Abstract: A radiation detector assembly employing an enlarged volume scintillation element and a photomultiplier tube. The scintillation element is surrounded by a reflective material and may be enclosed within a rigid shield for protection against shock and/or humidity. A Sidewall Axial Restraint and Compliance Assembly (SARCA) is positioned radially outside the reflective tape. Radial springs are placed outside the SARCA to provide stiff restraint in the axial and radial directions, The SARCA and springs provide for thermal expansion of the element. A two-stage axial biasing means is positioned at an end of the element, and an optical window may be positioned at the other end. Non-cylindrical portions may be formed along the circumference of the element. These non-cylindrical portions enable a larger element to be placed within the shield. In an alternative embodiment, the element is positioned apart from the photomultiplier tube with no window therebetween.

Abstract: An assembly is provided for detection of radiation directed through an object. A phosphor converter disposed to receive the radiation pattern generates visible light representative of the radiation pattern. A plurality of light sensors are disposed to define a sensor array for receiving the visible light and generating a pixel signal pattern representative of the radiation pattern. A plurality of reflectors are disposed at locations for reflecting a portion of the visible light radiating in a direction to avoid being received in the plurality of light sensors. The light is reflected back into the phosphor converter where a diffuse reflection of the reflected light redirects the light back towards the sensors.

Abstract: Radiation measuring apparatus includes a sensor assembly (10) including a sensor (16) which includes a scintillating body (30, 30') that absorbs radiation to be sensed and converts it to light. A measuring device (38) measures the intensity of the light emitted by the scintillating body and thereby indicates the amount of radiation to which the body (30) has been exposed. The sensor assembly may also include an optical fiber (12) by which the light emitted by the scintillating body is conducted to the measuring device (38). A plug (14) located on an end of the optical fiber remote from the sensor (16) is adapted to be detachably inserted in a connecting socket (40) of the measuring device (38). In this way the sensor assembly (10) is readily exchangeable for a new assembly.

Abstract: In a depth dose measuring device, a light is outputted from an end surface of a block-type detector (202) formed by tying a plurality of scintillation fibers in a bundle, a spectroscope (204) is used to disperse the light so as to measure an amount of light having a wavelength corresponding to an emission spectrum of the scintillation fibers, a picture measuring device (205) and a picture processing device (206) calculate an emission distribution of only a scintillation light depending upon an emission distribution in which the scintillation light and a Cerenkov light are mixed, and a result is displayed on a display device (207).

Abstract: A radiation detector obtains radiation information by detecting a light pulse occurred in response to a radiation in a scintillation fiber at one end or opposite ends of the scintillation fiber. The scintillation fiber is surrounded by a scattering member which emits an electron by interaction with the radiation.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and apparatus for constructing a sensor system (100) sensitive to electromagnetic radiation for use in a digital imaging camera head. The sensor system (100) is capable of delivering an electrical signal containing the image information formed by electromagnetic radiation incident on the sensor system (100). The sensor system (100) is comprised of a number (N pcs.) of mutually essentially identical modular sensor units (10.sub.1 . . . 10.sub.N) and of an equal number (N pcs.) of mutually essentially identical modular control electronics units (20.sub.1 . . . 20.sub.N) suited for the control and signal processing of said sensor units (10.sub.1 . . . 10.sub.N). The sensor system (100) has a modular design permitting the dimensions of the imaging area covered by the sensor system (100) to be expanded or reduced as required for the needs of an imaging application by adding or reducing, respectively, the number of the modular sensor units (10,20).

Abstract: Output variations of individual channels of radiation detector arrays and particularly the outer channels of the scintillator crystal array are reduced by modifying the reflectivity of the surfaces of the individual crystal elements according to the output. This is accomplished by creating a specific difference in the reflectivity of the internal channel reflectors compared to the external reflector material to enhance or reduce the output of specific channels to achieve a balance in the outputs. The specific difference in reflectivity may be obtained by using different color pigments, different color cements and various colored foils, for example.

Abstract: A scintillation camera including a radiation detector for emitting light in response to radiation absorbed from a source; a first set of photosensors disposed at a first distance from the radiation detector means for producing an output in response to emitted light; and a second set of photosensors located proximate at least one edge of the radiation detector and disposed at a second distance greater than the first distance for increasing the field of view of the camera.

Abstract: In a depth dose measuring apparatus, a fluorescent substance block (1) bundling scintillation fibers of which radiation absorption characteristic is close to that of tissue, is disposed orthogonally to the incident direction of radiation (4-1). The fluorescence intensity distribution on the fiber end faces of the fluorescent substance block (1) is measured by an image measuring device (6). Therefore, the two-dimensional fluorescence intensity distribution in the incident direction of radiation and in another orthogonal direction, that is, the absorption dose distribution can be measured simultaneously by one irradiation. Moreover, if the fluorescent substance block (1) is composed by laminating plate-form scintillators, one-dimensional absorption dose distribution in the depth direction can be measured by one operation.

Abstract: A large area image detecting apparatus made by arranging a plurality of small area sensors in a stepped arrangement so that the inactive regions of the small sensors are covered by a active area of another small sensor. The apparatus may be used to detect light or radiation. A fiber optic assembly may be used to guide light from a flat scintillator plate onto the small sensors.

Abstract: A radiation detector element which comprises a scintillator laminate for converting X-ray energy incident on said radiation detector to visible light, the scintillator laminate comprising a ceramic scintillator layer and a single crystal scintillator layer and a photodetector for converting the visible light from the scintillator laminate to electrical signals. The single crystal scintillator is interposed in the path of the light scintillations from the ceramic scintillator to the photodetector.

Abstract: An apparatus for measuring radiation at a region of interest inside a body is disclosed. The apparatus comprises a fiber optic equipped-catheter having a distal portion adapted to be inserted in a blood vessel. The apparatus further includes a luminescent scintillation material coupled to the fiber optic light pipe. The scintillation material is disposed in a distal portion of a lumen of the catheter and generates pulses of electromagnetic radiation in response to excitation by radiation rays. The apparatus further includes an index matching material disposed between the scintillation crystal and the fiber optic light pipe facilitating transmission of the pulses of electromagnetic radiation produced by the scintillation material to the fiber optic light pipe. A measuring assembly is coupled to the fiber optic light pipe to convert the pulses of radiation traversing the fiber optic light pipe to a measure of radiation in the region of interest.

Abstract: An infrared ray detection device of this invention includes (i) a silicon substrate, (ii) a plurality of light-receiving portions which are disposed at predetermined intervals on one surface of the silicon substrate, and receive infrared rays, (iii) a plurality of reading portions which are disposed on the one surface of the silicon substrate at positions adjacent to the plurality of light-receiving portions, and read outputs from the plurality of light-receiving portions, and (iv) an impurity-doped silicon layer which are disposed in contact with the other surface of the silicon substrate and contains a donor or acceptor impurity at a concentration high enough to absorb infrared rays passing through the silicon substrate.

Abstract: The invention is based in part on the discovery that a plastic housing that is lightweight is surprisingly efficient inasmuch as background signals from any gamma radiation are significantly reduced by using a plastic housing instead of a metal housing. A further aspect of the present invention is the profile of the housing as a bi-linear approximation to a parabola resulting in full optical response from any location on the scintillation material to the photomultiplier tube. A yet further aspect of the present invention is that the survey probe is resistant to magnetic fields. A yet further aspect of the present invention is the use of a snap-fit retaining bracket that overcomes the need for multiple screws.

Abstract: A unitized scintillation detector, employing a scintillation element and a photomultiplier tube housed within inner and outer housings for protection against shock, and a scintillation shock assembly. The scintillation element is encased within potting material, which is enclosed within a rigid shield. A reflective coating or tape may be used to optimize light impulse transmission from the element to the photomultiplier. The element is further protected from shock by an elastomeric boot disposed around the shield and within the housing. Elastomeric material cushions the element on one end and a spring system protects the other end. The spring system is pre-loaded against the shield, not the element. Dual windows interfacing the scintillation element and photomultiplier tube at the other end of the element create an hermetic seal. The photomultiplier tube is encased within an elastomer with outwardly directed projections.

Abstract: A scintillating optical fiber sensitive to low energy radiation has a clear, solid, elongated core with a thin cladding layer surrounding substantially all of the core along substantially all the length of the core and a dye dopant dispersed within the thin cladding layer. When a low energy radiation particle contacts the thin cladding layer, energy from the particle is transferred to photons having a radiant energy frequency determined by the dye dopant color, and a fraction of the photons are transmitted through the fiber by total internal reflection. A detector using the scintillating optical fiber is also disclosed having a sensor for detecting and indicating the presence of photons operatively connected to an end of at least one optical fiber, such that when the fraction of photons are transmitted through the fiber by total internal reflection to the end, the sensor detects the photons and subsequently provides an indication that low energy radiation has been detected.

Abstract: Spatial resolution in imaging-type scintillation detectors, such as gamma ray cameras used in nuclear medicine, is improved by providing an array of multi-faceted corner-cube reflectors on the back surface of the scintillator crystal. The reflectors modify the light spread function of the scintillator in accordance with any number of different applications, by appropriate adjustment of the orientation angle between facets.

Abstract: A radiation detecting section including scintillation fibers is arranged in a one-dimensional, two-dimensional or three-dimensional manner. A multichannel amplitude analyzer can obtain an incident position of radiation in the radiation detecting section, and a radiation dose rate at the incident position depending upon a signal having amplitude according to a difference in arrival time between two input signals. A microcomputer carries out inverse problem analysis to estimate a radiation source distribution or a spatial radiation intensity distribution.

Abstract: An imaging detector includes a collimator, a scintillator and a photodiode array. The collimator directs radiation to scintillator segments having apertures substantially matched to collimator apertures. Optical reflectors and heavy metal septa between the segments reduce light and radiation scatter between the segments, respectively. Photodiode array elements with active areas substantially matched to the scintillator segment apertures detect light generated when the radiation interacts with the scintillator. A cooler, a low noise photodiode array and readout electronics improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the imaging system in specific embodiments.

Abstract: A scintillation camera detector head comprises a scintillation crystal, a plurality of photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) optically coupled to the scintillation crystal, and a diffractive surface, such as a holographic optical element (HOE), optically coupled to the scintillation crystal. The diffractive surface preferentially reflects or redirects light from a scintillation event which impinges upon the surface toward one or more predetermined PMTs as a function of the angle of incidence or the location of the event. Light emitted under a peak PMT can be preferentially reflected or transmitted away from the peak PMT and toward the surrounding PMTs to reduce spatial resolution modulation. Alternatively, light impinging on the surface from an event can be directed toward the peak PMT and away from surrounding PMTs to achieve greater isolation of events.

Abstract: A gamma ray detector and measurement device having a generally elongate housing (11); a scintillator module (12) movably mounted in the housing (11) and arranged to respond to the presence of gamma rays in the local environment in which the device is located and which rays pass through the wall (13) of the housing and into the scintillator module, the module having an optical output (14) for transmitting an optical signal based on converted incoming gamma rays and an optical transducer module (15) also movably mounted in the housing (11) and having an input (16) arranged to receive the optical output from the scintillator module, the transducer module being able to convert the instantaneous optical output into an electrical output corresponding to the energy and flux of the incoming gamma radiation as detected in the scintillator module; in which the output (14) of the scintillator module (12) and the input of the transducer module (15) are closely spaced to each other, and define a space (17) therebetween to

Abstract: The crystals are sealed by either glass-to-metal seals or epoxy to prevent moisture degradation. Combined with the multiple moisture barriers, the new configurations are long lasting and provide long life for the modular detectors. The crystal geometry depends on the application. The crystal surfaces are shaped in such a way that provide minimum optical paths of the light photons. The cladding layers and the mirror system provide gas-free, high reflectivity crystal mirror surfaces. The mirrors can be specular or diffusive. Curved shapes at the photo detector sides provide the first step in focusing the light. Focused photon beams are easily translated into smaller photodetectors that have higher signal-to-noise ratio, are more compact in nature, are more economical. Crystals have upper and lower truncated conical or pyramidal portions and intermediate straight wall portions. The crystals have rounded bottoms and tops, and cladding on the crystals and mirrors on the cladding or on interior walls of a housing.

Abstract: A unitized scintillation detector, employing a scintillation element and a photomultiplier tube housed within inner and outer housings for protection against shock, and a scintillation shock assembly. The scintillation element is encased within potting material, which is further enclosed within a rigid shield. A reflective coating or reflective tape may be used to optimize light impulse transmission from the element to the photomultiplier. The element is further protected from shock by an elastomeric boot disposed around the shield and within the housing. In addition, elastomeric material cushions the element on one end and a spring system protects the other end. The spring system is pre-loaded against the shield, not the element. Dual windows interfacing the scintillation element and photomultiplier tube at the other end of the element create an hermetic seal. In another embodiment, a single optical window may be used.

Abstract: An X-ray analyzing apparatus having high sensitivity and high position resolving power in which an X-ray fluorescent screen made of Gd.sub.2 O.sub.2 S:Tb as a material and having a surface density ranging from 5 mg/cm.sup.2 to 30 mg/cm.sup.2 is used, and an image intensifier and a charge coupled device (CCD) are combined to form an X-ray difraction two-dimensional detector; and the image intensifier and the CCD are combined with a tapered fiber plate, and an alignment section of a mirror mount tube and a vacuum flexible tube are separated by an X-ray window ambient atmsophere and a vacuum.

Abstract: An x-ray imaging device. One surface of a flat single crystal CsI crystal is supported on an optically transparent support plate. The opposite surface, i.e. an x-ray illumination surface of the crystal is coated with an x-ray transparent optical reflector to provide an x-ray scintillation sandwich having an optical mirror at the x-ray illumination surface of the CsI crystal. An optical camera is preferably focused on the illumination surface of the CsI crystal. In a preferred embodiment an index of refraction matched optical adhesive is used at the x-ray illumination surface to attach the reflector and to reduce Fresnel reflections.

Abstract: A gamma ray detection and locating system comprising an array of scintillator crystals connected to a multichannel photomultiplier tube by discrete optical fibers, each fiber connecting a single crystal to a corresponding specific location on the face of the photomultiplier tube. Also described is an improved system for identifying the location of specific electrodes in the photomultiplier tube receiving electrons generated by photons flowing from the crystal along the fiber to the tube.

Abstract: A CCD-scintillator x-ray image sensor (18) has a high sensitivity at room temperature and a low profile, enabling the use of the x-ray image sensor in most modern mammography x-ray machines. A cassette 10 that encloses the CCD-based x-ray image sensor has the approximate dimensions of 10.5.times.7.7.times.0.6 inches, and is thus form and fit compatible with conventional film-based cassettes. An electronic interface to the cassette requires but a single cable (24) and a standard connector (22) for connection to a CCD sensor electronics unit. The CCD sensor electronics unit interfaces to a computer, such as a conventional personal computer or workstation, having a relatively high resolution display and a provision for digitally recording high-resolution electronic images. The high sensitivity at ambient (room) temperature results from an x-ray scintillator screen (18c) that is coupled to the CCD image sensor (18a) via a bias cut fiber optic faceplate (18b).

Abstract: A scintillator detector apparatus includes a sandwich of fibers disposed in a spaced apart pattern for detecting one form of radiation while enabling another form of radiation to pass through open portions between the fibers along with a thin film attached to or proximate to the fibers for detecting the another form of radiation. The thin film is disposed on a plastic substrate which includes a reflecting layer for directed scintillation from the film into the fibers. The fibers scintillate upon interception of, for example, beta particles, which is transmitted to photomultiplier apparatus by the fibers. The fibers are also sensitive to ultraviolet scintillation from the film and it responds thereto to generate scintillation which is also transmitted to the photomultiplier tube. Combinations of the sandwiches may be utilized to formulate time of flight scintillation detectors and the sandwich can be responsive to various types of radiation dependent upon selected fibers and thin films.

Abstract: A hybrid grid-detector apparatus for x-ray systems wherein a microchannel plate structure has an air-interspaced grid portion and a phosphor/optical fluid-filled grid portion. The grids are defined by multiple adjacent channels separated by lead-glass septa. X-rays entering the air-interspaced grid portion at an angle of impingement upon the septa are attenuated, while non-impinging x-rays pass through to the phosphor/fluid filled portion. X-ray energy is converted to luminescent energy in the phosphor/fluid filled portion and the resultant beams of light are directed out of the phosphor/optical fluid filled portion to an imaging device.

Abstract: Radiographic images may be produced electronically for diagnostic purposes during radiation therapy by utilizing a portable cart-based electronic portal imaging system wherein a photo-stimulable phosphor screen is mounted on the cart by a manipulable stanchion/arm assembly enabling selective positioning movement of the screen horizontally, vertically, and angularly relative to the cart among various spacial orientations as necessary to subtend the radiation beam. A camera and a computer are mounted on the cart to photographically capture and digitize X-ray images produced by the screen and to remotely transmit such images for diagnostic purposes of confirming and, as necessary, adjusting patient positioning.

Abstract: A fluorescence detector has a light source in the form of a halogen lamp, a UV-filter which allows excitation radiation in UV to pass through, and a second filter which sorts out fluorescence radiation, and a detector which detects the through-passing fluorescence radiation. The filters comprise thin straight blocks and also function as light guides and are positioned at right angles with their extensions directed towards a point at which a tubular sample can be placed in close with the ends of the filters distal from the light source and the detector.

Abstract: When incident light is incident to a photodetector, photoelectrons are emitted and multiplied in each of incident zones whereby a plurality of current signals are output. These current signals each are processed to estimate a distribution or a mean value of numbers of photoelectrons generated in each incident zone. Then estimated based on the estimate values of respective incident zones is the number of photoelectrons emitted from the entire photoelectric conversion surface. In this way the intensity of incident light is measured with accuracy.

Abstract: A distribution type detector comprises scintillation fibers identical in length to each other, an optical delay fiber having a refractive index substantially identical to those of cores and claddings of the scintillation fibers, photosensitive elements, preamplifiers, constant fraction discriminators, a time-to-pulse height converter, an analog-to-digital converter, and a multichannel pulse-height analyzer. A position where a radiation falls on its corresponding scintillation fiber, is detected based on a difference between time intervals necessary for propagation of optical pulses produced in the corresponding scintillation fiber by the radiation. Thus, even if the length of each scintillation fiber is increased, position resolution can be kept high and a measuring circuit system can be simplified.

Abstract: A thermal imaging device (10) provides for its use with a variety of accessory telescopic lenses (12). Each of the accessory telescopic lenses (12) and the thermal imaging device (10) include cooperating physical features allowing the lenses (12) to be mated with the device (10) in a single relative position. Each lens (12) also carries a uniquely positioned magnet (176), and the thermal imaging device (10) includes a plurality of magnetically-responsive sensors (178) responding to the magnets (176) of the various lenses (12) to identify which (if any) of the accessory lens (12) is installed on the device (10). Some of the accessory lenses (12) also include a variable-power feature. These variable-power lenses (12) have an additional magnet (182) moving between an effective position and an ineffective position in response to a user-selected power setting for the lens (12).

Abstract: A nuclear or x-ray detector which utilizes Compton double-scattering of photons by radiation particles, followed by photoelectron absorption, to reconstruct the energy and direction of such particles.

Abstract: A liquid interface scintillation camera for sensing radiation emitted from a source includes: a scintillation crystal for emitting light in response to radiation absorbed from the source; a photomultiplier array, responsive to the scintillation crystal, for producing an output in response to the emitted light; a sealed chamber in which a first side is defined by the photomultiplier array and a second side, opposite the first side, is defined by the scintillation crystal; and a liquid interface medium fills the chamber directly, optically coupling the photomultipliers and the scintillation crystal.

Abstract: Device for the remote detection of radiation.This device has an optical fibre (4), a detecting crystal (10), whereof one end is optically coupled to the optical fibre and which is able to emit, by interacting with the radiation (2), a light which then propagates in the optical fibre, as well as an optical cladding (12) surrounding the detecting crystal and which is in optical contact therewith and whose optical index is lower than that of the detecting crystal, so as to confine said light by total reflection. Application to dosimetry.

Abstract: Images are to be satisfactorily continued even at joints of image regions.The surface of a fluorescent screen on which an X-ray image is to be formed is partitioned in the longitudinal direction of a slit, into image regions. From the image regions, image information is guided to CCD imaging elements by optical fiber bundles. Boundaries of the image regions are formed so as to be inclined with respect to the longitudinal direction of a slit.

Abstract: An improved hybrid luminescent device and method for converting penetrating radiation energy into visible light for imaging applications. The hybrid luminescent device includes a phosphor screen disposed on an entrance face fiber optics scintillator which, in turn, may be removably coupled to a camera or like recording media. The hybrid luminescent device of the present invention is capable of providing enhanced radiation absorption efficiency, higher spatial resolution and enhanced brightness or luminescence output over that which is achievable by the phosphor screen and/or fiber optics scintillator when used separately as an intensifying screen for imaging of ionizing and/or penetrating radiation.

Abstract: An apparatus for sensing and locating sources of ionizing radiation retained in a turnout in a body environment, including a hand-held probe and comprising a housing with a sensor circuit for outputting a response to interaction between the radiation and the sensor; a unit for processing signals from the sensor circuit; and an indicator responding to driving signals applied thereto by generating an audible or visual output. Said hand-held probe comprises at least one scintillating plastic optical fibre (2) connecting the sensing end to a light sensor (1).

Abstract: A radiation measuring apparatus capable of measuring radiation by means of few measuring devices without requiring use of power sources, electronic circuits, etc. in places of measurement, and of carrying out high-efficiency multipoint measurement at low cost. Each scintillation detector is provided with two light outlet ports at the opposite ends thereof, individually, and a plurality of scintillation detectors are connected in series with one another by means of optical fibers. The optical fibers are connected individually to the opposite ends of each scintillation detector, and the optical fibers of a plurality of scintillation detectors are connected in parallel with one another.

Abstract: A scintillator crystal (22) for a diagnostic device (10) has a reflective surface which is dynamically adjustable. Radiation (42) from a diagnostic scan enters a detector (14a, 14b, 14c) and strikes the scintillator crystal (22). The scintillator crystal (22) converts the radiation into a plurality of scintillations or light photons (26) which travel in all directions. A plurality of photomultiplier tubes (30) are optically coupled to an optically transmissive plate (28) which is optically coupled to an exit surface of the scintillator crystal. The entrance surface of the scintillator crystal is polished and laminated with a liquid crystal layer (54). The liquid crystal layer has light dispersion and reflectivity properties which are dynamically adjustable in response to electrical (62) or chemical stimuli.

Abstract: A modular gamma camera plate assembly has a mirror peripherally supported in an encircling housing. The holder is connected to the mirror and to the housing. A thin glass plate is mounted beneath the crystal and extends outward and is connected to the housing. A thin mirror extends above the crystal and is connected peripherally to the housing. The thin glass plate assembly and the mirror are sealed to the housing and pockets with desiccant are provided to prevent ingress of moisture and to getter moisture from the housing and assembly.

Abstract: A hybrid luminescent device for converting ionizing and penetrating radiation energy such as x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, ions, electrons, and the like into visible light for imaging applications. The hybrid luminescent device includes a phosphor screen disposed on an entrance face fiber optics scintillator which, in turn, may be removably coupled to a camera or like recording media. The hybrid luminescent device of the present invention is capable of providing enhanced radiation absorption efficiency, higher spatial resolution and enhanced brightness or luminescence output over that which is achievable by the phosphor screen and/or fiber optics scintillator when used separately as an intensifying screen for imaging of ionizing and/or penetrating radiation.

Abstract: An optical imaging system for generating a seamless image during, for example, X-ray imaging procedures. The imaging system features at least two optical detectors, each including an optically active region for generating separate light-induced images, and a fiber optic plate separated by a groove into first and second fiber-containing sections. Each of the first and second sections are connected to a separate optical detector so that, during operation, fibers contained in these sections function to deliver light exclusively to the optically active regions of the connected detectors, thereby allowing generation of separate light-induced images. These images can then be combined to form a seamless image.

Abstract: An optical receiver for modulated light includes an optical antenna (12) having fluorescent material (18) dispersed therein, and an optoelectrical demodulator (14) for demodulating the modulated light. The optical antenna (12) is formed of a filter material which is transparent to wavelengths equal to or longer than a predetermined wavelength and absorptive to wavelengths shorter than the predetermined wavelength. Also, the optical antenna (12) has a coating (20) of a filter material which is transparent to wavelengths equal to or shorter than the predetermined wavelength, and reflective to wavelengths longer than the predetermined wavelength. Thus, the optical antenna (12) acts on a narrow-pass band filter. Since the fluorescent material emits light at a longer wavelength than the received light, the emitted light is reflected internally to impact on the optoelectrical demodulator (14).

Abstract: A personal radiation detection device is provided having a housing containing within at least one sheet of rare earth intensifying screen that interacts with ionizing radiation when present at a specified exposure level to generate visible light and a plurality of photoresistors which is sensitive to the visible light and conducts a voltage upon the detection of the light. A specular reflector such as reflective tape, foil, or a finely polished mirror is also provided to reflect any stray visible light in the direction of the photoresistors. The photoresistors send a signal through a resistor to an operational amplifier which then activates an indicator including a light and/or an audible buzzer. The lightweight housing may also be provided with a slot on an outside surface to hold standard photographic film used to monitor cumulative exposure to radiation. A battery is provided to generate power to operate the device.

Abstract: An X-ray image sensor with electronic, planar image converters covers a relatively large area without the occurrence of image gaps. A number of image converters adjoin one another in a surface, these being coupled to a scintillator via fiber optics. At least a part of the fiber optics proceeds at an angle deviating from 90.degree. relative to the image converters, such that the fiber optics adjoin one another at the scintillator but leave an area free at the image converters. This area is at the junction of two image converters that adjoin one another, and is thus an optically inactive region.

Abstract: A direct digital x-ray imaging system includes a fiber optic scintillating plate in which aliasing and x-ray transmission problems are minimized.

Abstract: An optical probe for simultaneously detecting radiation emitted from a plurality of different areas of a device. The probe includes a plurality of optical signal acquisition devices. Each of the optical acquisition devices is formed from at least one optical fiber strand having a terminal end portion. The probe includes a hollow longitudinal member with an outer surface having a length and a perimeter perpendicular to the length. The outer surface has a plurality of openings disposed at intervals about the perimeter of the outer surface. Each of the plurality of openings has a different one of the terminal end portions from one of the optical acquisition devices disposed therein. Each of the optical acquisition devices has a different optical field of view corresponding to one of the plurality of different areas of the device.