Abstract: A nanostructure, being either an Inorganic Fullerene-like (IF) nanostructure or an Inorganic Nanotube (INT), having the formula A1?x-Bx-chalcognide are described. A being a metal or transition metal or an alloy of metals and/or transition metals, B being a metal or transition metal B different from that of A and x being ?0.3. A process for their manufacture and their use for modifying the electronic character of A-chalcognide are described.

Abstract: The invention provides a novel n-type thermoelectric conversion material which comprises low-toxic and abundant elements, and has excellent heat-resistance, chemical durability and the like, as well as high thermoelectric conversion efficiency, the thermoelectric conversion material comprises a metal oxynitride thermoelectric conversion material which has a composition represented by formula Ti1-xAxOyNz (wherein A is at least one element selected from the group consisting of transition metals of the 4th and 5th periods of the periodic table, and 0?x?0.5, 0.5?y?2.0, 0.01?z?0.6), and has an absolute value of thermoelectric power of at least 30 ?V/K at 500° C. or above, and a novel n-type thermoelectric conversion material, a thermoelectric conversion element and a thermoelectric conversion module comprising the above metal oxynitride can also be provided.

Abstract: The present invention provides a thermoelectric material useful for a thermoelectric converter having excellent energy conversion efficiency, and a method for producing the thermoelectric material. The thermoelectric material comprising an oxide containing Ti, M, and O and the oxide is represented by Formula (1). Ti1-xMxOy??(1) M represents at least one selected from the group consisting of V, Nb, and Ta, x is not less than 0.05 and not more than 0.5, and y is not less than 1.90 and not more than 2.02.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to perovskite nanostructures of Formula ABO3, wherein A and B represent one or more metals with A having a valence lower than B, to methods of making the perovskite nanostructures of Formula ABO3 comprising their synthesis within and precipitation from reverse micelles, and the use of the perovskite nanostructures of Formula ABO3 as capacitors, and their use in dynamic random access memory, electromechanics, and non-linear optics.

Abstract: To provide a process for producing a lithium-containing composite oxide for a positive electrode for a lithium secondary battery, which is excellent in the volume capacity density, safety, charge and discharge cycle durability and low temperature characteristics. A process for producing a lithium-containing composite oxide represented by the formula LipNxMmOzFa (wherein N is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Co, Mn and Ni, M is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Al, alkaline earth metal elements and transition metal elements other than N, 0.9?p?1.2, 0.97?x<1.00, 0<m?0.03, 1.9?z?2.2, x+m=1 and 0?a?0.

Abstract: A thermoelectric material includes a composition represented by the following formula (A): (Tia1Zrb1Hfc1)xNiySn100-x-y??(A) where 0<a1<1, 0<b1<1, 0<c1<1, a1+b1+c1=1, 30?x?35, and 30?y?35. The composition includes at least two MgAgAs crystal phases different in a lattice constant, and, assuming that X-ray diffraction peak intensity from a (422) diffraction plane of a first MgAgAs crystal phase having a smallest lattice constant and X-ray diffraction peak intensity from a (422) diffraction plane of a second MgAgAs crystal phase having a largest lattice constant be I1 and I2, respectively, a value of I1/(I1+I2) is in a range of 0.2 to 0.8.

Abstract: A thermoelectric conversion material contains a metal oxide comprising M1, M2 and oxygen, wherein M1 is at least one selected from the group consisting of Ca, Sr and Ba and may contain an element selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, K, Mg, La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Bi and Pb, and wherein M2 comprises Cu as an essential element and may contain an element selected from the group consisting of Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co and Ni. The mole ratio of M2 to M (M2/M1) is 1.2 to 2.2.

Abstract: A thermoelectric conversion material, a method for producing the same, and a thermoelectric conversion device are provided. The thermoelectric conversion material includes an oxide represented by formula (1): M1Oy (1), where M1 is at least one selected from the group consisting of V, Nb and Ta, and 1.90?y?2.10 or an oxide represented by formula (2): M11?xM2xOy (2), where M1 and y are as in formula (1), M2 is selected from the group consisting of Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Zr, Hf, Mo and W, and 0?x?0.5.

Abstract: Methods of forming a multilayer circuit comprising: a) forming a patterned array of vias in a plurality of layers of green tape; b) filling the vias in one or more of the green tape layers from (a); c) printing over at least one surface of the green tape layers from step (b) with at least one patterned layer of a thick film composition consisting essentially of: i) electrically conductive powder; ii) an inorganic binder wherein the inorganic binder is selected from TiO2 and any compounds that can generate TiO2 during firing and any one of the following compounds: Sb2O3, Co3O4, PbO, Fe2O3, SnO2, MnO, CuO and mixtures thereof; and iii) an organic medium, ?wherein the total inorganic binder is in the range of 0.6 wt. % to about 2 wt. % of the total composition. d) laminating the printed green tape layers from step (d) to form an assemblage comprising a plurality of unfired interconnected functional layers separated by unfired green tape; and e) cofiring the assemblage from step (d).

Abstract: A lithium insertion-type positive electrode material based on an orthosilicate structure and electrical generators and variable optical transmission devices of this material are provided.

Abstract: The invention provides for a thermoelectric system comprising a substrate comprising a first complex oxide, wherein the substrate is optionally embedded with a second complex oxide. The thermoelectric system can be used for thermoelectric power generation or thermoelectric cooling.

Abstract: An interconnect composite material having a coefficient of thermal expansion close to that of zirconia electrolyte, high electrical conductivity, high stability in both oxidizing and reducing atmosphere at temperatures from 600 to 900° C. and having the following general composition (1-z)[xNi+(1-x-y)TiO2+yNb2O5]+zCuO where x, y and z are corresponding parties of weight. An interconnect plate of this material is manufactured by sintering an intermediate TiO2—Nb2O5 composition, grinding it to a powder, combining the powder with NiO, CuO and an organic binder, tape casting the mixture, stacking the fabricated film into multiple layers, repeated rolling of the multiple layers into sheets and two-step sintering of the sheets in an air atmosphere at the first step and in a hydrogen atmosphere at the final step.

Abstract: Process for preparing a ceramic from an inorganic base material that is in the form of a powder having a high melting point, comprising a step of mixing the powder of the inorganic base material with a second inorganic component also in powder form and which acts as a dopant for the inorganic base material. The dopant is constituted by a single inorganic material or by a mixture of at least two inorganic materials having a dopant effect on the inorganic base material. The process comprises a sintering step carried out at a high temperature. The ceramics obtained, because of their high density, are advantageously used as a target element. Films and electrodes obtained from these ceramics exhibit particularly advantageous properties.

Abstract: A method of forming on at least one support at least one metal containing dielectric films having the formula (M11-a M2a) Ob Nc, wherein: 0?a<1, 01 and M2 being metals Hf, Zr or Ti using precursors with pentadienyl ligands and/or cyclopentadienyl ligands.

Abstract: Mixtures are provided of lithium salts with reducing agents for lithium evaporation. The mixtures may be particularly used in the manufacture of electroluminescent organic displays. Lithium dispensers based on the use of these mixtures are also provided.

Abstract: Provided is a cathode active material including a lithium metal oxide of Formula 1 below: Li[LixMeyMz]O2+d ??<Formula 1> wherein x+y+z=1; 0<x<0.33; 0<z<0.1; 0?d?0.1; Me is at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Al, Mg, Zr, and B; and M is at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Mo, W, Ir, Ni, and Mg.

Abstract: Active materials of the invention contain at least one alkali metal and at least one other metal capable of being oxidized to a higher oxidation state. Preferred other metals are accordingly selected from the group consisting of transition metals (defined as Groups 4-11 of the periodic table), as well as certain other non-transition metals such as tin, bismuth, and lead. The active materials may be synthesized in single step reactions or in multi-step reactions. In at least one of the steps of the synthesis reaction, reducing carbon is used as a starting material. In one aspect, the reducing carbon is provided by elemental carbon, preferably in particulate form such as graphites, amorphous carbon, carbon blacks and the like. In another aspect, reducing carbon may also be provided by an organic precursor material, or by a mixture of elemental carbon and organic precursor material.

Abstract: A transparent oxide electrode film is provided to have crystalline indium oxide as its main component in which the indium in the indium oxide is substituted with titanium at a titanium/indium atomic ratio between 0.003 and 0.120, and the resistivity of the transparent oxide electrode film is 5.7×10?4 ?cm or less, so as to provide excellent transmittance for both the visible light region and the infrared light region, and low resistivity.

Abstract: In a positive electrode of a non-aqueous electrolyte battery, at least one metal oxide selected from the group consisting of titanium dioxide, alumina, zinc oxide, chromium oxide, lithium oxide, nickel oxide, copper oxide and iron oxide is dispersed between particles of an active substance for the positive electrode, whereby a discharge capacity or a discharge-recharge capacity of the non-aqueous electrolyte battery is improved.

Abstract: In manufacturing a ceramic multi-layer wiring substrate which is formed by stacking a plurality of ceramic layers and which includes an internal wiring, a ceramic paste is printed using a screen printing process on a part of a ceramic green sheet to be a ceramic layer having the internal wiring formed thereon which part does not include the internal wiring, to form between the ceramic layers a ceramic filling layer including a same ceramic component as that in the ceramic layers which ceramic filling layer is not formed on the internal wiring. The ceramic paste includes a ceramic component, an acrylic resin, and a cellulose resin, and loss factor tan ? of the paste represented by (loss modulus)/(storage modulus) in a dry condition after printing is equal to or greater than loss factor tan ? of a conductor paste layer to be the internal wiring in a dry condition.

Abstract: A Ti-precursor for forming a Ti-containing thin layer represented by the formula I below, a method of preparing the same, a method of preparing a Ti-containing thin layer by employing the Ti-precursor and the Ti-containing thin layer are provided: wherein X1 and X2 are independently F, Cl, Br or I; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; m is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7; and R1 and R2 are independently a linear or branched C1-10 alkyl group. The Ti precursor for forming the Ti-containing thin layer can be deposited at a deposition temperature of approximately 150° C.˜200° C., and a Ti-containing thin layer with a high performance character can be prepared.

Abstract: A composition of matter and method of use of an electrode for intermediate temperature electrochemical devices. An electrode consists essentially of a perovskite based oxide having a composition of La1-xSr1-xMn1-yCryO3-? and the electrode can be used at intermediate operating temperatures of 650-800° C.

Abstract: Disclosed is metal composite oxides having the new crystal structure. Also disclosed are ionic conductors including the metal composite oxides and electrochemical devices comprising the ionic conductors. The metal composite oxides have an ion channel formed for easy movement of ions due to crystallographic specificity resulting from the ordering of metal ion sites and metal ion defects within the unit cell. Therefore, the metal composite oxides according to the present invention are useful in an electrochemical device requiring an ionic conductor or ionic conductivity.

Abstract: A number of materials with the composition Li1+xNi?Mn?Co?M??O2?zFz (M?=Mg,Zn,Al,Ga,B,Zr,Ti) for use with rechargeable batteries, wherein x is between about 0 and 0.3, ? is between about 0.2 and 0.6, ? is between about 0.2 and 0.6, ? is between about 0 and 0.3, ? is between about 0 and 0.15, and z is between about 0 and 0.2. Adding the above metal and fluorine dopants affects capacity, impedance, and stability of the layered oxide structure during electrochemical cycling. Another aspect of the invention includes materials with the composition Li1+xNi?Co?Mn?M??OyFz (M?=Mg,Zn,Al,Ga,B,Zr,Ti), where the x is between 0 and 0.2, the ? between 0 and 1, the ? between 0 and 1, the ? between 0 and 2, the ? between about 0 and about 0.2, the y is between 2 and 4, and the z is between 0 and 0.5.

Abstract: The present invention includes compositions and methods of making cation-substituted and fluorine-substituted spinel cathode compositions by firing a LiMn2-y-zLiyMzO4 oxide with NH4HF2 at low temperatures of between about 300 and 700° C. for 2 to 8 hours and a ? of more than 0 and less than about 0.50, mixed two-phase compositions consisting of a spinel cathode and a layered oxide cathode, and coupling them with unmodified or surface modified graphite anodes in lithium ion cells.

Abstract: To provide a process for producing a lithium-containing composite oxide for a positive electrode of a lithium secondary battery, which has a large volume capacity density, high safety, excellent durability for charge and discharge cycles and excellent low temperature characteristics.

Abstract: The invention provides a novel n-type thermoelectric conversion material which comprises low-toxic and abundant elements, and has excellent heat-resistance, chemical durability and the like, as well as high thermoelectric conversion efficiency, the thermoelectric conversion material comprises a metal oxynitride thermoelectric conversion material which has a composition represented by formula Ti1-xAxOyNz (wherein A is at least one element selected from the group consisting of transition metals of the 4th and 5th periods of the periodic table, and 0?x?0.5, 0.5?y?2.0, 0.01?z?0.6), and has an absolute value of thermoelectric power of at least 30 ?V/K at 500° C. or above, and a novel n-type thermoelectric conversion material, a thermoelectric conversion element and a thermoelectric conversion module comprising the above metal oxynitride can also be provided.

Abstract: Process for preparing nanocrystalline lithium titanate spinels by reacting lithium hydroxide and a titanium alkoxide at elevated temperature in a reaction mixture which forms water of reaction.

Abstract: It is an object of the present invention to provide a raw material powder for stably obtaining a dense sinter that is prevented from cracking, and a method for manufacturing this powder, and a method for manufacturing a lanthanum-based oxide ion conductor in which this raw material powder is used. The raw material powder manufacturing method of the present invention is a method for manufacturing a raw material powder for forming an oxide ion conductor composed of a multi-component metal oxide including lanthanum or lanthanide, wherein a mixed powder blended such that all of the elements constituting said multi-component metal oxide are included is prefired, after which this prefired powder is exposed to water or moist gas so as to expand at least some of the particles in said powder. Alternatively, two types of mixed powder with different components are prefired separately, after which the prefired powders are blended in a specific ratio.

Abstract: A composite oxide suitable for an active material of a positive electrode for a lithium secondary cell which can be used in a wide range of voltage, has a large electric capacity and excellent low temperature performance and is excellent in the durability for charge-discharge cycles and highly safe, a process for its production, and a positive electrode and a cell employing it, are presented. The composite oxide is a lithium-cobalt composite oxide which is represented by the formula LiCo1-xMxO2, (wherein 0?x?0.02 and M is at least one member selected from the group consisting of Ta, Ti, Nb, Zr and Hf), and which has a half-width of the diffraction peak for (110) face at 2?=66.5±1°, of from 0.070 to 0.180°, as measured by the X-ray diffraction using CuK? as a ray source.

Abstract: A thick film composition consisting essentially of: a) electrically conductive powder; b) an inorganic binder wherein the inorganic binder is selected from TiO2 and any compounds that can generate TiO2 during firing and any one of the following compounds: Sb2O3, CO3O4, PbO, Fe2O3, SnO2, ZrO2, MnO, CuOx and mixtures thereof; and c) an organic medium.

Abstract: A thick film composition consisting essentially of: a) electrically conductive powder; b) an inorganic binder wherein the inorganic binder is selected from TiO2 and any compounds that can generate TiO2 during firing; and c) an organic medium.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a hole transport layer of an organic EL display, comprising: a material including one of a PEDOT which is a mixture of a poly (3,4)-ethylenedioxythiophene and a polystyrenesulfonate, a PANI which is a mixture of a polyaniline and a polystyrenesulfonate, and an aromatic amine derivative; and an organic compound derivative having the general structure, R1R2MR3R4, where “M” denotes one metal selected from a group consisting of Ti, Pt and one metal among elements belonging to groups 3A and 4A of periods 3 to 5.

Abstract: This invention provides a method of producing a laminate type dielectric device free from peeling of an electrode layer and a ceramic layer and from voids in both electrode layer and ceramic layer, and an electrode paste material. The invention relates also to an electrode paste material for constituting electrode layers of a laminate type dielectric device produced by at least the steps of alternately laminating ceramic layers 11 containing a lead element as a constituent component and electrode layers 2, and degreasing and baking the laminate, wherein the electrode paste material contains CuO as a principal component of a starting material of an electrically conductive material, a solvent, a binder, and a cooperative material consisting of at least one kind of the main components constituting the ceramic layer 11.

Abstract: A highly accurate reduction resistant thermistor exhibiting stable resistance characteristics even under conditions where the inside of a metal case of a temperature sensor becomes a reducing atmosphere, wherein when producing the thermistor comprised of a mixed sintered body (M1 M2)O3.AOx, the mean particle size of the thermistor material containing the metal oxide, obtained by heat treating, mixing, and pulverizing the starting materials, is made smaller than 1.0 ?m and the sintered particle size of the mixed sintered body, obtained by shaping and firing this thermistor material, is made 3 ?m to 20 ?m so as to reduce the grain boundaries where migration of oxygen occurs, suppress migration of oxygen, and improve the reduction resistance.

Abstract: An electrode for a bipolar cell or battery comprises a plate like body made of hardened resin containing particles of titanium suboxide or other electrically conductive particulate arranged to form electrical paths. A method of testing the body for porosity is also disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for producing a low temperature 0-3 composite material, comprising the steps of providing a mixture, wherein the mixture comprises a liquid phase and a particulate phase and wherein the liquid phase comprises a reactive metal alkoxide; depositing the mixture on to a plastic substrate; and consolidating the mixture to provide a 0-3 composite material, wherein the 0-3 composite material is suitable for use as an electronic component.

Abstract: A ceramic bearing ball in which at least a portion of a constituent ceramic is formed of an electrically conductive inorganic compound phase, whereby a proper electrical conductivity is imparted to the ceramic. Thus, electrifying of a bearing ball is prevented or effectively suppressed. This prevents the problem involved in production of balls of small diameter wherein such balls adhere to an apparatus (e.g., a container) during production thereof, thus hindering smooth progress of the production process. In addition, when ceramic balls are used in precision electronic equipment, such as a hard disk drive of a computer, which is operated at high rotational speed, adhesion of foreign substance due to electrification of the balls, and resultant generation of abnormal noise or vibration can be prevented or effectively suppressed.

Abstract: The present invention provides an ink jet head comprising a head substrate 1, a heat-generating resistor 3 and a pair of electrodes 4, which are attached on the head substrate 1, and a top plate 6 disposed above the head substrate 1, the ink jet head being capable of ejecting ink, with which the space between the head substrate 1 and the top plate 6 is filled, through an ink ejection opening by means of heat of the heat-generating resistor, wherein the heat-generating resistor is made of a silicon oxide material selected from the group consisting of (1) a material consisting of TaxSiOy (1.30≦x≦1.70 and 1.20≦y≦1.95), (2) a material consisting of NbxSiOy (1.4≦x≦1.9 and 1.4≦y≦1.9), (3) a TiC—SiO2 resistive material, a TiC content in the resistive material being set within a range from 55 to 90 mol %, and (4) a Ta—Ni—SiOx (1.2≦x≦2.

Abstract: A semiconductor ceramic contains erbium as a semiconducting agent in primary components of barium titanate, strontium titanate, lead titanate and calcium titanate, with the average grain diameter of the semiconductor ceramic exceeding about 5 &mgr;m but not exceeding about 14 &mgr;m. Further, the semiconductor ceramic contains as additives a compound containing Er with the Er being more than about 0.10 mol but no more than about 0.33 mol, a compound containing Mn with the Mn being about 0.01 mol or more but no more than about 0.03 mol, and a compound containing Si with the Si being about 1.0 mol or more but no more than about 5.0 mol, per 100 mol of the primary component. Thus, a semiconductor ceramic and positive-temperature-coefficient thermistor can be provided with high-flash-breakdown capability, excellent results in ON-OFF application tests and few irregularities in resistance values.

Abstract: A cathode material for a lithium secondary battery having a high capacity, an excellent cycle property, and an excellent thermal stability. The cathode material for the lithium secondary battery is a layered compound having a general formula: LixNi1-a-b-c-dCOaM1bM2cM3dO2, wherein M1, M2, M3 are selected from Ti, Mg, B and Al and wherein the characters x, a, b, c and d respectively satisfy 1.0≦x≦1.2; 0.3≦a≦0.3; 0.005≦b≦0.1; 0.005≦c≦0.1; 0.005≦d≦0.1; and 0.115≦a+b+c+d≦0.

Abstract: Provided is a semiconductor ceramic and a semiconductor ceramic element each having a room temperature specific resistance of 3 &OHgr;·cm or lower and a resistance temperature characteristic of 9%/° C. or more. The semiconductor ceramic is characterized in that the ratio R1/(R1+R2), in which R1 is the transgranular resistance value of the crystal particles and R2 is the intergranular resistance value of the crystal particles and R1+R2 is the overall resistance value representing the sum of R1 and R2, is about 0.35 to 0.85.

Abstract: The performance of electrochemical energy devices such as batteries, fuel cells, capacitors and sensors is enhanced by the use of electrically conducting ceramic materials in the form of fibers, powder, chips and substrates.

Abstract: Disclosed are (1) a titania-zirconia powder having at least a part of the zirconia solid-dissolved in the titania crystalline phase or at least a part of the titania solid-dissolved in the zirconia crystalline phase, (2) a titania-zirconia powder containing 3 to 30 wt % of zirconia and 0.5 to 10 wt % of yttria and containing less than 20 wt %, in total, of at least a complex oxide having a composition of ZrTiO4 or (Ti,Zr) O2, monoclinic phase zirconia, and tetragonal phase zirconia, wherein the titania-zirconia powder comprises an anatase phase, and which retains a specific surface area of 34 m2/g or more after heat-treated at 900° C. for 5 hours in the air, and (3) a titania-zirconia powder wherein the titania-zirconia powder (1) or (2) having an average particle size of 1 &mgr;m or smaller is mutually dispersed with an alumina powder; and processes for producing the powders are disclosed.

Abstract: An electrode for electrochemical processes comprising an electrically conductive wire having a coating of a polymer having dispersed in it Magneli phase oxide particles, at least half the mass thereof being constituted by particles with diameters in the range 200 to 1000 &mgr;m. This results in a very substantial increase in conductance compared with the conventional use of particles in the approximate range 1-50 &mgr;m. To avoid breakdown of the rather fragile particles, the energy absorbed in mixing the oxide with the polymer should be restricted to at most 200J/g.

Abstract: A target material for sputtering composed of a perovskite type composite oxide sintered body of the general formula BaxSr1−xTiO3−y (where 0≦x<1 and 0≦y<0.5), in which the content of each element in the group consisting of Na, K, Mg, Fe, Ni, Co, Cr, Cu, and Al is 1 ppm or less and the content of each element of U and Th is 1 ppb or less. A thin film of BaxSr1−xTiO3 deposited by use of the target material exhibits outstanding dielectric properties, reduces the leakage current that has been a problem in the art, and prevents software error. The invention also provides a sputtering target of a sintered body having a relative density of 97% or more and an average grain diameter of 3 &mgr;m or less. It permits the manufacture of thin films with few particle defects and enhanced mechanical strength.

Abstract: The invention provides a resistor material comprising a conductive material and an additive; said conductive material comprising a material represented by the general formula of NbxLa1−xB6−4x (x=0.1 to 0.9) and/or a material comprising 100 to about 90 mol % of NbB2 and 0 to about 10 mol % of LaB6; and said additive comprising titanium oxide, cobalt oxide and zinc or silicon oxide or comprising AlN and TiO2.

Abstract: Electron emission materials consisting of carbides, borides, and oxides, and related mixtures and compounds, of Group IVB metals Hf, Zr, and Ti, Group IIA metals Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba, and Group IIIB metals Sc, Y, and lanthanides La through Lu are used in electrodes. The electron emission materials include ternary Group IVB-IIIB, IVB-IIA, and IIIB-IIA oxides and quaternary Group IVB-IIIB-IIA oxides. These electron emission materials are typically contained in a refractory metal matrix formed of tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum, rhenium, and their alloys, but may also be used by themselves. These materials and electrodes have high melting points, low vapor pressures, low work functions, high electrical and thermal conductivity, and high thermionic electron emission and field emission properties.

Abstract: An electrically conductive polymer composition comprises a moldable organic polymer having hollow carbon microfibers and an electrically conductive white powder uniformly dispersed therein, the carbon fibers being present in an amount of 0.01 wt. % to less than 2 wt. % and the electrically conductive white powder being present in an amount of 2.5-40 wt. %, each percent range based on the total weight of the composition, the amounts of carbon microfibers and white powder being sufficient to simultaneously impart the desired electrical conductivity to the composition and white pigmentation to the composition.

Abstract: A frequency synthesizer phase locked loop includes a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) providing a variable frequency signal, a reference frequency oscillator providing a reference frequency signal, a phase comparison circuit for comparing the phases of the variable frequency and reference frequency signals and providing an output signal to a loop filter, the output of the loop filter providing a frequency control signal to the VCO. The phase comparison circuit includes a digital phase detector providing an output signal on an output line coupled to a charge pump for providing a first output signal to the loop filter; and an analog phase detector including a sample and hold circuit, and a control circuit responsive to the variable and reference frequency signals for providing a signal for sampling to the sample and hold circuit, the sample and hold circuit providing a second output signal to the loop filter.