use in computerized tomographic scanning systems, comprising a scintillator crystal having one window surface optically connected with a photodetector, preferably a semiconductor device, and having other surfaces diffused and tapered whereby the window surface is enabled to see all other surfaces so as to provide efficient passage of light photons from the crystal through the polished surface to the photodetector.

Abstract: Increased light output is achieved from a solar energy concentrator light piping device by rendering the top surface of the device concave, and/or forming the device into a close-packing hexagonal shape and/or curving and applying a mirror coating to the output edge of the device.