Abstract: A method for making isolating plates for imaging array of crystal lattices, which comprises steps of: providing a substrate; coating a mirror film on the substrate by evaporation so as to form a mirror substrate; and, forming a comb-like isolating plate by the formation of a plurality of notches on the mirror substrate. By assembling a plurality of the comb-like isolating plates to form an array with a plurality of isolated spaces. After inserting a scintillator segment in each of those isolated spaces, an imaging array of crystal lattices for gamma ray detection in nuclear medicine can be manufactured. The imaging device of the invention is preferred since it is easy to assemble, inexpensive, and exhibits desirable imaging and light condensing effects.

Abstract: A digital X-ray system for capturing high quality images by maximizing the collection of emitted light from an intensifying screen in response to X-ray impact. The digital X-ray system includes a housing having a fluorescent intensifying screen for receiving emitted X-rays, two reflectors for maximizing light collection and optimizing the light path from the intensifying screen, and a lens assembly. A CCD chip receives the light from the lens assembly, to provide a digital image for immediate on-board processing or post-processing by a computer. The housing is compact, and can be used as a direct replacement for traditional film cartridges without major modifications to the system. The lens assembly includes freeform matched lenses to remove optical distortions, and the housing includes a light sensor for providing exposure measurement and feedback. The system is designed to be quasi-monochromatic to maintain consistent image quality over the entire area of the intensifying screen.

Abstract: The scintillating screen of digital imaging systems used in conventional transmission electron microscopy is discretized and the scintillating material is contained in a cellular structure having a geometry judiciously selected for coupling to the optical channels of the imaging system. This allows optical matching, without smearing, between the elements of the scintillating screen and the discrete light-collecting and light-registering optical channels of the system. Cross-talk among optical channels is consequently minimized and the resulting light-imaging resolution of the digital imaging system is optimized.

Abstract: A moldable and curing reflector material for an X-ray detector is disclosed. It includes a detector material which converts X-rays into light and is divided into a plurality of segments separated by the reflector material. The reflector material includes a polymer matrix which contains a first optically reflecting material and also a finely distributed gas and/or a second optically reflecting material, which is different than the first optically reflecting material. An X-ray detector is further disclosed, which contains a material of this type, along with a process for producing a material of this type and a process for producing an X-ray detector.

Abstract: A photomultiplier tube, a photomultiplier tube unit, and a performance-improved radiation detector for increasing a fixing area of a side tube in a faceplate while increasing an effective sensitive area of the faceplate. In the photomultiplier tube, a side face (3c) of the faceplate (3) protrudes outward from an outer side wall (2b) of a metal side tube (2), so that a light receiving area for receiving light passing through a light receiving face (3d) of the faceplate (3) is increased. The overhanging structure of the faceplate (3) is conceived based on a glass refractive index. The overhanging structure is aimed to receive light as much as possible which has not been received before. When the metal side tube (2) is fused to the glass faceplate (3), a fusing method is adopted due to joint between glass and metal. Joint operation between the faceplate (3) and the side tube (2) is reliably ensured. Accordingly, the overhanging structure of the faceplate (3) is effective.

Abstract: A radiation detector is disclosed for the detection of ionizing radiation, preferably in a medical diagnosis and/or therapy system, having at least one detector element which is at least partially enclosed by an encapsulation compound. The encapsulation compound at least partially reflects light which is produced during the absorption of the ionizing radiation in the at least one detector element. Further, the detection of the radiation is carried out indirectly by detection of the generated light, wherein the encapsulation compound is made of a multicomponent mixture which converts compounds produced because of radiation, which generate color changes of the encapsulation compound, at least partially into colorless nonabsorbing compounds.

Abstract: The light collection efficiency of plastic scintillators used to detect low energy ?-ray radiation is improved by utilizing diffuse reflective materials instead of specular reflective materials.

Abstract: A scintillator layer is disclosed for a spatially resolving X-ray detector. Apertures provided in a plate and in the form of a grid, are filled with a filling compound formed from a polymer and a phosphor powder.

Abstract: An instrumentation package in broad terms includes at least one substantially cylindrical instrumentation component; a substantially cylindrical shield surrounding the instrumentation component, the shield having a diameter less than a standard predetermined diameter; and a sizing sleeve around the shield, thereby increasing the diameter of the sleeve to the standard predetermined diameter. A nuclear detector package is also disclosed that includes a substantially cylindrical crystal element; a photomultiplier tube arranged coaxially with the crystal element; an optical coupler sandwiched between one end of the crystal element and an adjacent end of the photomultiplier tube; the crystal element, optical coupler and photomultiplier tube hermetically sealed within a cylindrical shield; and a flexible support sleeve extending exteriorly along the crystal element and the photomultiplier tube and radially inside the cylindrical shield.

Abstract: A method for producing a high resolution detector array so as to provide very high packing fraction, i.e., the distance between scintillator elements is minimized so the detector efficiency will be higher than is currently achievable. In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the fabrication methodology is enhanced by handling LSO bars rather than single crystals when gluing on the Lumirror® as well as etching the LSO. Namely, an LSO boule is cut into wide bars of a selected dimension, for example 30 mm, which are then acid etched or mechanically polished. A selected number, N, of these LSO bars can then be glued together with Lumirror® sheets between each bar (coating the LSO disks and Lumirror® sheets with Epotek 301-2). The glued bar block is then cut again into bars in a perpendicular direction, and these new LSO-Lumirror® bars are etched.

Abstract: The present invention is a directed to a CT detector for a CT imaging system that incorporates a segmented optical coupler between a photodiode array and a scintillator array. The segmented optical coupler also operates as a light collimator which improves the light collection efficiency of the photodiode array. The segmented optical coupler is defined by a series of reflector elements that collectively form a plurality of open cells. The open cells form light transmission cavities and facilitate the collimation of light from a scintillator to a photodiode. The cavities may be filled with optical epoxy for sealing to the photodiode array.

Abstract: Systems and methods are presented herein for generating an X-ray image where the X-ray image generator has no electrical connection with an X-ray source which generates the X-rays. In an exemplary embodiment a photon sensor is positioned behind an x-ray permeable mirror. When the photon sensor senses photons, a camera, positioned outside of the X-ray path, captures a picture containing the X-ray data. A second mirror is positioned such that the path of the X-ray image is folded such that the camera can be positioned outside of the X-ray path, but that the X-ray image still strikes the camera lens. The X-ray data is then sent to a computer for processing. Parameterization is applied to the X-ray data based upon at least one of the species of the animal being taken, the body part depicted in the X-ray, the view depicted and the amount of energy used by an X-ray generator to take the X-ray.

Abstract: An optical mask layer for a CT detector is disclosed and is disposed between the photodiode array and scintillator array of a CT detector. The optical mask layer, which may extend along the x-axis, z-axis, or both, is designed to absorb and/or reflect light emitted the scintillators of the scintillator array. Through this absorption and/or reflection, transference of light photons from a scintillator to the photodiode corresponding to a neighboring scintillator is reduced. This reduction in cross-talk reduces artifacts in a reconstructed image and therefore improves the diagnostic value of the image.

Abstract: A radiation or neutron detector wherein lateral side light detecting optical fibers prepared from clear optical fibers that are scraped on a lateral side to permit side incidence of fluorescence are used to detect the fluorescence from a phosphor or a scintillator such that the background to gamma-rays is reduced. If desired, the optical fibers may be bent at 90 degrees and guided to a photomultiplier tube in order to reduce the size of the detector. Fabrication and maintenance of the detector can be facilitated by adopting such a design that a detecting block comprising a detection medium and lateral side light detecting optical fibers is separated from a readout block comprising clear optical fibers.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for fabricating a high performance reflective material for use on scintillator elements in a computed tomograph (CT) imaging device. Adjacent scintillator elements are separated by gaps filled with a reflective coating layer. In one embodiment, the reflective coating layer consists of a surface level coating layer, an adhesion layer, a metallic reflective layer, and a top layer consisting of either a barrier coating layer or a polymeric encapsulant, or both. In another embodiment, the metallic reflective coating layer is applied to the scintillator element via an electroless metal deposition process utilizing a reducing agent and a metal complex. The CT reflectors formed by either embodiment have improved light output, minimized cross talk, higher geometric efficiency, and decreased performance degradation as compared with current CT reflectors that utilize organic binders and titanium dioxide fillers is achieved.

Abstract: A method for measuring a dose of irradiation with a beam of ionizing radiation capable of creating Cherenkov radiation, in which a scintillator for emitting scintillation light, whose intensity is a function of the dose of this beam irradiating this scintillator, is arranged below this beam, the scintillator is coupled, via an optical fiber, to a device for measuring the light emitted by the scintillator, and the quantity of light transmitted by the optical fiber is measured, is described. The light emerging from the opposite end of the optical fiber is filtered using two bandpass filters having cutoff bands in different parts of the spectrum, the intensity of the light coming from these two filters is measured a plurality of times, and the pluralities of quantities of scintillation light and Cherenkov radiation are calculated on the basis of these measurements to deduce a first irradiation dose value.

Abstract: A radiation detector includes a housing, an elongated, rectangular crystal having four longitudinally extending corners, and a photomultiplier tube both supported in the housing, with a light pipe located axially between respective facing ends of the photomultiplier tube and the crystal; and a plurality of elongated rails extending along respective ones of the longitudinally extending corners of the rectangular crystal, establishing an air gap between the crystal and the housing.

Abstract: An elongated, thinner apparatus is provided so as to measure surface contamination in narrow places and piping. An elongated plate-shaped radioactivity detection section (10) provided with a scintillator and a radioactivity measuring section (12) provided with a photomultiplier are provided as independent components and are connected together using a wavelength conversion optical fiber cable (14). A measurement signal (optical signal) of ?-rays detected by the radioactivity detection section is transmitted to the radioactivity measuring section via the optical fiber cable.

Abstract: A scintillation detector apparatus comprising a filter disposed intermediate a scintillator and a detector, the filter being adapted to block relatively long wavelengths of light to reduce afterglow. The detector apparatus may, for example, be a part of a detector system such as a CT scanner, a RG system, or a geophysical measurement system.

Abstract: In a scintillator panel comprising a deliquescent scintillator formed on an FOP and a polyparaxylylene film covering over the scintillator, the FOP comprises a protective film peeling prevention rough at a side wall portion thereon coming into contact with the polyparaxylylene film.

Abstract: A method for estimating a location of a most-likely photon source on a scintillator block includes obtaining a measured photodetector signal indicative of a distribution of photons received by a plurality of photodetectors from a photon source on a scintillator block; and obtaining a measured fiber signal indicative of a distribution of photons received by a plurality of wavelength-shifting fibers extending across the scintillator block from a photon source on a scintillator block.

Abstract: Described herein is a portable, self-contained, electronic radioscopic imaging system that utilizes a multiple camera imager and advanced processing techniques to image suspicious containers. An X-ray sensor or imager utilizes a scintillating screen that produces flashes of light when impinged by an X-ray in combination with at least one camera, or the like, to produce an integrated signal that represents the sum of a prescribed number of flashes of radiation that pass through the object in a given pixel area. A self-contained display and control unit utilizes digital signal processing in order to display to an operator the full dynamic range and resolution of an image-capturing novel sensor utilized within the imager.

Abstract: A beam inspection device includes an inspection head having a scintillator and at least one ionizing radiation diffuser block connected to the scintillator. At least one image may be formed from at least one part of the inspection head that includes the scintillator. The device may discriminate between a scintillation light from the scintillator and stray {hacek over (C)}erenkov light in the inspection head. The scintillator includes at least one heavy plate having two principal opposing faces, the plate being approximately homogeneous with the scintillation material, and the diffuser block covers at least one of the principle faces of the scintillator plate.

Abstract: A method for fabricating a scintillator array for a radiation detector of an imaging system includes fabricating a scintillator array including a plurality of scintillators arranged side by side, each of the scintillators separated from adjacent scintillators such that a gap is defined therebetween, each of the scintillators having a geometric shape defined by a plurality of external surfaces, fabricating a pre-formed reflector having a plurality of cavities defined therein, each cavity having a geometric shape substantially similar to each scintillator geometric shape, and coupling the scintillator array and the pre-formed detector such that each respective scintillator is positioned at least partially within at least one respective reflector cavity.

Abstract: A depth of interaction detector with uniform pulse-height comprises a multi-layer scintillator obtained by coupling at least two scintillator cells on a plane and then stacking the planar coupled scintillator cells, in layers, up to at least two stages and a light-receiving element connected to the bottom face of each scintillator cell of this multi-layer scintillator, wherein the detector is provided with a means for discriminating the position of a scintillator cell, which receives radiant rays and emits light rays and a means for making, uniform, the quantity of the light emitted from each scintillator cell and received by the light-receiving element.

Abstract: The radiation three-dimensional position detector of the present invention comprises a scintillator unit (10), a light receiving element (20) and an operation section (30). The scintillator unit is disposed on the light incident plane of the light receiving element, wherein the scintillator unit is comprised of four layers of scintillator arrays, each layer being composed of scintillator cells arrayed in 8 row ?8 column matrix. The scintillator cell produces scintillation light corresponding to the radiation absorbed thereby. The optical characteristic of a partition material for separating neighboring scintillator cells, which faces at least one same side face is different between a scintillator cell Ck1,m,n included in one scintillator array layer (k1-th layer) and a scintillator cell Ck2,m,n included in the other scintillator array layer (k2-th layer).

Abstract: According to one aspect, the invention relates to a light guide which may include a first surface which receives light, a second surface which emits light, wherein the second surface is parallel to the first surface and the second surface has a smaller area than the first surface, at least one edge surface which extends between the first surface and the second surface, and a light barrier which extends between the first surface and the second surface, wherein the light barrier divides the light guide into separate regions and reduces the propagation of light between the separate regions. The light guide can be used in a positron emission tomography scanner.

Abstract: The present invention is a directed to a CT detector for a CT imaging system that incorporates a segmented optical coupler between a photodiode array and a scintillator array. The segmented optical coupler also operates as a light collimator which improves the light collection efficiency of the photodiode array. The segmented optical coupler is defined by a series of reflector elements that collectively form a plurality of open cells. The open cells form light transmission cavities and facilitate the collimation of light from a scintillator to a photodiode. The cavities may be filled with optical epoxy for sealing to the photodiode array.

Abstract: X-ray radiation is transmitted through and scattered from an object under inspection to detect weapons, narcotics, explosives or other contraband. Relatively fast scintillators are employed for faster X-ray detection efficiency and significantly improved image resolution. Detector design is improved by the use of optically adiabatic scintillators. Switching between photon-counting and photon integration modes reduces noise and significantly increases overall image quality.

Abstract: A radiation detector has a lattice frame laid in a light guide. The lattice frame is prepared by combining thin strips of optical elements, i.e. light reflecting elements. In manufacture, the lattice frame is placed in a recess of a trestle, and a thoroughly defoamed, optically transparent liquid resin is poured into the recess. After the liquid resin cures, the lattice frame and the resin form the light guide which is then removed from the trestle. The light guide is then contoured by cutting and polishing. This construction allows a thickness and angles of the light reflecting elements freely, and has no gaps formed between the reflecting elements and transparent resin, thereby assuring high reflecting efficiency.

Abstract: A radiation image sensor comprises (1) an image sensor 1 having a plurality of light receiving elements arranged one or two dimensionally, (2) scintillator 2 having columnar structure formed on the light-receiving surface of this image sensor 1 to convert radiation into light including wavelengths that can be detected by the image sensor 1, (3) a protective film 3 formed so as to cover and adhere to the columnar structure of the scintillator 2, and (4) a radiation-transmittable reflective plate 4 that has a reflective surface 42 disposed to face the image sensor across the protective film 3.

Abstract: The present invention is a directed to a CT detector for a CT imaging system that incorporates a segmented optical coupler between a photodiode array and a scintillator array. The segmented optical coupler also operates as a light collimator which improves the light collection efficiency of the photodiode array. The segmented optical coupler is defined by a series of reflector elements that collectively form a plurality of open cells. The open cells form light transmission cavities and facilitate the collimation of light from a scintillator to a photodiode. The cavities may be filled with optical epoxy for sealing to the photodiode array.

Abstract: Systems and methods for detecting x-rays are disclosed herein. One or more x-ray-sensitive scintillators can be configured from a plurality of heavy element nano-sized particles and a plastic material, such as polystyrene. As will be explained in greater detail herein, the heavy element nano-sized particles (e.g., PbWO4) can be compounded into the plastic material with at least one dopant that permits the plastic material to scintillate. X-rays interact with the heavy element nano-sized particles to produce electrons that can deposit energy in the x-ray sensitive scintillator, which in turn can produce light.

Abstract: An instrumentation package in broad terms includes at least one substantially cylindrical instrumentation component; a substantially cylindrical shield surrounding the instrumentation component, the shield having a diameter less than a standard predetermined diameter; and a sizing sleeve around the shield, thereby increasing the diameter of the sleeve to the standard predetermined diameter. A nuclear detector package is also disclosed that includes a substantially cylindrical crystal element; a photomultiplier tube arranged coaxially with the crystal element; an optical coupler sandwiched between one end of the crystal element and an adjacent end of the photomultiplier tube; the crystal element, optical coupler and photomultiplier tube hermetically sealed within a cylindrical shield; and a flexible support sleeve extending exteriorly along the crystal element and the photomultiplier tube and radially inside the cylindrical shield.

Abstract: An Ag film as a light-reflecting film is formed on one surface of an a-C substrate of a scintillator panel. The entire surface of the Ag film is covered with an SiN film for protecting the Ag film. A scintillator having a columnar structure, which converts an incident radiation into visible light, is formed on the surface of the SiN film. The scintillator is covered with a polyparaxylylene film together with the substrate.

Abstract: A method for fabricating an array adapted to receive a plurality of scintillators for use in association with an imaging device. The method allows the creation of a detector array such that location of the impingement of radiation upon an individual scintillator detector is accurately determinable. The array incorporates an air gap between all the scintillator elements. Certain scintillators may have varying height reflective light partitions to control the amount of light sharing which occurs between elements. Light transmission is additionally optimized by varying the optical transmission properties of the reflective light partition, such as by varying the thickness and optical density of the light partitions. In certain locations, no light partitions exist, thereby defining an air gap between those elements. The air gap allows a large increase in the packing fraction and therefore the overall sensitivity of the array.

Abstract: A radiation detector includes a plurality of scintillators closely arranged two-dimensionally, and a plurality of photoelectron multipliers optically connected to the scintillators. A number of photoelectron multipliers is less than that of the scintillators. A light guide is disposed between the scintillators and the photoelectron multipliers. The light guide is formed of a cured liquid resin and a lattice frame member integrally formed with the cured liquid resin. The lattice frame member forms partition walls in the cured liquid resin to provide compartments therein.

Abstract: An X-ray detector includes an X-ray converter for conversion of X-ray radiation to light, and a photodiode sensor with an arrangement of two or more photodiode elements for detection of the light produced by the X-ray radiation in the X-ray converter. A nonlinearly absorbent filter is located between the X-ray converter and the photodiode sensor.

Abstract: This invention relates to an optically coupled digital radiography method and apparatus for simultaneously obtaining two distinct images of the same subject, each of which represents a different x-ray energy spectrum. The two images may be combined in various ways such that anatomical features may be separated from one another to provide a clearer view of those features or of underlying structures. The two different images are obtained using a pair of scintillators separated by an x-ray filter that attenuates part of the x-ray spectrum of an x-ray exposure such that the first and second scintillators receive a different energy spectrum of the same x-ray exposure. Alternatively, the two different images can be obtained without a filter and with two scintillators made of different fluorescing materials that react differently to the same x-ray exposure.

Abstract: Disclosed is a radiation detector element assembly. The radiation detector assembly comprises a scintillator and a photo sensor, the scintillator including a first surface proximate to a photo sensor and a second surface distal to the first surface and receptive to a radiation beam. The radiation detector also includes a side portion of the scintillator configured to intercept impingement of a radiation beam thereon and reduce response of the photo sensor to said impingement on the side portion. Also disclosed herein is a method of detecting an incident radiation beam. The method comprising: receiving a radiation beam incident upon a second surface of a scintillator, the scintillator including a first surface proximate to a photo sensor and a second surface distal to the first surface.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described for a production method for making position-sensitive radiation detector arrays. A method includes applying a plurality of masks to a plurality of scintillation crystal slabs; coupling the plurality of scintillation crystal slabs to form a sandwich structure; cutting a plurality of slices from the sandwich structure; and coupling at least two of the plurality of slices to form a detector array.

Abstract: Regarding to the radiation detector 10, which has the scintillator 16 placed on the light incidence plane plate member of the photomultiplier tube by use of the optical binder 14 interposed therebetween, and which includes a coated film FLM formed so as to cover the scintillator and at least part of the side tube portion 12b of the photomultiplier tube, since the scintillator and the photomultiplier tube are strongly fixed to each other by use of the coating film FLM, so that the size increase of the radiation detector can be suppressed.

Abstract: The cameras (10) of this X-ray detector are all mounted on a common rigid plate (1) by a surface support and screwed to ensure their optical distance from a scintillator (7) itself mounted on the plate (1) by an enclosure (6) forming a darkroom (8). The common mounting of the principal elements of the detector on a single rigid plate thus significantly reduces image deterioration produced by deformations of the detector, of thermal or mechanical origin.

Abstract: The present invention is a directed to a CT detector for a CT imaging system that incorporates a segmented optical coupler between a photodiode array and a scintillator array. The segmented optical coupler also operates as a light collimator which improves the light collection efficiency of the photodiode array. The segmented optical coupler is defined by a series of reflector elements that collectively form a plurality of open cells. The open cells form light transmission cavities and facilitate the collimation of light from a scintillator to a photodiode. The cavities may be filled with optical epoxy for sealing to the photodiode array.

Abstract: A fiber optic brush including: an array of fiber optic bristles each having a first end forming a hollow chamber adapted to receive a scintillating material, and the bristles having a second end connectable to a photodetector such that light entering the first end of a bristle is conveyed by the bristle through the second end and to the photodetector.

Abstract: Systems and methods for detecting neutrons. One or more neutron-sensitive scintillators can be configured from a plurality of nano-sized particles, dopants and an extruded plastic material, such as polystyrene. The nano-sized particles can be compounded into the extruded plastic material with at least one dopant that permits the plastic material to scintillate. One or more plastic light collectors can be associated with a neutron-sensitive scintillator, such that the plastic light collector includes a central hole thereof. A wavelength-shifting fiber can then be located within the hole. The wavelength shifting (WLS) fiber absorbs scintillation light having a wavelength thereof and re-emits the light at a longer wavelength.

Abstract: A 6Li doped glass scintillator sheet with grooves cut at given spacings in horizontal and vertical directions. Bundles of wavelength shifting fibers placed in the vertical grooves and fluorescence reflector buried in the horizontal grooves make a group of detection pixels. Neutron detecting media are provided on the top surface and bundles of wavelength shifting fibers are arranged horizontally on the bottom surface of the scintillator. Fluorescence generated by stimulation with the neutrons entering the detection pixels and with the neutrons incident on the neutron detecting media are detected by the wavelength shifting fibers. The detected fluorescence is converted to electric signals with a multi-channel photomultiplier tube, with pulse signals for simultaneous counting generated from a retriggerable, constant time-duration pulse generator and recorded as time-series data by parallel interfaces. The recorded data are analyzed by the simultaneous counting method to produce a two-dimensional neutron image.

Abstract: A surface of a substrate made of Al in a scintillator panel 1 is sandblasted, whereas one surface thereof is formed with an MgF2 film as a low refractive index material. The surface of MgF2 film is formed with a scintillator having a columnar structure for converting incident radiation into visible light. Together with the substrate, the scintillator is covered with a polyparaxylylene film.

Abstract: A portable, self-contained, electronic radioscopic imaging system uses an X-ray converter screen for converting impinging X-ray radiation to visible light, and thus each point impinged on the screen by X-ray radiation scintillates visible light emissions diverging from the screen. An emission modification lens layer, e.g., a prismatic brightness enhancement film or a sprayed on transmissive layer, through which the visible light emitted from the screen is transmitted is superposed with the screen for generally focusing the diverging visible light as a restricted cone of illumination propagating outwardly from each point impinged on the screen to increase the fraction of light directed into the collection cone and reducing the amount of scattered visible light from the screen.

Abstract: A gamma camera system is described in which multiple simultaneous acquisitions are performed based upon different characteristics for event data acquired by a common gantry behavior. The event data from a detector is selected for different images based upon characteristics such as gating, ungated, energy windows, or zooming.