Abstract: In select embodiments of the present invention, a method for optimizing thermal transfer capacity of a fluid employs multi-walled carbon nano-tubes (MWCNTs) and a surfactant such as Gum Arabic (GA), that are mixed into a fluid, such as water, according to a specific protocol and energized via ultrasound until a specified amount of total energy is applied. For select embodiments, the maximum demonstrated enhancement of an aqueous fluid in thermal conductivity is 20% and in convective heat Transfer is 32%. The thermal conductivity enhancement increased considerably at bulk temperatures greater than 24° C. The percentage enhancement in convective heat transfer in a tube increases with axial distance. The resultant optimized fluid is also described.

Abstract: A conformable, spreadable, electrically nonconductive, thermally conductive, thermally stable and phase separation resistant paste substantially consisting of fumed oxide dispersed in a non-aqueous paste-forming vehicle is disclosed. The fumed oxide is preferably silane-treated. This invention also discloses a thermal contact enhancing interface material comprising the paste, which, upon compression between two solid surfaces, forms a material that enhances the thermal contact between the surfaces. In addition, a method of providing a thermal contact between two solid surfaces is disclosed. This method comprises disposing between and in contact with the surfaces a material comprising the paste and applying a pressure to cause the paste to conform to the topography of said surfaces.

Abstract: The present invention relates to maintaining the fundamental physical properties of a liquid alkali metal with dispersed nanoparticles which is such that nanoparticles are uniformly dispersed and mixed in a liquid alkali metal used in heat exchange, cooling and other applications, and suppressing the reaction of the liquid alkali metal with dispersed nanoparticles. Provided is a method of manufacturing a liquid alkali metal with dispersed nanoparticles by dispersing nanoparticles in a liquid alkali metal. In this method, the nanoparticles are made of a metal having a large atomic bonding due to a combination with the liquid alkali metal compared to the atomic bonding of atoms of the liquid alkali metal and a metal having a large amount of charge transfer is used in the nanoparticles. The liquid alkali metal is selected from sodium, lithium and sodium-potassium alloys, and the nanoparticles to be dispersed are made of transition metals, such as titanium, vanadium, chromium, iron, cobalt, nickel and copper.

Abstract: Electrically insulating layers having increased thermal conductivity, as well as associated devices and methods are disclosed. In one aspect, for example, a printed circuit board is provided including a substrate and an electrically insulating layer coated on at least one surface of the substrate, the electrically insulating layer including a plurality of hBN particles bound in a binder material.

Abstract: Thermal interface materials are disclosed that include or are based on thermally reversible gels, such as thermally reversible gelled fluids, oil gels and solvent gel resins. In an exemplary embodiment, a thermal interface material includes at least one thermally conductive filler in a thermally reversible gel.

Abstract: Provided is an apparatus for heat transfer that includes a device and a mechanism for transferring heat to or from the device, comprising using a heat transfer fluid, wherein the heat transfer fluid includes a hydrofluorocarbonate. Also provided is a method for transferring heat that includes providing a device and using the heat transfer fluid that includes a hydrofluorocarbonate to transfer heat to or from the device.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a thermal vector system for solar concentration plants, in particular for parabolic trough solar concentration plants, both for industrial and domestic use, comprising a solid state thermal vector. A preferred solar concentration plant comprises one or more solar collectors (1), an heat exchanger (3-5), a heat accumulator (2) and a connecting pipe circuit, in which a solid state thermal vector is pushed through said circuit by mechanical means (6).

Abstract: An apparatus for production of a clathrate hydrate with enhanced latent heat storing capability includes a gas supplier for supplying a gas to an aqueous solution containing a quaternary ammonium compound, and a cooler for cooling the aqueous solution, the apparatus producing the clathrate hydrate with enhanced latent heat storing capability including both the quaternary ammonium compound and the gas as guests by supplying the gas to the aqueous solution with the gas supplier in the stage of cooling with the cooler.

Abstract: A solar panel comprises an array of solar cells, a cooling arrangement, and thermal glue which thermally connects the solar cells to the cooling fins. The whole may be enclosed within a frame and backing. The thermal glue may be a silicon cream, or a mixture of silicon cream and metallic particles.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a heat accumulator composite material, a method for the manufacture thereof and a heat accumulator device. The object of the invention is therefore to provide heat accumulator materials, a method for the manufacture thereof and heat accumulator devices that exhibit high thermal capacities and heat accumulator capacities. The solution of the object is accomplished through a heat accumulator composite material that comprises a plurality of carbon particles and a thermally conducting material, wherein the material differs from the carbon particles. The manufacture of the thermal accumulator composite material according to the invention is accomplished by combining a plurality of carbon particles and a thermally conducting material for the formation of a mixture, and heating the mixture in a partial vacuum to a temperature above the melting point of the thermally conducting material.

Abstract: A heat transfer fluid comprising a carrier fluid and a nano-additive is provided. The heat transfer fluid is manufactured by dispersing the nano-additive in the carrier fluid. The nano-additive comprises nano-particles having a porous structure that provides dispersion stability of the nano-additive in the heat transfer fluid. The nano-additive structure has an aspect ratio of about 1.0 to about 10,000, a porosity of about 40% to about 85%, a density of about 0.4 g/cc to about 3.0 g/cc, an average pore diameter of about 0.1 nanometer to about 100 nanometers, and a specific surface area of about 1 m2/g to about 4000 m2/g. The nano-additive increases the heat transfer efficiency of the heat transfer fluid and also reduces the moisture content of the heat transfer fluid.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of an exothermic mixture of at least i) an acidic anhydride or an acid salt and of at least ii) a basic anhydride or a basic salt, in a cold, warm or semi-warm bituminous mix based on a bituminous binder containing water in order to increase the temperature of the bituminous mix. It also relates to a process for manufacturing a bituminous mix using the exothermic mixture, to the bituminous mix capable of being obtained by this process and to the use thereof for the manufacture of a road surface. It additionally relates to the use of the exothermic mixture in order to dry the aggregates and to the aggregates containing this mixture. Finally, it relates to the use of the exothermic mixture in a bitumen emulsion.

Abstract: Aqueous corrosion inhibitor compositions, preferably storage-stable, useful in acidic cleaning solutions for cleaning the surfaces of metal, comprising reaction products of at least one rosin amine component, at least one non-flammable liquid ketone component, at least one carboxylic acid component, at least one paraformaldehyde component and water; aqueous acidic cleaners prepared therefrom; and methods of their use. The inventive corrosion inhibitor compositions are made by a simple process which reduces the presence of toxic and/or flammable raw materials, co-products, residual reactants and chloride ion while providing acid inhibition in aqueous acidic cleaners.

Abstract: An multiple inorganic compound (1) according to the present invention is a multiple inorganic compound (1) including a main crystalline phase (2) including an inorganic compound, the main crystalline phase (2) including a sub crystalline phase (3) having an elementary composition different from that of the main crystalline phase (2) however including a non-metallic element arrangement identical to that of the main crystalline phase 2. Furthermore, each of the main crystalline phase (2) and the sub crystalline phase (3) include at least one metallic element, and the at least one of the metallic element included in the sub crystalline phase (3) is identical to a metallic element included in the main crystalline phase (2), which metallic element identical to that included in the sub crystalline phase is formed as a solid solution in the main crystalline phase (2).

Abstract: Heat-transfer fluids and lubricating fluids comprising deaggregated diamond nanoparticles are described herein. Also described are composites comprising deaggregated diamond nanoparticles, and methods of making such composites. Method of using deaggregated diamond nanoparticles, for example, to improve the properties of materials such as thermal conductivity and lubricity are also disclosed.

Abstract: Disclosed is a carbon fibrous aggregator obtained by a chemical vapor phase growing method, which comprises plural granular parts, and plural carbon fibers which are mutually independently extended outwardly from their respective granular parts so that each granular part is associated with two or more of carbon fibers, wherein the carbon fibers show a three dimensional expansion in all; and which show a three dimensional network structure of the carbon fibers at least in a part by a state that at least a part of the plural carbon fibers extended from one granular part is linked with another granular part; wherein mean length of carbon fibers which link two granular parts together is of 3.0-20.0 ?m, and wherein a coefficient of variation, CV, ((standard deviation/mean value)×100) which is obtained on a determination of outer diameter distribution of the carbon fibers which constitute the aggregator of carbon fiber is not more than 30%.

Abstract: The present invention relates to mixtures of alkali metal polysulfides and to mixtures of alkali metal polysulfides and alkali metal thiocyanates, to processes for preparation thereof, to the use thereof as heat transfer or heat storage fluids, and to heat transfer or heat storage fluids which comprise the mixtures of alkali metal polysulfides or the mixtures of alkali metal polysulfides and alkali metal thiocyanates.

Abstract: A composition for the transport and storage of heat energy, which comprises alkali metal polysulfides of the formula (Me1(1-x),Me2x)2Sz, where Me1 and Me2 are selected from the group of alkali metals consisting of lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and cesium, Me1 is different from Me2 and x is from 0 to 1 and z is from 2.3 to 3.5.

Abstract: Azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions are disclosed. The azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions are mixtures of E-1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene with methyl formate, n-pentane, 2-methylbutane, trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane, n-butane or isobutane. Also disclosed is a process of preparing a thermoplastic or thermoset foam by using such azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions as blowing agents. Also disclosed is a process of producing refrigeration by using such azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions. Also disclosed is a process of using such azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions as solvents. Also disclosed is a process of producing an aerosol product by using such azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions. Also disclosed is a process of using such azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions as heat transfer media. Also disclosed is a process of extinguishing or suppressing a fire by using such azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions.

Abstract: Azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions are disclosed. The azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions are mixtures of Z-1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene with methyl formate, pentane, 2-methylbutane, 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutane, trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane, dimethoxymethane, or cyclopentane. Also disclosed is a process of preparing a thermoplastic or thermoset foam by using such azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions as blowing agents. Also disclosed is a process of producing refrigeration by using such azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions. Also disclosed is a process of using such azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions as solvents. Also disclosed is a process of producing an aerosol product by using such azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions. Also disclosed is a process of using such azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions as heat transfer media.

Abstract: It is possible to provide a heat storage substance, a heat storage agent, a heat transport medium, and a cold insulation agent having low corrosiveness and a high latent heat quantity at a low cost, their production method, and a cold reservoir and a cold insulator containing the heat storage substance as content. The heat storage substance is characterized by containing a tri-n-butylalkylammonium salt and water. The heat storage substance is characterized by containing either tri-n-butyl-n-pentylammonium bromide or tri-n-butyl-n-pentylammonium chloride and water. The heat storage agent is characterized by containing a tri-n-butylalkylammonium salt and water. The heat storage agent is characterized by containing either tri-n-butyl-n-pentylammonium bromide or tri-n-butyl-n-pentylammonium chloride and water. The heat transport medium is characterized by containing a tri-n-butylalkylammonium salt and water.

Abstract: An article of manufacture comprises a carbon-containing matrix. The carbon-containing matrix may comprise at least one type of carbon material selected from the group comprising graphite crystalline carbon materials, carbon powder, carbon fibers, artificial graphite powder, or combinations thereof. In addition, the carbon-containing matrix comprises a plurality of pores. The article of manufacture also comprises an additive that is not a metal pressure disposed within at least a portion of the plurality of pores.

Abstract: Fluids comprising graphite particles and related methods are generally described. In some embodiments, “microfluids” are described. Generally, the microfluids can comprise a fluid and a plurality of graphite particles with microscale dimensions.

Abstract: An apparatus having a composite sea-based structure with a first carbon nanotube infused material and a second carbon nanotube infused material. The first and second carbon nanotube infused materials each having a range of carbon nanotube loading selected to provide different functionalities.

Abstract: An apparatus having a composite air-based structure with a first carbon nanotube infused material and a second carbon nanotube infused material. The first and second carbon nanotube infused materials each having a range of carbon nanotube loading selected to provide different functionalities.

Abstract: A bonding material including a meltable joining material and a plurality of heterostructures distributed throughout the meltable joining material, the heterostructures comprising at least a first material and a second material capable of conducting a self-sustaining exothermic reaction upon initiation by an external energy to generate heat sufficient to melt the meltable joining material.

Abstract: A thermal energy storage composition having improved fire retardant properties comprising: A) particles of organic phase change material (PCM), B) particles of fire retarding magnesium hydroxide and/or aluminium hydroxide, and/or C) magnesia cement, in which the particles of (A) organic phase change material are distributed uniformly throughout particles of (B) magnesium hydroxide and/or aluminium hydroxide and/or throughout (C) magnesia cement. The composition is suitable for producing a variety of articles having thermal energy storage properties and/or temperature regulation. Suitable articles include fibres, fabrics, foams, heating and cooling devices and building materials.

Abstract: Wiping products, such as facial tissues, contain a temperature change composition that can provide a cooling sensation when contacted with the skin of a user. The temperature change composition is structured emulsion that may include a phase change material, a carrier, a surfactant, and a crystalline initiator. The phase change materials, in one embodiment, can have a relatively high heat of fusion. When undergoing a phase change, the temperature change composition absorbs heat and thereby provides a cooling feeling or cooling sensation to the skin of a user.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a composition for temperature control and heat storage consisting of sodium sulfate decahydrate, a compound of copolymers, a kind of fibers, a fusion temperature-depressing salt, a nucleating agent, and water, and a method of making it. The composition has high heat storage capacity and temperature control ability of about 35-65 Kwh/m3 within human comfort temperature level of 16 to 28° C., stable and suitable for temperature control and heat storage in buildings and houses.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods of producing manufactured aggregates and other compositions from an encapsulated PCM slurry, suspension or emulsion by combining a cementitious binder and an adsorbent and/or absorbent with the PCM slurry. The encapsulated PCM can be introduced as damp cake or dry form as alternatives to the liquid forms. Fire resistant aggregates can be produced in an agglomeration process. The ingredients can also be mixed to form a viscous mass which can be extruded or otherwise formed to produce useful products.

Abstract: A composition for deicing or for the preparation of a heat transfer fluid is provided. The composition comprises a mixture of at least two carboxylic acid salts having a t/c ratio of 2 or lower, including a dicarboxylic salt and a monocarboxylic salt, said dicarboxylic salt being present in the mixture in an amount of at least 50 wt % of the weight of the mixture, on a dry basis. More particularly, said mixture is including a succinate and a formate, wherein the succinate is in an amount of at least 50 wt %, on a dry basis. Also provided is a method for deicing a surface or preventing the accumulation of ice, snow or a mixture thereof on a surface, comprising a step of applying on a surface covered by ice, snow or a mixture thereof, or susceptible of being covered by ice, snow or a mixture thereof, the above composition. The composition is also useful for the preparation of a heat transfer fluid coolant to be used in a heat transfer system comprising a heat transfer fluid provided with a cooling system.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a winter precipitation barrier composition, comprising: a retaining agent, a solvent, and optionally, an auxiliary component, such as a rheology/viscosity modifier, surfactant, detergent, foaming/defoaming additive, humectant, dye, colorant, fragrance, or a combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the retaining agent comprises a primarily hydrophobic monomer or a hydrophilic monomer.

Abstract: A low-melting point, heat transfer fluid comprising a mixture of LiNO3, NaNO3, KNO3, NaNO2 and KNO2 salts where the Li, Na and K cations are present in amounts of about 20-33.5 mol % Li, about 18.6-40 mol % Na, and about 40-50.3 mol % K and where the nitrate and nitrite anions are present in amounts of about 36-50 mol % NO3, and about 50-62.5 mol % NO2. These compositions can have liquidus temperatures between 70° C. and 80° C. for some compositions.

Abstract: Disclosed is a new compound semiconductor represented by the chemical formula: Bi1-x-yLnxMyCuOTe where Ln belongs to the lanthanoid series and is any one or more elements selected from the group consisting of La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu, M is any one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Ba, Sr, Ca, Mg, Cd, Hg, Sn, Pb, Mn, Ga, In, Tl, As and Sb, and 0<x<1, 0?y?1 and 0<x+y<1. The compound semiconductor can replace a conventional compound semiconductor or be used as a thermoelectric conversion device together with a conventional compound semiconductor.

Abstract: Thermoelectric conversion materials, expressed by the following formula: Bi1-xMxCuwOa-yQ1yTeb-zQ2z. Here, M is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ba, Sr, Ca, Mg, Cs, K, Na, Cd, Hg, Sn, Pb, Eu, Sm, Mn, Ga, In, Ti, As and Sb; Q1 and Q2 are at least one element selected from the group consisting of S, Se, As and Sb; x, y, z, w, a, and b are 0?x<1, 0<w?1, 0.2<a<4, 0?y<4, 0.2<b<4 and 0?z<4. These thermoelectric conversion materials may be used for thermoelectric conversion elements, where they may replace thermoelectric conversion materials in common use, or be used along with thermoelectric conversion materials in common use.

Abstract: The present disclosure utilizes the phase change properties of various phase change materials, specifically of 1-decanol and 1-dodecanol. Blood platelets and biological tissues that are chemically unstable at high temperatures can be maintained between 20° C. and 24° C. using 1-Dodecanol in a disclosed container. Temperature sensitive pharmaceutical products may be maintained between 2° C. to 8° C. using 1-Decanol in a disclosed container. The present disclosure may be used to control the temperature of such products during transport by confining the temperature of the product within a predetermined range. This permits light weight packaging with the maintenance of temperatures in narrow, pre-selected ranges over extended periods of time. A nylon and low density polyethylene thermal blanket comprising cells substantially filled with phase change material, which is advantageously puncture proof, durable, and capable of surrounding any payload, is disclosed.

Abstract: Adhesive compositions that contain thermally conductive carbon-based materials that are also electrically insulated; methods for using such adhesive compositions and methods for their preparation.

Abstract: Composites comprising a continuous matrix formed from compounds having a rock salt structure (represented by the structure “MQ”) and inclusions comprising chalcogenide compounds having a rock salt structure (represented by the structure “AB”) are provided. Composites having the structure MQ-ABC2, where MQ represents a matrix material and ABC2 represents inclusions comprising a chalcogenide dispersed in the matrix material are also provided.

Abstract: A two component low temperature heat transfer composition comprising 18% to 76% by volume of an ether component and 82% to 24% by volume of an alkylbenzene component which composition transfers thermal energy to itself from a material which is to be cooled and maintains a prolonged liquid phase in the temperature range from room temperature of about 68° F. to a very cold ?175° F.; said composition being continually rejuvenated by exposure in alternating cycles to cryogenic or refrigerant materials, such as liquid nitrogen which removes thermal energy from the ether alkylbenzene composition which is maintained in a prolonged liquid phase throughout said temperature range which makes it suitable for use in very cold applications.

Abstract: A heat dissipating material includes a carbon substrate having an uneven structure on a surface thereof, and a size of the uneven structure is on the nanometer-order.

Abstract: Provided are a method for preparing zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles and a method for preparing ZnO nanofluid using the same. The method for preparing ZnO nanoparticles includes: a) heating deionized water; b) dissolving zinc (Zn) salt in the deionized water to prepare a precursor solution; c) adding solid alkali salt to the precursor solution to prepare a dispersion of ZnO nanoparticles; and d) separating the ZnO nanoparticles by solid-liquid separation and washing them with deionized water. Highly pure, crystalline ZnO nanoparticles with spherical shape and very narrow particle size distribution of 10 to 50 nm can be prepared quickly and at large scale and low cost using inexpensive materials via a stable low-temperature process, without using a dispersant. The associated low-temperature, normal-pressure process produces few harmful materials and may be easily employed for production of ZnO nanoparticles.

Abstract: An adsorption structure is described that includes at least one adsorbent member formed of an adsorbent material and at least one porous member provided in contact with a portion of the adsorbent member to allow gas to enter and exit the portion of the adsorbent member. Such adsorption structure is usefully employed in adsorbent-based refrigeration systems. A method also is described for producing an adsorbent material, in which a first polymeric material is provided having a first density and a second polymeric material is provided having a second density, in which the second polymeric material is in contact with the first polymeric material to form a structure. The structure is pyrolyzed to form a porous adsorbent material including a first region corresponding to the first polymeric material and a second region corresponding to the second polymeric material, in which at least one of the pore sizes and the pore distribution differs between the first region and the second region.

Abstract: A thermoelectric composite including a thermoelectric material matrix, a plurality of ceramic nanoparticles, and a bipolar dispersant, wherein the bipolar dispersant bonds the ceramic nanoparticles to the thermoelectric material matrix.

Abstract: A (meth)acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesive foam reduced in the amount of a foaming adjuvant compared with the conventional foam and having a high air bubble content, and a method for producing the same are provided. The foam includes a partial polymer having (a) one or more alkyl (meth)acrylate monomers having one reactive unsaturated group, the alkyl group having 12 or less carbon atoms, (b) a monomer for crosslinking, which is copolymerizable with the component (a), and (c) a copolymer of the component (a) and the component (b); a thermally conductive filler; and a foaming adjuvant containing surface modified nanoparticles having a particle diameter of 20 nm or less, wherein a crosslinked structure containing the component (c) is formed in the curable composition.

Abstract: A controlled release additive composition for use in aqueous coolant systems is disclosed and comprises a core containing at least one additive component and a polymeric coating including one or more defined polymers substantially surrounding the core. The controlled released additive composition slowly releases the additive component into the aqueous coolant of an open, circulating cooling water system, thereby delivering an effective concentration level of the additive component over an extended period.

Abstract: A functional cotton spray composition includes: 100 parts by weight of cotton fibers having a length of 3 mm or less; 0.5 to 5 parts by weight of a phase change material; 0.5 to 1 parts by weight of a titanium dioxide photoactive catalyst; 0.5 to 2 parts by weight of at least one natural pigment selected from the group consisting of a pine needle powder, a green tea powder, a mugwort powder, an indigo plant powder, a gardenia powder, a charcoal powder and a yellow soil powder; 0.5 to 5 parts by weight of a dispersant; 5 to 20 parts by weight of a viscosity improver; 10 to 20 parts by weight of an organic flame retardant; 5 to 15 parts by weight of an inorganic flame retardant; 0.5 to 3 parts by weight of an antimicrobial and antifungal agent; and 300 to 600 parts by weight of viscosity-controlling water.

Abstract: A low density component, such as hollow microspheres, dispersed in a binder to produces a material having a surface that is comfortable to the touch even after extended exposure to an energy source, such as direct sun light.

Abstract: The present invention relates to compositions of a nanofluid, which comprises a thermal transfer fluid and carbon nanoparticles. The nanofluid may be hydrophilic nanofluids, such as a coolant, or hydrophobic nanofluids, such as nanolubricants or nanogreases. In particular, the present invention provides a homogenous hydrophilic nanofluid, which contains soluble carbon nanotubes in the hydrophilic thermal transfer fluid. The present invention also provides a nanogrease, which is a sustainable dispersion of solid carbon nanotubes in a hydrophobic thermal transfer fluid. The solid carbon nanotubes function as both as a thickener to modulate viscosity and as a solid heat transfer medium to enhance thermal conductivity and high temperature resistance.

Abstract: A process for making a composite material and the composite materials having thermoelectric properties

Abstract: A method for forming the crosslinkable thermal interface materials disclosed herein comprises a) providing at least one saturated rubber compound, b) providing at least one amine resin, c) crosslinking the at least one saturated rubber compound and the at least one amine resin to form a crosslinked rubber-resin mixture, d) adding at least one thermally conductive filler to the crosslinked rubber-resin mixture, and e) adding a wetting agent to the crosslinked rubber-resin mixture. This method can also further comprise adding at least one phase change material to the crosslinked rubber-resin mixture. The contemplated thermal interface material can be provided as a dispensable liquid paste, a gel, a tape, or a film. Applications of the contemplated thermal interface materials described herein comprise incorporating the materials into a layered material, an electronic component or a finished electronic product.