Abstract: A radiation detection assembly includes an ionization chamber for detecting radiation. An exterior enclosure houses the ionization chamber within an interior volume. A pair of support structures support the ionization chamber with respect to the exterior enclosure. The support structures are disposed opposite each other at a surface of the ionization chamber such that the ionization chamber is symmetric with respect to an axis extending between the support structures. A method of supporting the radiation detection assembly is also provided.

Abstract: An X-ray beam position and stability detector is provided having a first metal blade collinear with a second metal blade, where an edge of the first metal blade is opposite an edge of the second metal blade, where the first metal blade edge and the second metal blade edge are disposed along a centerline with respect to each other, where the metal blades are capable of photoelectron emission when exposed to an x-ray beam, a metal coating on the metal blades that is capable of enhancing the photoelectron emission, or suppressing energy-resonant contaminants, or enhancing the photoelectron emission and suppressing energy-resonant contaminants, a background shielding element having an electrode capable of suppressing photoelectron emission from spurious x-rays not contained in an x-ray beam of interest, and a photoelectron emission detector having an amplifier capable of detecting the photoelectron emission as a current signal.

Abstract: To the problem of measurement error becomes larger by superimposing the leakage current to the current signal of the radiation detector, the electric charge integration unit which outputs the sawtooth pulses by the discharge of the detected to charge the radiation is connected to a time of discharging the charge and is a constant current circuit is disconnected during the charge accumulation is provided, between the constant current circuit and the charge integrator, the leakage current of the switching circuit is connected a first backflow cutoff circuit suppresses during charge accumulation, the leakage current compensation circuit connected to an input of the storage unit of charge leakage of the said the first backflow cutoff circuit second backflow cutoff circuit having a second backflow shutoff circuit of one of the backflow cutoff equivalent characteristics current has to be offset in the opposite direction.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a radioactive ray detector for enabling to reduce the parasitic capacity lower than that of the conventional art, which is generated between the semiconductor elements of the radioactive ray detectors neighboring with, and a radioactive ray detecting apparatus applying that therein.

Abstract: A detector element with one or more attached antenna for the detection of high energy transmissions, including microwaves, lasers, electromagnetic signals, RF waves, radiation, and/or other transmissions emitted by a source including a weapon system. The element may also be used as a safety device to warn and alert personnel working around high energy devices of electromagnetic leaks.

Abstract: This application describes a radiation detector apparatus comprising: at least one optical fibre (104) suitable for distributed fibre optic acoustic/vibration sensing adjacent at least a first electrode (201) spaced apart from a second electrode (202) with a gas between the first and second electrodes.

Abstract: In order to obtain a dose-rate measuring system that reduces an influence of an electromagnetic induction noise acting around an ionization chamber and a signal converter, a cabinet of the ionization chamber, shields of cables, a cabinet of the signal converter, and a cabinet of a measuring unit are connected in series, and a single-point ground is performed at the measuring unit, and other units except the grounded measuring unit are insulated from the earth, and moreover, a heatproof insulating material having water repellency is coated on a fixed portion of the ionization chamber, whereby the ionization chamber is electrically insulated from a chassis at a fixed side, and the heatproof insulating material having water repellency is coated on a connecting portion of a connector for connecting a cable to another cable, after a waterproof process is performed on the connecting portion by using a bonding tape.

Abstract: Tiled substrates containing hollow gas filled plasma-shells for radiation detecting or sensing. The gas filled plasma-shells are placed on or within the surface of a substrate which may be a printed circuit board. Multiple substrates containing plasma-shells are tiled together edge to edge to form a self-supporting structure such as a dome or hemisphere for radiation detection.

Abstract: Particle therapy systems and methods for particle dose imaging are provided. A particle therapy system includes a particle beam source for generating a particle beam; and at least one particle detector including an ionization chamber having a mesh electrode. The at least one particle detector is configured to receive the particle beam and to generate an ionization current responsive to the received particle beam. The ionization current may be used to characterize the particle beam.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for optimizing the spectroscopy performance of a spectroscopy scintillator by surrounding the scintillator by a reflector material, performing a scan measuring resolution and light output at three or more axial locations on the crystal, where at least one location is close to the PMT or below the crystal (near the PMT) at least one location is at the end away from the PMT of the scintillator), and adjusting the surface finish of the crystal and/or the reflector to obtain equal light output and optimal resolution over the length and different azimuth of the crystal.

Abstract: A device and method for on line dosimetry monitoring of a hadron beam generated from a source of radiation and delivered to a target, the device comprising a plurality of support plates arranged in parallel in a face-to-face relation, separated from each other by gas filled gaps and perpendicularly to the central axis of said hadron beam, and forming a plurality of ionization chambers, each support plate having on a first side one or more collecting electrodes and on a second side one or more high voltage electrode, arranged in such a way that each support plate has said first side substantially opposed to said second side of another support plate. Each support plate has an opening so as to form an inner cavity for allowing the undisturbed passage of a central portion of the hadron beam delivered to said target and a peripheral region for intercepting and measuring, by means of said plurality of ionization chambers, a peripheral portion of said hadron beam.

Abstract: The readout electrode assembly of an avalanche particle detector can be effectively protected against sparks and discharges by means of a plurality of resistor pads formed in a dielectric cover layer above the readout pads. The resistor pads may either be connected directly to the readout pads, or may be coupled capacitively by means of a charge spreading pad embedded into the dielectric cover layer and spatially separated from the readout pads. The charge spreading pad allows the distribution of charges to neighboring readout pads, and may hence increase the spatial resolution of the detector device.

Abstract: The invention relates to an ionization chamber (10) comprising an inner spherical electrode (2), an outer spherical electrode (4), a space between the inner spherical electrode and the outer spherical electrode, and a resistive hollow body (3) provided in the said space, wherein electrical connections to the inner spherical electrode and electrical connection to the top of the resistive hollow body (3) are electrostatically shielded by that same resistive hollow body having a continuously varied local resistance along its axis. The invention further relates to a method of manufacturing an ionization chamber.

Abstract: A system for assaying an eluate for Technetium-99m and Molybdenum-99 content includes an inner ionization chamber including a well configured to receive the eluate, an outer ionization chamber concentric with the inner ionization chamber, and attenuating material positioned between the inner and outer ionization chambers. A computing device is configured to determine a Technetium-99m content of the eluate based on a first current measured in the inner ionization chamber, and determine a Molybdenum-99 content of the eluate based on at least a second current measured in the outer ionization chamber.

Abstract: A radiation detector includes a housing to contain a radiation detecting gas. The housing has a first thermal expansion over an operating temperature range. An elongate electrode extends within the housing and has opposing first and second ends, with the first end secured to adjacent portion of the housing. The elongate electrode has second thermal expansion over the operating temperature range defining a difference with respect to the first thermal expansion. A temperature compensator is coupled between the second end of the elongate electrode and an adjacent portion of the housing. The temperature compensator has a third thermal expansion over the operating temperature range to maintain a tension on the elongate electrode within a desired range over the operating temperature range.

Abstract: The radiation detector includes: a housing defining an enclosed space filled with a radiation detection gas; first and second electrodes opposing each other across the enclosed space; insulating materials covering surfaces of the first and second electrodes facing the enclosed space; and a voltage source for applying a voltage to the first and second electrodes, whereby a radiation sensor is formed. The radiation sensor is configured so that: in a radiation detection period, a predetermined voltage is applied between the first and second electrodes, and an electric charge is accumulated on the insulating materials by ions and/or electrons generated by ionization of the gas by incident radiation; and in a radiation measurement time, an electric discharge is caused by applying a reverse bias voltage from that applied to the first and second electrodes in the radiation detection period, and a firing voltage is measured.

Abstract: A detector-readout interface for an avalanche particle detector comprises a resistive layer formed at a bottom side of a gas chamber and a dielectric layer formed under said resistive layer and is adapted for capacitive coupling to an external readout board. This provides a modular detector configuration in which the readout card and detector core can be combined freely and interchangeably. The readout board can even be removed or replaced without switching off the detector. At the same time, the configuration provides an effective protection against sparks and discharges, and in particular obliviates the need for additional protecting circuits. The configuration may be employed in any avalanche particle detector, such as the MicroMegas or GEM detectors.

Abstract: A radiation monitor includes an ionization chamber for detecting radiation that passes into the ionization chamber. The ionization chamber generates a current flow in response to the detected radiation. An electrometer is electrically connected to the ionization chamber for measuring the current flow generated by the ionization chamber. The electrometer is operable in a plurality of modes based on a magnitude of the current flow generated by the ionization chamber. A method of measuring current flow through an electrometer of a radiation monitor is also provided.

Abstract: A radiation detection assembly that includes an ionization chamber having a cathode and an anode. The ionization chamber detects radiation that passes into the ionization chamber. The assembly includes an exterior enclosure defining a hollow internal volume within which the ionization chamber is enclosed. The exterior enclosure includes at least two layers. At least one of the layers provides an electromagnetic shield to the hollow internal volume and the ionization chamber enclosed therein.

Abstract: A discharge ionization current detector using a low-frequency barrier discharge is provided to improve the linearity of detection sensitivity with respect to a sample introduction amount. From a lower end of a lower gas passage connected to a lower end of an upper gas passage, a dilution gas is supplied upward against a downward flow of a plasma gas. A gas discharge passage for discharging a plasma gas, the dilution gas and a sample gas is arranged between an ion-collecting electrode and a bias voltage application electrode. The sample gas introduced through a capillary tube is mixed with the plasma gas and the dilution gas due to a disturbed flow generated by collision of the plasma gas and the dilution gas. The sample component is efficiently ionized by light from the plasma without undergoing light-shielding effect of concentrated sample components.

Abstract: An ionizing radiation detection system can include a self-quenching sensing element having a substantially sealed enclosure containing a plurality of gases. The plurality of gases can include an ionizing gas to ionize in response to receiving a particle of ionizing radiation. The plurality of gases can also include a halogen quenching gas. In a particular embodiment, the plurality of gases can include an oxygen-containing gas in an amount of at least approximately 5% by pressure of a total pressure of the plurality of gases. In another particular embodiment, the partial pressure of the oxygen-containing gas can be from approximately 2666 Pa to approximately 16000 Pa. In another embodiment, the radiation detection system can include an anode having a composition that is more resistant to erosion by gasses within the sensing element.

Abstract: A detector probe for detecting ionising radiation includes at least one detector (14) mounted on a support (12), and an electrically operated source of heat (18) arranged on the support in proximity to the detector so that the temperature of the detector may be changed by operation of the heat source. The detector probe may be used in the manufacture of a level gauge or density profiler.

Abstract: An “intelligent” UV curing assembly is disclosed. The “intelligent” assembly permits automated monitoring of performance parameters, part lifetime, and inventory control of internal parts. The “intelligent” assembly includes an on lamp microprocessor. The on lamp microprocessor may be configured to recognize the internal parts, record accumulated working time of each part, and sample and process data from the plurality of “intelligent” sensors.

Abstract: A radiation detecting device is provided, according to which it is possible use only one radiation detecting device to measure radiation and measure gamma ray and neutron at once and discriminately in a restricted space. The radiation detecting device includes a radiation detecting unit to measure gamma ray and neutron discriminately at once, and a signal processing circuit which applies voltage to the neutron detecting unit and indicates measured gamma ray and neutron discriminately.

Abstract: A neutron detector comprises at least two conductive cathode sheets lying parallel to one another and coated with neutron reactive material on at least one side thereof; dielectric material separating the cathode sheets and covering less than about 80% of their surface area; and a plurality of anode wires lying generally parallel to the cathode sheets and separated from them by the dielectric, with the distance between adjacent anode wires being no more than twenty times the distance between said cathode sheets. The cathode sheets may be flat or curved; they may be separate plates or they may be successive folds or windings of a single folded or spiral-shaped metal sheet. Related methods for building the detector are disclosed.

Abstract: Systems and methods for the detection, analysis, and collection of rare cellular events, wherein rare cellular events are defined by events comprising less than 5% of a total number of cells in a sample. The systems and methods generally include: (1) a flow cell dimensioned so as to permit a flow of a sample through the flow cell at a flow rate greater than 300,000 cells per second; (2) a laser positioned to emit a laser beam directed to the flow cell; (3) one or more deflector components disposed between the laser and the flow cell, wherein the deflector component is configured to affect a position of the laser beam relative to the sample flow; (4) one or more fluorescence emission detectors; and (5) one or more processor configured to detect rare cellular events based on fluorescence emission from cell-binding surface markers introduced into the sample prior to the sample being flowed through the flow cell.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for detecting radiation-of-interest, such as neutron radiation, employs a gas chamber, a gas that responds to ionizing particles by producing electrons and ions, a cathode that attracts ions, and a supporting layer with a conductive pathway. The conductive pathway collects electrons and responds to electrons that drift towards the conductive pathway by inducing production of further electrons and ions within the gas. The electrons that are collected at the conductive pathway and/or the ions that drift away from the conductive pathway will induce an electrical signal, which can be used to detect the radiation-of-interest.

Abstract: The invention provides novel Compton camera detector designs and systems for enhanced radiographic imaging with integrated detector systems which incorporate Compton and nuclear medicine imaging, PET imaging and x-ray CT imaging capabilities. Compton camera detector designs employ one or more layers of detector modules comprised of edge-on or face-on detectors or a combination of edge-on and face-on detectors which may employ gas, scintillator, semiconductor, low temperature (such as Ge and superconductor) and structured detectors. Detectors may implement tracking capabilities and may operate in a non-coincidence or coincidence detection mode.

Abstract: An ionizing radiation detection system can include a self-quenching sensing element having a substantially sealed enclosure containing a plurality of gases. The plurality of gases can include an ionizing gas to ionize in response to receiving a particle of ionizing radiation. The plurality of gases can also include a halogen quenching gas. In a particular embodiment, the plurality of gases can include an oxygen-containing gas in an amount of at least approximately 5% by pressure of a total pressure of the plurality of gases. In another particular embodiment, the partial pressure of the oxygen-containing gas can be from approximately 2666 Pa to approximately 16000 Pa. In another embodiment, the radiation detection system can include an anode having a composition that is more resistant to erosion by gasses within the sensing element.

Abstract: The invention is a method of depositing a solid layer (1) of boron on a metal support (2, 3) intended for a neutron detection apparatus (0) characterized in that it comprises at least one step of depositing at least one layer (1) comprising boron on the metal support (2, 3) and a step of cold-pressing of the metal support (2, 3) with the layer (1) comprising boron.

Abstract: The radiation detector includes: a housing defining an enclosed space filled with a radiation detection gas; first and second electrodes opposing each other across the enclosed space; insulating materials covering surfaces of the first and second electrodes facing the enclosed space; and a voltage source for applying a voltage to the first and second electrodes, whereby a radiation sensor is formed. The radiation sensor is configured so that: in a radiation detection period, a predetermined voltage is applied between the first and second electrodes, and an electric charge is accumulated on the insulating materials by ions and/or electrons generated by ionization of the gas by incident radiation; and in a radiation measurement time, an electric discharge is caused by applying a reverse bias voltage from that applied to the first and second electrodes in the radiation detection period, and a firing voltage is measured.

Abstract: A beta radiation monitor (70,90), comprising a gas flow proportional detector (60) for detecting beta radiation emitted by a beta emitter external to the detector; a fill gas supply (51) configured to supply a fill gas to the detector, wherein the fill gas comprises nitrogen; a temperature sensor (72) for measuring temperature; and a controller (64) in communication with the temperature sensor for adjusting an operational parameter of the monitor in accordance with the measured temperature. The operational parameter may comprise a voltage applied across the fill gas, which may be thermistor controlled, or a beta radiation detection threshold of the detector. The fill gas is supplied by a nitrogen generator. The gas flow proportional detector may be a large-area detector.

Abstract: A radiation beam analyzer for measuring the distribution and intensity of radiation produced by a Cyberknife®. The analyzer employs a relative small tank of water into which a sensor is placed to maintain a constant SAD (source to axis distance). A first method maintains a fixed position of detector, and raises or lowers the small tank of water. A second method moves the detector up, down or rotationally synchronously in opposite directions with respect to the small tank of water to keep the SAD constant. These methods position the detector relative to the radiation source to simulate the location of a malady within a patient's body. An embodiment of the present invention enables measurements of substantially larger fields. This is accomplished by rotating a tank of water 90 degrees from a first position to a second position.

Abstract: Micro-machined gaseous radiation detector that includes arrays of micro scale detector cells which have a small distance between the anode and cathode and require lower voltages.

Abstract: A readout board for use in a micropattern gas detector comprises a plurality of detector pads arranged into a plurality of consecutive layers that are separated by dielectric spacer material. An electron cloud hitting the front side of the readout board will induce a charge on one of the detector pads of the uppermost layer. By capacitive coupling, the signal will propagate downwards through the consecutive layers until it reaches the bottom layer, from which the charges are read out and analyzed. The position of the impact can be determined by comparing the charges that have spread to neighboring readout pads. Since only the bottommost layer of the readout pads needs to be connected to readout electronics, incident particles can be localized at high precision despite the relatively large size of the readout pads in the bottom layer. The invention is effective both in a gas electron multiplier (GEM) and in a MicroMegas detector.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for verifying the temperature compensation correction factor accuracy of an electrometer is provided. The electrometer includes an electrical amplifier to convert a current signal to a voltage signal. The electrometer also includes a compensation circuit to modify the voltage signal for temperature compensation. The electrometer further includes a heat producing device to induce a temperature change of the electrical amplifier and the compensation circuit. An environmental radiation monitor is also provided. The environmental radiation monitor includes a power supply, a high pressure ionization chamber, and the electrometer. The method includes providing an environmental radiation monitor, measuring the voltage signal at a first time, activating a heat producing device, measuring the voltage signal at a second time, and comparing the two measured values of the voltage signal.

Abstract: A radiation detector is formed from a plasma panel that includes a front substrate, and a back substrate that forms a generally parallel gap with the front substrate. X (column) and Y (row) electrodes are coupled by gas discharge events to define one or more pixels. Impedances are coupled to the X and Y electrodes, and a power supply is coupled to one or both types of electrodes. Discharge event detectors are coupled to the impedances.

Abstract: An ionizing radiation detector has conductive tubes arranged in parallel and containing a pressurized gas mixture, a conductive wire being pulled tight at the center of each tube and capable of being biased with respect thereto. Each tube is divided into isolated longitudinal sections. All the tube sections of a same transverse slice are electrically connected. Each group of sections of a same slice includes means for being connected to an elementary detector, wherein each slice is formed of a grid of blades.

Abstract: A micro sized ionization chamber that serves as a radiation detector for use in hard X-ray beamline applications. It is the simplest of all devices in this category. The small size allows for closer placement to the sample being measured, without sacrificing the accuracy and componentry of a larger sized, gas filled ionization chamber.

Abstract: An electrode for an ionization chamber and an ionization chamber including an electrode are provided wherein the electrode comprises a substrate comprising a first material, and a plurality of nanowires extending from the substrate and manufactured by processing the first material of the substrate.

Abstract: A readout board for use in a micropattern gas detector comprises a plurality of detector pads arranged into a plurality of consecutive layers that are separated by dielectric spacer material. An electron cloud hitting the front side of the readout board will induce a charge on one of the detector pads of the uppermost layer. By capacitive coupling, the signal will propagate downwards through the consecutive layers until it reaches the bottom layer, from which the charges are read out and analyzed. The position of the impact can be determined by comparing the charges that have spread to neighboring readout pads. Since only the bottommost layer of the readout pads needs to be connected to readout electronics, incident particles can be localized at high precision despite the relatively large size of the readout pads in the bottom layer. The invention is effective both in a gas electron multiplier (GEM) and in a MicroMegas detector.

Abstract: A method of generating a signal representing with an ion energy analyzer for use in determining an ion energy distribution of a plasma. The ion energy analyzer, used for determining an ion energy distribution of a plasma, includes a first grid and a second grid that is spaced away from and electrically isolated from the first grid. The first grid forms a first surface of the ion energy analyzer and is positioned to be exposed to the plasma. The first grid includes a first plurality of openings, which are dimensioned to be less than a Debye length for the plasma. A voltage source and an ion current meter are operably coupled to the second grid, the latter of which is configured to measure an ion flux onto the ion collector and to transmit a signal that represents the measured ion flux. The method includes selectively and variably biasing the second grid relative to the first grid.

Abstract: Anodes for proportional radiation counters and a process of making the anodes is provided. The nano-sized anodes when present within an anode array provide: significantly higher detection efficiencies due to the inherently higher electric field, are amenable to miniaturization, have low power requirements, and exhibit a small electromagnetic field signal. The nano-sized anodes with the incorporation of neutron absorbing elements (e.g., 10B) allow the use of neutron detectors that do not use 3He.

Abstract: In one embodiment of the invention, a method for irradiating a target is disclosed. A proton beam is generated using a cyclotron. A first information is provided to an energy selection system. An energy level for the protons is selected using an energy selection system based on the first information. The first information comprises a depth of said target. The proton beam is routed from the cyclotron through a beam transfer line to a scanning system. A second information is provided to the scanning system. The second information comprises a pair of transversal coordinates. The proton beam is guided to a location on the target determined by the second information using a magnet structure. The target is irradiated with the protons.

Abstract: A radiographic imaging device includes a gas avalanche detector detecting and locating X-ray or gamma ray ionizing radiation.

Abstract: A method for measuring high-energy radiation includes applying a voltage pulse to electrodes in an ion chamber filled with a gas capable of forming charged ions by the high-energy radiation; measuring an ion current signal related to ion currents induced by the voltage pulse; and determining a magnitude of the high-energy radiation based on the ion current signal.

Abstract: A detection method that allows a fast, reliable, inexpensive and highly sensitive indication of a release of a radiological aerosol. The release could be of an accidental nature or it could be a deliberate act of terrorism. The release can be abrupt and energetic, such as an explosive surrounded by low-level radioactive medical waste or nuclear waste (dirty bomb), or the release can be stealthy and subtle by silently and clandestinely aerosolizing a low-level radioactive powder into ambient air. The described invention also details how to inexpensively and reliably test for the presence of dangerous radon gas.

Abstract: A method for measuring high-energy radiation flux, comprising applying a low voltage to electrodes in an ion chamber filled with a fluid capable of forming ions through the interaction of the fluid with high energy radiation; measuring an ion current signal related to an ion current induced by the low voltage; determining a leakage current; determining a gain; determining a magnitude of the high-energy radiation flux based on the ion current signal, gain, and leakage current; and outputting the result of the magnitude of the high-energy radiation flux.

Abstract: An apparatus for detecting at least one of neutron and gamma ray reception and outputting a signal indicative of the reception. A detector is responsive to the at least one of neutron and gamma ray reception. The detector has a cathode, an anode separated by a space from the cathode, and a gas within the separating space. Charge is generated within the gas upon the at least one of neutron and gamma ray reception at the cathode and the charge passes to the anode as a detection. A processing arrangement is operatively connected to the anode for outputting the signal indicative of the detection. A light irradiation arrangement for introducing a light irradiation causes charge within the gas that replicates the charge generated upon detection and that causes output of a signal that replicates the signal indicative of the detection.

Abstract: The present invention includes a method for radiation detection. The present invention utilized boron-coated detectors as a new alternative to large 3He tubes that will address the timing limitations of 3He-based detectors in active interrogation systems, by providing a 100-times faster ion collection time. This may enable the counting of prompt neutrons starting within 10 ?s following each gamma ray pulse. Current 3He-based detectors can only count delayed neutrons, and the linac pulse rate is severely limited by the lengthy times required to count these very late neutrons. If detection of the prompt component can be achieved, up to 150 times more neutrons can be detected in each pulse and pulse rate can be increased by more than 10 fold, giving a net sensitivity gain of 1500 while using the same detection array and linac.