Abstract: A detector includes a housing defining a cavity; a scintillator material disposed within the cavity and having a front face, a rear face, and a side face; a reflective material disposed between the housing and the side face of the scintillator material; and a tolerance ring disposed between the housing and the reflective material.

Abstract: An assembly for a detection unit for an optical device is described. The assembly includes a scintillator adapted to received secondary particles and, in response, generate photons, wherein the scintillator includes an opening for trespassing of a primary beam through the scintillator. The scintillator including the opening is asymmetrical with regard to one axis.

Abstract: The invention relates to a portable mini gamma camera for intrasurgical use. The inventive camera is based on scintillation crystals and comprises a stand-alone device, i.e. all of the necessary systems have been integrated next to the sensor head and no other system is required. The camera can be hot-swapped to any computer using different types of interface, such as to meet medical grade specifications. The camera can be self-powered, can save energy and enables software and firmware to be updated from the Internet and images to be formed in real time. Any gamma ray detector based on continuous scintillation crystals can be provided with a system for focusing the scintillation light emitted by the gamma ray in order to improve spatial resolution. The invention also relates to novel methods for locating radiation-emitting objects and for measuring physical variables, based on radioactive and laser emission pointers.

Abstract: Fluorescence detection apparatus detects fluorescence from a fluorescent object. The apparatus includes a light source configured to irradiate the fluorescent object with light, a shutter configured to block the light, from the light source, directed to the fluorescent object, an optical output measuring unit arranged in an optical path between the shutter and the light source, an image pickup element configured to detect the fluorescence from the fluorescent object and to capture a noise image, and a changing unit configured to change at least one of an accumulation time of the image pickup element and an open-close time of the shutter. The changing unit calculates the accumulation time for capturing the noise image using the measurement result of the optical output measuring unit, and corrects a captured fluorescent image generated by detecting the fluorescence, using the noise image captured during the accumulation time calculated by the calculation unit.

Abstract: In some embodiments, an optical mask for a CT detector is disclosed. In some embodiments, the mask is intercalated between a photodiode array and a scintillator array forming the CT detector. In some embodiments, the optical mask may extend along one or more axes and differentially absorbs and/or reflects light emitted from the scintillators at edges of photodiodes forming the diode array, with less absorption or reflection at edges of tiled die forming the diode array than in central portions of each of the die. Through selective absorption and/or reflection, transference of light photons from a scintillator to the photodiode corresponding to a neighboring scintillator is spatially modified, at least partially compensating for spatial differences in crosstalk signals between adjacent pairs of photodiode/scintillator cell elements. This reduction in differential crosstalk reduces artifacts in a reconstructing data descriptive of internal portions of a subject, which improves diagnostic value of the data.

Abstract: A method of fabricating a detector includes providing a photodiode part, providing a scintillator part, at least one of the photodiode part and the scintillator part including a non-active portion and an active portion, placing a first adhesive such that the first adhesive contacts the active portion when the detector is assembled, placing a second adhesive such that the second adhesive contacts the non-active portion when the detector is assembled, the second adhesive having a faster cure time than the first adhesive, and biasing the photodiode part and the scintillator part toward each other until the second adhesive has cured.

Abstract: A depth of interaction-sensitive crystal scintillation detector features crystal types that alternate in three-dimensional checkerboard fashion, each type having a different crystal decay time. One or more photosensors are disposed on each of at least two orthogonal surfaces. The scintillation detector provides improved depth of interaction resolution. The different crystal types are identified by pulse shape discrimination processing.

Abstract: Methods and structures for reducing and/or eliminating moisture penetration in an optical package. The optical package may include (1) a layer of inorganic material placed over the points of the optical package susceptible moisture penetration of the optical package; (2) a portion of hygroscopic material placed over the points of the optical package susceptible to moisture penetration; (3) a layer of hygroscopic material placed on the interior surface of the optical package; and/or (4) a layer of hydrophobic material coated on the optical surfaces of the optical package.

Abstract: An apparatus for selected measurement of at least one of luminescent and fluorescent radiation from at least one sample well, the apparatus comprising: means defining an excitation light path for fluorescence measurements; at least one light source in the excitation path; means defining an emission light path; and at least one detector with a wavelength selector in the emission light path, wherein: the apparatus further comprises at least one first reflector element that encompasses a reflection chamber and projects at least a portion of the light emitted from the at least one sample well directionally onto the wavelength selector; the emission light path extends between the at least one sample well and the wavelength selector through the at least one first reflector element; and the excitation light path extends into the reflection chamber and extends to a point above the at least one sample well.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for maintaining a scintillator including a window attached using a frit. The frit may be applied as a slurry, a tape or a preform. The window may be attached using an eyelet. A method and apparatus for maintaining a scintillator including a window attached by a braze.

Abstract: The invention concerns an ionizing radiation detector comprising a housing containing: a scintillator material, an avalanche photodiode in contact with the scintillator material via optical coupling, a preamplifier. This detector is compact, portable, and very robust. It detects X-rays or gamma rays with excellent resolution, which can be less than 3% at 662 keV.

Abstract: An emitted light in a scintillator element is sufficiently diffused in the scintillator array to be inputted into a photo multiplier tube (PMT) using a side face light guide that is optically coupled with respect to a side face of a scintillator array, except for in an end area. In the end area, the emitted light in the scintillator element is sufficiently diffused also in the side face light guide to be inputted into the PMT. In this way, also in the scintillator element in the end area, the emitted light is sufficiently diffused in the side face light guide, and thereby the precision of separation of a position calculation map in the end area may be improved, resulting in improved discriminating ability of a position in the end area.

Abstract: A low-profile real-time x-ray detector has a visual sensor that provides a wide angle visual image of a location on an inspected part that is being imaged by x-rays. Fish eye lenses in the visual sensor view a reflection of a part being inspected from a highly reflective surface mirror on an x-ray sensitive surface. The visual sensor may provide an exact visual replica of the area on the inspected part that is being imaged by x-rays.

Abstract: A distributed sensing system for detecting partial electric discharge along the length of an extended object or objects. An optical fiber having a cladding integrated with luminescent material and a silica core of less than 500 micro-meters in diameter with a first reflective end deployed in proximity to test objects. A photo detector is positioned at the second end of the optical sensing fiber and receives and measures both a direct emission light from an electric partial discharge event and the reflected emission light from the reflection end of the optical sensing fiber. The measured signals and their arrival times are used to determine the location and magnitude of a partial electrical discharge.

Abstract: For a radiation image converting panel according to the present invention, a converting portion that converts a radiation image to an optical image is formed on a support for which a dielectric multilayer film is formed on a metal reflector, and the dielectric multilayer film includes at least a first dielectric layer that is in contact with the metal reflector and a second dielectric layer that is formed on the first dielectric layer and has a higher refractive index than that of the first dielectric film layer to light emitted by the converting portion.

Abstract: A radiation detector assembly is provided. The radiation detector assembly includes a radiation detector element and a light detection element operationally connected to the radiation detector element. The radiation detector element is seated within a housing. The assembly also includes a plurality of continuous wave formed springs located along the outer periphery of the radiation detector element, radially between the housing and the radiation detector element.

Abstract: Embodiments of a radiation detector and subassemblies thereof are provided having a scintillator with a face and a reflector constructed and arranged to redirect a majority of light leaving the face of the scintillator at an angle within a range of 45 to 135 degrees compared to the direction in which the light was traveling when it left the face. In other embodiments a method is provided including receiving radiation into a scintillator having a face, producing light with the scintillator in response to the radiation, allowing at least a portion of the light to leave the face, and reflecting a majority of the light leaving the face at an angle within a range of 45 to 135 degrees compared to the direction in which the light was traveling when it left the face with a reflector. Other embodiments are directed to a reflector including a plurality of prisms having a first face and a second face with a barrier on the first face.

Abstract: A detector for detecting ionising radiation comprises a scintillator 10 selected to emit light in response to incidence thereon of radiation to be detected, at least one detector 16 for detecting said emitted light, and at least one optical waveguide 12 for transmitting said emitted light to said detector 16. The optical waveguide typically comprises a flexible solid or hollow fibre that can be incorporated into a flexible mat or into a fibre-reinforced structure, so that the detector is integrated therewith.

Abstract: A photomultiplier tube, a photomultiplier tube unit, and a performance-improved radiation detector for increasing a fixing area of a side tube in a faceplate while increasing an effective sensitive area of the faceplate. In the photomultiplier tube, a side face (3c) of the faceplate (3) protrudes outward from an outer side wall (2b) of a metal side tube (2), so that a light receiving area for receiving light passing through a light receiving face (3d) of the faceplate (3) is increased. The overhanging structure of the faceplate (3) is conceived based on a glass refractive index. The overhanging structure is aimed to receive light as much as possible which has not been received before. When the metal side tube (2) is fused to the glass faceplate (3), a fusing method is adopted due to joint between glass and metal. Joint operation between the faceplate (3) and the side tube (2) is reliably ensured. Accordingly, the overhanging structure of the faceplate (3) is effective.

Abstract: In a device for capturing high energy radiation emitted from a radiation source within an examination object with a detector, the detector is arranged on a carriage mechanism that is mounted in a rotatable fashion around the examination object. The carriage mechanism is supported on a stand unit via a retaining mechanism, with an amplifier device being provided that amplifies the signals coming from the detector that are fed to the amplifier device via a signal guidance device. A data processing device is provided to process the amplified signals. By arranging the amplifier device and/or the data processing device essentially within the stand unit, a device is provided which can be flexibly utilized and which increases the patient's comfort during an examination.

Abstract: A scintillation detector according to an embodiment of the invention features a monolithic scintillation crystal and a plurality of optical fibers coupled to the scintillation crystal. The optical fibers are arranged to convey scintillation light to an optical sensor that is located exterior to the scintillation crystal. Because the optical fibers are extremely small in diameter, a multiplicity of them can be coupled to the scintillation crystal to provide the extremely high resolution of a pixelated scintillation crystal while the comparative manufacturing simplicity of a monolithic scintillation crystal is maintained. In preferred embodiments, the optical fibers are further arranged so that depth of interaction information can be obtained.

Abstract: Systems and methods for addressable field enhancement microscopy are provided. In an embodiment, a nanoscale array of islands may be illuminated with an electromagnetic signal and addressed to differentiate signals from different islands of the nanoscale array. The differentiated signals originating from illuminating the nanoscale array may be applied to microscopy of a specimen.

Abstract: Systems and methods are presented herein for generating an X-ray image where the X-ray image generator has no electrical connection with an X-ray source which generates the X-rays. In an exemplary embodiment a photon sensor is positioned behind an x-ray permeable mirror. When the photon sensor senses photons, a camera, positioned outside of the X-ray path, captures a picture containing the X-ray data. A second mirror is positioned such that the path of the X-ray image is folded such that the camera can be positioned outside of the X-ray path, but that the X-ray image still strikes the camera lens. The X-ray data is then sent to a computer for processing. Parameterization is applied to the X-ray data based upon at least one of the species of the animal being taken, the body part depicted in the X-ray, the view depicted and the amount of energy used by an X-ray generator to take the X-ray.

Abstract: A detector includes a reflector and a scintillator in optical communication with the reflector, wherein both the reflector and the scintillator are fabricated from the same material.

Abstract: A scanner has a calibration target that can be moved in front of the scanline during a scan. This enables multiple calibrations during a scan. A full-color calibration can be performed during scanning without the need for a separate array of photosensors. Scanning can start as soon as the lamp provides sufficient light for scanning, without waiting for the lamp to stabilize. It is not necessary to keep the lamp on, or to keep the lamp warm.

Abstract: A method of fabricating a detector includes providing a photodiode part, providing a scintillator part, at least one of the photodiode part and the scintillator part including a non-active portion and an active portion, placing a first adhesive such that the first adhesive contacts the active portion when the detector is assembled, placing a second adhesive such that the second adhesive contacts the non-active portion when the detector is assembled, the second adhesive having a faster cure time than the first adhesive, and biasing the photodiode part and the scintillator part toward each other until the second adhesive has cured.

Abstract: A method of providing nuclear particle identification for e, ?, ?, and p of up to about 4 to about 5 GeV/c using an improved Threshold Cerenkov Detector With Radial Segmentation (TCDRS), comprising: A) Allowing particles of e, ?, ?, and p to impinge on three concentric shells of twenty-five radiator tubes; wherein: i) an outer shell of radiator tubes is filled with water and a wavelength shifter to provide a first index of refraction; ii) a middle shell of the radiator tubes is filled with mineral oil to provide a second index of refraction higher than the first index of refraction; and iii) a center shell of the radiator tubes is filled with mineral oil and a wave length shifter to provide a third index of refraction higher than the second index of refraction; B) Obtaining blue light from three concentric shells of twenty-five radiator tubes segmented radially into three different materials; and the ultraviolet Cerenkov light produced in the radiators is absorbed by a wavelength shifter and emitted as blue l

Abstract: Apparatus and assemblies for a borehole survey instrument are provided. A radiation detector includes a photo-detector, and a scintillator optically coupled to the photo-detector wherein the scintillator is formed in at least one of a cylindrical segment shape and a truncated frustocylindrical shape.

Abstract: A scintillation based imaging system. The device utilizes a single-crystal inorganic scintillator to convert ionizing radiation to light in a spectral range or ranges within the visible or ultraviolet spectral ranges. The conversion takes place inside the single crystal material, preserving special resolution. The single crystal scintillator is sandwiched between a first plate that is substantially transparent to the ionization radiation and a second plate that is transparent to the visible or ultraviolet light. The ionization radiation is directed from the submicron source through a target to create a shadow image of the target inside the scintillator crystal. Several submicron sources of radiation are described. These include submicron x-ray and high-energy ultraviolet sources, submicron electron beam sources, submicron alpha particle sources, submicron proton sources, submicron positron sources and sub-micron neutron sources.

Abstract: A digital x-ray phase contrast soft tissue imaging and mammography system offers significant cancer detection sensitivity and a significant improvement in accurate detection and interpretation of mammograms. In addition, the proposed system produces digital mammograms and thus has the advantages of digital mammography. The system overcomes the limitation of the current approaches to mammography using phase contrast effects and offers substantially higher performance than the current mammography used in hospitals and clinics. The proposed system uses the phase contrast imaging, in a breast and other soft tissue structures, instead of absorption contrast employed in the current x-ray mammography, allowing detection of smaller disease structures with substantial reduction in radiation dose.

Abstract: A detector array including a plurality of scintillators for use in association with an imaging device. The detector array is provided for accurate determination of the location of the impingement of radiation upon an individual scintillator detector. An air gap is disposed between the scintillator elements, thereby increasing the packing fraction and overall sensitivity of the array. The amount of light transmitted down the scintillator element and the amount of light transmitted to adjacent elements is modified to optimize the identification of each element in a position profile map by adjusting the surface finish of the detector elements.

Abstract: An imaging system for generating an image of an object is provided. The imaging system comprises an X-ray source disposed in a spatial relationship to the object configured to transmit X-ray radiation through the object. The system further comprises at least one X-ray detecting media configured to convert the X-ray radiation transmitted through the object to optical signals. In addition, the system comprises an optical transmission conduit comprising a first end and a second end and an optical detector configured to convert optical signals to corresponding electrical signals. The first end of the optical transmission conduit is coupled to the X-ray detection device and the second end coupled to the optical detector.

Abstract: When a heating process is performed in a state where a thermal transfer sheet is superimposed on a scintillator plate, a film of the thermal transfer sheet is separated from the thermal transfer sheet and adhered onto the scintillator plate. The film includes a protective layer, an aluminum layer, and an adhesive layer. The aluminum layer is protected by the protective layer. Because the scintillator plate by itself functions as a rear surface support substrate with respect to the protective layer and the aluminum layer, a film which is highly resistive against an external effect can be formed. A plurality of films can be layered on the scintillator plate. A pressure transfer method can also be used for formation of the film. A scintillator member in which the film has been formed is disposed in a radiation measuring device.

Abstract: A detector includes a reflector and a scintillator in optical communication with the reflector, wherein both the reflector and the scintillator are fabricated from the same material.

Abstract: According to at least one embodiment of the invention, the measurement of an image dose is performed in the flat X-ray detector itself. The flat X-ray detector, in at least one embodiment, has a scintillator that converts the incident X-rays into light. The actual image signals are then generated in a light converting layer. A portion of the light generated by the scintillator is branched off, with the use of fiber optic elements, to at least one photocounter. The fraction of the branched off light is fixed, that is to say a measured value determined by the photocounter is proportional to the image dose. It is thereby possible to determine the image dose provisionally during image recording, and to intervene for control purposes by, if appropriate, changing the image recording period (beam time on X-ray tube) and the operating voltage of an X-ray tube during the image recording.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for measuring the fluorescence of nanodrop liquid samples is described in which the sample is held by surface tension between two anvil surfaces. Each anvil surface has an embedded optical fiber with its end finished flush with the surface in the containment area wetted by the sample with the fiber in line. Sample excitation is provided from the side of the sample remote from the containment area. By selection of the fiber transmission numeric aperture the impact of exciting and ambient light on the measurement is minimized. A method of virtual filtering is taught in which any ambient or exciting light that does impinge on the measuring sensor is corrected by subtracting a scaled representation of the source from the measurement. The method and apparatus is capable of detecting 1 femptomole of sodium fluorescein in 1 microliter of TE buffer.

Abstract: Devices, systems and methods for radiation treatment are disclosed herein. The device may include a light gathering element having an outer surface, a portion of the outer surface of the light gathering element being substantially omni-directional. A portion of the outer surface of light gathering element is coupled to an optical fiber at substantially the base of the optical fiber. The device may include a cartridge having an opening therein for receiving the optical fiber, the light gathering element positioned at an end of the cartridge. A detector, coupled with the optical fiber, may be in the cartridge.

Abstract: A support mechanism for protecting an object is described. The support system includes at least one support or friction ring for providing dynamic protection to the object. One embodiment includes a support ring having corrugated bumps. Another embodiment includes multiple support rings axially separated by spacers. In another embodiment a support mechanism is provided having at least one friction ring in combination with O-rings. A compound optical coupler is also described, which has a self-wetting clear optical coupling gel and an elastomeric load ring. In another aspect, a compound optical coupler assembly comprises a self-wetting optical coupling gel and also an amount of a stiffening agent.

Abstract: A radiation image detector comprising: a scintillator panel comprising a substrate having thereon a phosphor layer; a protective cover provided on a side of the substrate opposite the phosphor layer, wherein a radiation is incident on the side of the substrate opposite the phosphor layer; a light receiving element provided on a side of the scintillator panel opposite the protective cover, the light receiving element having a plurality of two-dimensionally arrayed light receiving pixels which photoelectrically convert light generated by the scintillator panel, wherein distance D satisfies: 0.2 mm?D?2.0 mm wherein D is a distance between following (i) and (ii): (i) a surface of the protective cover facing the scintillator panel; and (ii) a surface of the substrate on which the phosphor layer is provided.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a photomultiplier that realizes significant improvement of response time properties with a structure enabling mass production. The photomultiplier comprises a sealed container, and the sealed container includes a hollow body section, extending along a tube axis, and a faceplate. The faceplate has a light incidence surface and a light emission surface on which a photocathode is formed. In particular, the light emission surface is constituted by a flat region, and a curved-surface processed region that is positioned at a periphery of the flat region and that includes edges of the light emission surface. A surface shape of the peripheral region of the light emission surface of the faceplate is thus intentionally changed in order to adjust the angles of emission of photoelectrons from the photocathode positioned at the peripheral region.

Abstract: A radiation detector having a light guide with a plurality of light pipes is provided designed to improve light collection for reading out a larger scintillator array surface area than a photodetector assembly surface area. The light guide has a trapezoidal geometrical configuration and is symmetrical with respect to at least one axis thereof.

Abstract: An assembly for a detection unit for an optical device is described. The assembly includes a scintillator adapted to received secondary particles and, in response, generate photons, wherein the scintillator includes an opening for trespassing of a primary beam through the scintillator. The scintillator including the opening is asymmetrical with regard to one axis.

Abstract: A radiation detector having a fiber optic wedge with a plurality of parallel optical fibers is provided for yielding a more cost-effective radiation detector by reading out more scintillator elements or crystals per photodetector surface area. The fiber optic wedge provides a cost efficient method for increasing the number of scintillators that may be read out by a single position-sensitive photodetector of the radiation detector, such as a PET camera.

Abstract: Described herein is a portable, self-contained, electronic radioscopic imaging system that utilizes a multiple camera imager and advanced processing techniques to image suspicious containers. An X-ray sensor or imager utilizes a scintillating screen that produces flashes of light when impinged by an X-ray in combination with at least one camera, or the like, to produce an integrated signal that represents the sum of a prescribed number of flashes of radiation that pass through the object in a given pixel area. A self-contained display and control unit utilizes digital signal processing in order to display to an operator the full dynamic range and resolution of an image-capturing novel sensor utilized within the imager.

Abstract: An apparatus may include a scintillator to emit light, imaging elements to capture image information based on received light, and an optical filter disposed between the scintillator and the imaging elements, wherein an opacity of the optical filter is controllable.

Abstract: This invention relates to an optically coupled digital radiography method and apparatus for simultaneously obtaining two distinct images of the same subject, each of which represents a different x-ray energy spectrum. The two images may be combined in various ways such that anatomical features may be separated from one another to provide a clearer view of those features or of underlying structures. The two different images are obtained using a pair of scintillators separated by an x-ray filter that attenuates part of the x-ray spectrum of an x-ray exposure such that the first and second scintillators receive a different energy spectrum of the same x-ray exposure. Alternatively, the two different images can be obtained without a filter and with two scintillators made of different fluorescing materials that react differently to the same x-ray exposure.

Abstract: A radiation or neutron detector wherein lateral side light detecting optical fibers prepared from clear optical fibers that are scraped on a lateral side to permit side incidence of fluorescence are used to detect the fluorescence from a phosphor or a scintillator such that the background to gamma-rays is reduced. If desired, the optical fibers may be bent at 90 degrees and guided to a photomultiplier tube in order to reduce the size of the detector. Fabrication and maintenance of the detector can be facilitated by adopting such a design that a detecting block comprising a detection medium and lateral side light detecting optical fibers is separated from a readout block comprising clear optical fibers.

Abstract: Apparatus and assemblies for a borehole survey instrument are provided. A radiation detector includes a photo-detector, and a scintillator optically coupled to the photo-detector wherein the scintillator is formed in at least one of a cylindrical segment shape and a truncated frustocylindrical shape.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for providing nuclear medical imaging, in particular positron emission tomography, wherein a panel detector including scintillation blocks with a light guide is attached thereto. The scintillation block is arranged to cover a plurality of photosensors in an N by N configuration where there are outer photosensors which share light information from adjacent scintillation blocks and at least one center photosensor which does not share light information from adjacent scintillation blocks.

Abstract: A scintillation detector for measuring radioactive particle radiation includes at least one planar detector element made from a scintillator material. Each detector element is provided with a light guide which is placed on at least one planar side of the element, the light guide having two ends that are guided into an evaluation unit and which is configured as a wavelength shifting fibre. The evaluation unit includes one or more photomultipliers and a logic unit to which the signals of the photomultiplier(s) are applied. The two ends of the light guide are respectively connected to a separate photomultiplier or a channel of a photomultiplier and the outputs of the photomultiplier(s) are connected to the logic unit which produces an output signal for a detector element when the signals are substantially simultaneously applied to the ends of the light guide of a detector.