Abstract: A unitary reactor system for the alkylation of benzene with olefins. The hydrocarbon reactants are sprayed horizontally from a plurality of openings in a number of vertical conduits which extend upward into a lower portion of the vessel. The conduits are surrounded by a vertical reaction tube having a circular catalyst inlet at its bottom end and which contains a mixing means located above the conduits. A hydrocarbon phase is retained in the upper portion of the vessel and an acid phase surrounds the reaction tube, with the interface of the two liquid phases being maintained above the open upper end of the reaction tube.

Abstract: In a hydro-massage jet fitting for a hot tub wherein the fitting includes a venturi air-induction system which mixes air with water before pumping the water into the tub, there is disclosed an improvement wherein the passageway to conduct air to the fitting extends through the side wall of the tub to an annular space surrounding the body of the fitting and the fitting is modified to conduct the air from this space into the body.

Abstract: An apparatus for introducing gas, e.g. atmospheric oxygen, into a liquid such as waste water or sewage comprises a plurality of ribs of airfoil cross-section and forming venturi nozzles which are first constricted and then widened in the direction of liquid flow. The ribs are formed with minute passages for introducing the gas into the liquid perpendicular to the direction of liquid flow across the ribs.

Abstract: A method of and apparatus for transferring gas to liquid, for example, air to liquid in an aeration process. Included is a novel combination air-liquid conduit and a method of making same, a novel jet aerator wherein the outlet section is shortened to include only a converging portion, a novel aeration system utilizing the conduit and jet aerator aforesaid and a novel coupling means for mounting the aerator on the conduit.

Abstract: A single-stage reactor in the form of two concentric tubes and, one acting as a central stack and the other as a wall of reactor, widening out towards the top; a gas diffuser at the bottom of the stack, enabling gas to be injected into the liquid column above the diffuser, while a vesicle remover is located in the upper part of reactor; pipes and for feeding in the reagents, and a pipe for forcing back the gaseous phase at the top of reactor; a connection inclined by over 45.degree. to an extension of the horizontal and establishing direct communication between the bottom of reactor and a decanting chamber; and a vertical degassing tube located between connection and decanting chamber.Application of this arrangement to the reaction between finely divided aluminum, hydrogen and at least one olefin having 2 to 30 carbon atoms, at a temperature of from 100.degree. to 200.degree. and a pressure of 30 to 200 bars, in a perfectly homogeneous medium for the preparation of alkylaluminums.

Abstract: A method and a device for restoration of lakes by oxygen-enriching of the water. A lake having a depth exceeding 8-10 meters is oxygenated by air-treatment of the lower and colder hypolimnion layer only. Air is introduced into the hypolimnion and is prevented from rising and thereby reach the upper, warmer epilimnion layer by an air-entrapping bell-shaped housing which is located above the air introduction spot. The device comprises a vertical tube the upper end of which terminates within said housing and the lower end of which carries an air nozzle. The tube acts as an air-lift pump by which the water is circulated through the housing. The housing is provided with an air outlet at its uppermost part and water outlets at its lowermost part. To the water outlets there are connected ducts for distributing oxygenated water out over the lake. The outlet ducts are provided with air collecting chambers in which a secondary entrapping of air bubbles takes place.

Abstract: A humidifier-nebulizer apparatus is disclosed which includes a liquid reservoir having a sterile liquid such as water contained therein, the liquid reservoir having a sealed wall portion adapted to be pierced by the piercing element of an adapter head when mounted on the liquid reservoir. The adapter head may be attached to a source of pressurized gas, such as oxygen, and includes control valve means movable to discharge a nebulized gas-liquid mixture from the adapter head during a nebulizing mode of operation. The control valve means is also adjustable to a position to introduce oxygen into the liquid reservoir in a manner to effect discharge of humidified oxygen through a discharge port on the liquid reservoir.

Abstract: A single-vessel apparatus for desulfurization of flue-gas containing gaseous sulfurous acid, in which the flue gas is contacted with an absorption liquid to thereby have the sulfurous acid content in the flue gas absorbed by said absorption liquid and, at the same time, oxidized by an oxygen-containing gas and further fixed, comprising: a gas dispersing plate member; a weir member; said gas dispersing plate member and said weir member forming in the single vessel first and second zones, the first one being a zone in which the flue gas is contacted with and absorbed by the absorption liquid, the second one being a reservoir of the absorption liquid; a flue gas introduction portion for feeding flue gas from below said gas-dispersing plate member to said first zone; a pipe through which to feed a sulfurous acid gas-fixing agent into the vessel; a pipe for discharging the absorption liquid; a treated gas-discharging outlet; a liquid-raising pipe disposed between a lower portion of said second zone and the flue ga

Abstract: A pressurizer relief or surge tank for connection with the pressurizer of a pressurized-water coolant system, has the usual tank partly filled with water and with a pressurized-gas cushion above the water. For more uniform relief action, the bottom of the tank contains a distribution pipe means rather closely fitting the inside contour of the tank and having a large number of distributing holes in its upper periphery, both transversely and circumferentially, a pipe having an upper end for connection with the coolant pressurizer, extending through the top of the tank and down to the pipe means in the tank's bottom, where the pipe connects with the pipe means by a system of radial connecting pipes.

Abstract: The contact area between a first phase of a multi-phase system and a liquid second phase of the system is increased by effecting transient electrical discharges between electrodes immersed in the liquid second phase or in a volume of liquid in acoustic communication with the liquid second phase. The first phase can be in the form of a particulate solid, a gas, or a liquid of lower density than that of the second phase. The first phase is mingled with the second phase by a bubbling technique where the first phase has a lower density than the second phase. The hydraulic shock waves produced by the electrical discharges disperse the bubbles or particles of the first phase in the liquid second phase and thus increase the contact area between the phases.

Abstract: A system wherein a first dust-containing gas current is jetted out through a jetting port. A gas current is jetted out from a direction opposed to the first gas current, and both gas currents are made to collide with each other. The flow velocity of the dust-containing gas current is made to quickly and infinitely approach zero and only the contained dust is made to advance by its inertia force. A washing liquid is sent into the gas collision system, and the dust in the gas current is made to collide with the washing liquid at a high velocity by its inertia force. The dust in the gas is caught with the washing liquid. To make the dust-containing gas current collide with the gas current opposed to it, the dust-containing gas is pressed into a dust collector with means, such as a pump, and is jetted out through jetting ports opposed to each other in the dust collector.

Abstract: A mixing vessel is provided for the treatment of wastes with aerobic bacterial cultures having high-turbulent mixing under conditions supportive of rapid waste digestion. The mixing vessel has a chamber therein with a sparger depending into the central portion and providing streams of incoming untreated waste feed that are distributed radially from the longitudinal axis of the vessel. Medially positioned in the chamber is an annular collector concentric to the sparger for withdrawing waste material under treatment into a recirculation loop. The collector is operatively associated with a recirculation pump, a system outlet, an aeration fluid delivery means and a jet injector. The jet injector has a nozzle for propelling at high velocities a jet of fluids upwardly into the chamber along the longitudinal axis. The jet is comprised of recirculation wastes and entrained air.

Abstract: Waste such as sewage or industrial effluent is emulsified by cavitation with acoustical energy and the emulsion is then ozonated to provide a purified product.

Abstract: An apparatus for dissolving at least one gas in a liquid comprises an eductor submerged in a liquid, desirably in combination with a high turbulence mixing device, so that synergistic results are obtained. The inlet portion of the eductor generally has an inward convergence towards a throat. The outlet portion of the eductor has an outward divergence. A diffuser which generally carries the gas mixed with a liquid extends through the eductor inlet portion and through the throat portion into the outlet portion. In a desired embodiment, the diffuser is connected or attached to a high turbulence mixing device such as desirably, a flat plate orifice in a conduit. An injection tube extends through the flat plate orifice downstream into the conduit pipe and injects a gas into the liquid to produce a gas-liquid mixture.The apparatus dissolves an exceedingly high amount of gas into a liquid and requires very low amounts of energy.

Abstract: This invention is a method to remove entrained mist from vapor comprising passing the vapor through a U-shaped conduit, having downward facing slots, then through a liquid to remove the mist and taking the vapor overhead from the liquid and drawing off the excess liquid containing the removed mist.

Abstract: A reaction vessel for continuously producing an aromatic carboxylic acid sparingly soluble in a solvent by liquid-phase oxidizing a corresponding alkyl aromatic compound with a molecular oxygen-containing gas in the presence of a lower aliphatic carboxylic acid solvent and an oxidation catalyst. The adhesion of the aromatic carboxylic acid on the inside wall of the reaction vessel at the interface between the vapor-phase portion and the liquid-phase portion is prevented by locating in the reaction vessel a means such as a porous annular pipe for spraying onto the inside wall of the reaction vessel above the level of the reaction liquid a part of a solvent-catalyst mixture supplied continuously to the reaction vessel.

Abstract: A humidifier-nebulizer apparatus is disclosed which includes a liquid reservoir having a sterile liquid such as water contained therein, the liquid reservoir having a sealed wall portion adapted to be pierced by the piercing element of an adapter head when mounted on the liquid reservoir. The adapter head may be attached to a source of pressurized gas, such as oxygen, and includes control valve means movable to discharge a nebulized gas-liquid mixture from the adapter head during a nebulizing mode of operation. The control valve means is also adjustable to a position to introduce oxygen into the liquid reservoir in a manner to effect discharge of humidified oxygen through a discharge port on the liquid reservoir.

Abstract: A method and a device for restoration of lakes by oxygenation of the water. A lake having a depth exceeding 8-10 meters is oxygenated by air-treatment of the lower and colder hypolimnion layer only. Air is introduced into the hypolimnion and is prevented from rising and thereby reaching the upper, warmer epilimnion layer by an air-entrapping bell-shaped housing which is located above the air introduction zone. The device comprises a vertical tube, the upper end of which terminates within said housing and the lower end of which is equipped with an air nozzle. The tube acts as an air-lift pump by which the water is circulated through the housing. The housing is provided with an air outlet at its uppermost part and water outlets at its lowermost part. Ducts for distributing oxygenated water over the lake are connected to the water outlets.

Abstract: A self-contained disposable unit for converting a liquid to aerosol or for humidifying a gas includes gas inlet means and an enclosed container having a liquid supply reservoir and an outlet for the aerosol or for the humidified gas. A nozzle assembly for producing aerosol extends into the container above the liquid supply reservoir and a dual purpose conduit in communication with the liquid supply reservoir either carries liquid from the reservoir to the nozzle assembly during nebulization or passes gas into the liquid in the reservoir during humidification. The unit also includes valve means for selectively diverting gas from the gas inlet means to the nozzle assembly for nebulization or through the dual purpose conduit into the liquid in the liquid supply reservoir for humidification.

Abstract: A vessel is adapted to contain a liquid phase and a tubular guide baffle in the vessel has spaced open ends one of which at least in part bounds a venturi-shaped passage. A rotary impeller in the vessel has an axial inlet communicating with the one open end and a plurality of peripheral outlets which communicate with the axial inlet. A drive is provided for rotating the impeller so that centrifugal action causes expulsion of liquid phase from the outlets and thereby creates suction in the venturi-shaped passage to draw additional liquid phase from the guide baffle into the inlet. Gas admitting arrangements are provided, including a plurality of nipples communicating with the passage and with a conduit through which gas is supplied, so that the suction in the venturi-shaped passage draws gas from the source via the conduit and the nipples and the gas becomes admixed with the liquid phase.

Abstract: A plurality of support brackets are placed within a basin of a system for the aerobic treatment of liquid waste materials and are arranged in a pattern beneath continuous lines in a gas distribution line array, the lines being attached to the brackets, and mixer-aerator devices are capable of ready attachment to the brackets to enable selective location of a mixer-aerator devices over orifices placed in the line array at the brackets, or ready detachment from the brackets to enable selective removal of the mixer-aerator devices without disturbing the attachment of the lines to the brackets, the balance within the gas distribution line array, or the ability of the system to continue to operate, despite the removal of some mixer-aerator devices, without further modification of the system.

Abstract: The mat is arranged to be connected to an air distribution device and a blower, and comprises a substantially rectangular, flat, and relatively elongated hollow body of a suitable material, such as plastic or rubber, with upper and lower walls forming, respectively, upper and lower support surfaces for a patient's body, and interconnected by side and end walls. The body has an upper portion, including the upper wall, formed with a plurality of air chambers and with air passages, and a lower portion, including the lower wall, having ribs or elevations extending therefrom. The upper wall is pressure-formed to define a plurality of channels or grooves extending longitudinally and centrally of the body and a plurality of channels or grooves extending laterally outwardly from the central grooves or channels. The bases of these grooves are formed with perforations opening through the upper wall.

Abstract: Apparatus for administering humidified gas (e.g., oxygen) to a patient includes a plastic connector for connection to an oxygen supply and having an oxygen supply tube therein. A spike portion on the connector or on a diffuser at the lower end of the supply tube is caused to pierce the stopper in an intravenous solution bottle after which the supply tube is pushed to the bottom of the solution bottle. Oxygen from the supply tube is delivered to the bottom of the bottle through small holes at the bottom end of the supply tube or in the diffuser. The humidified oxygen enters a chamber formed by a part of the interior of the connector portion that is not occupied by the supply tube. The humidified gas then leaves the chamber and enters a conduit on the connector that is telescoped with a nasal cannula. The connector has a hole covered by the cannula tubing or by another piece of tubing such that the tubing expands upon excess pressure being in the connector to act as a safety valve.

Abstract: Drop line devices for the supply of fluid cargo to the bottom of a tank, especially in combination with cargo circulation units comprising pump means for driving the cargo from and back to the tank. The devices comprise a conduit for arrangement substantially vertically in the tank. The upper end of the conduit is for connection to a pressure source of the cargo. The lower end is connected to a discharge head formed with stationary guide surfaces adapted to direct the outflow of cargo over a predetermined angle in a plane along the bottom of the tank.

Abstract: A knockout pot for separating pyrolysis oil and heavy hydrocarbon constituents from gaseous constituents in the vapor discharge from a flash pyrolysis process. The knockout pot includes a closed vessel having an inlet pipe extending vertically through the top of the vessel to the interior, the pipe having a plurality of discharge holes in the lower end of the inlet pipe. A quench liquid input is connected tangentially to the inlet pipe on the outside of the vessel, imparting a swirling motion to the quenching liquid. The quench liquid is withdrawn from the vessel and recirculated.

Abstract: Apparatus for agitating and aerating sewage and industrial waste comprising a plurality of flexible, inflatable cells disposed in the bottom of a liquid waste holder and means for supplying and withdrawing air to and from the cells so as to cause them to periodically inflate and deflate, whereby the liquid is agitated by the varying water displacement of the cells. Aeration is accomplished by providing the cells with gas-escape orifices that permit air to escape from the cells into the surrounding liquid at controlled rates in the form of small bubbles that rise in the liquid and make intimate contact with suspended solids.

Abstract: A stream of fluid mass, particularly a viscous fluid mass, is mixed by dividing the stream by high pressure fluid means into a plurality of substreams and imparting a predetermined rotational flow pattern in a first direction to alternate substreams and imparting a rotational flow pattern opposite in direction to said first direction to the remaining substream. An apparatus for achieving the foregoing is described.

Abstract: A convertible function water vapor generating device is provided for use with medical oxygen delivery systems for creating a nebulizing mist suspended in the oxygen flow and for creating a bubble humidified oxygen flow. An oxygen handling component may be connected to a refillable and/or disposable water container which may be prefilled and which preferably has a passageway for directly accessing the bottom of the water supply held therein. A heater for heating water accessed may reside as part of the handling component which also may contain a nebulization nozzle and a nebulizer-humidifier function control.

Abstract: A water and other fluids supply container is provided for use in the medical field with oxygen humidifiers and nebulizers and the like. Included may be a collapsible plastic reservoir having an attachment mechanism for mating to the mist generating apparatus. An access opening to the interior of the bag above the normal fluid level preferably exists at the attachment mechanism. A passageway may extend into the bottom of the bag to access the fluid located therein.

Abstract: A disposable container wherein a thermoplastic sheet, having formed ribbed protrusions extending from one face of the sheet, forms one wall of the container. The protrusions are shaped to snap into a grooved coupling member such that the protrusions are urged into sealing relation with a gasket in the coupling member to detachably secure the container to the coupling member. At least one passage is formed in the thermoplastic sheet permitting delivery of fluid into or out of the container through the coupling member.

Abstract: An improved air-foam generating apparatus adapted for use beneath the water in a bath or wash basin, the apparatus including a diffuser plate of porous material having minute pores ranging from 0.013 mm to 0.48 mm, the diffuser plate comprising a sintered, fine-powdered aluminum oxide grain vitrified at a temperature of 1,300.degree. centigrade. The fine bubbles producing direct and indirect stimuli on the skin of a bather improving the general condition and improving blood circulation.

Abstract: Gas-liquid contact reaction efficiency in a two stage heavy black liquor oxidation process is improved by co-current contact in the first stage and countercurrent contact in the second stage or vice versa. Such improved efficiency is sustained by preventing the obstruction of gas discharge nozzles.

Abstract: This invention relates to a diffuser adapted to aerate a fluid medium, such as sewage in which it may be immersed. The diffuser consists essentially of two elements, namely, a T shaped member, the leg of which is provided with a central bore and adapted to be connected to a source of a fluid medium, such as air, under pressure, while the top is preferably flat and disc shaped. Overlying said top, is a cap or cover which is flexible and adapted to lie contiguous with the surface of said top. Said cap is provided with an annular rim which engages said top along and under the peripheral edge thereof. Finally, means cooperating between said T shaped member and said flexible cover are provided to permit the intermittent release of the fluid medium, such as gas, from said diffuser; however, the flexible nature of said cap in combination with said means is such that the back pressure of fluid medium to be aerated will prevent the flow of such fluid medium through the said diffuser.

Abstract: An aeration system comprising a long resilient plastic tube having a plurality of aeration slit valves therein, a control means connected about the outside of said tube to control the size of the aeration slit valve openings when the tubing is under pressure, and a second tube encompassing the first tube and the control means. The second tube also includes a plurality of slit or perforated type openings therein. Said aeration system providing a non-floating, weighted aeration system having a controlled aeration flow of air out through the slits in said tubing system along length of system and may include a smooth outer diameter surface to prevent material from snagging on said tubing system when placed in a sewage system.

Abstract: A humidifier for conditioning fluid for delivery to a test chamber, such as an incubator, includes means for automatically regulating the quantity, level and temperature of a body of water through which mixed gases, such as air and CO.sub.2, are bubbled to entrain moisture in the gases. The water is heated to below its boiling point. The relative humidity of the saturated mixture delivered to the test chamber is usually at least 90% at temperatures between about 30.degree. - 60.degree.C.

Abstract: An aerobic bacteria sewage treatment apparatus using compressed air to aerate activated sludge, and to cause it to circulate about a cylindrical clarification compartment placed in the apparatus in a way to provide a zone of relative quiescence in the flowing sewage from which the clarification compartment withdraws liquid and further separates solid matter therefrom, finally delivering a very well clarified effluent, the effluent pipe being placed in the clarification compartment such that heavier particles tend to sink away from it and lighter particles tend to rise above it, whereby the effluent is substantially free of solid matter.

Abstract: Improvements in methods of and apparatus for recarbonation of lime-treated water with an oil fired submerged combustion burner; establishing a smaller reservoir adjacent a larger primary recarbonation reservoir with the oil fired burner in the former, passing the combustion products out of the smaller reservoir water into the primary reservoir water to recarbonate the latter, flowing water through the smaller reservoir in quantities to cool the burner and remain below boiling point, and passing the smaller reservoir water to one of:1. waste or a sewer; or2. the larger reservoir; or3. part to each of (1) and (2);Apparatus for carrying out such improved recarbonation process.

Abstract: A bubble generating aerator comprising a disc-like or tubular aerating element made of a sintered open-pore plastics material, the element being submerged in a surrounding liquid and connected to a pressure gas source for supplying gas into the element and discharging the gas from one surface of said element as gas bubbles into the liquid. The discharge surface of the element is provided with a number of mutually spaced recesses larger than the pores of the element into which recesses the gas discharging from the element first enter as small bubbles and are combined to form larger bubbles before finally discharging from the element into said surrounding liquid.

Abstract: An air trap for removing accumulated water from a system for producing air bubbles in which the elongated conductor which has air supplied thereto from the compressor and which has openings through which air passes to produce the bubbles has an air trap connected thereto so that water therein can be forced readily therefrom by way of the air trap upon the introduction of air into the conductor. The air trap is moved to a closed position when the air has displaced the water from the conductor and is opened automatically when the supply of air is shut off.

Abstract: Diffusers on the bottom of a submerged header each include coarse bubble orifices which discharge a stream of air to form a bubble or film on the underside of a horizontal spreader at the edges of which the bubble is sheared by flowing water into multitudinous tiny bubblets rising in the surrounding liquid as a cloud. A second horizontal spreader, slightly above the first, has a similar action, shearing into fine bubblets any larger bubbles which escape from the first spreader to the second. Edges are staggered to supply air to different parts of the water flow. The rising bubblets set up a conventional rolling action in the body of liquid. It is this rolling action which produces the flow of water past the spreaders to shear the bubbles at their edges. A snap-in screw-tightened band secures each diffuser to the header.

Abstract: The diffuser connector includes an elastic base part which is in the form of a tube adapted to be inserted into a round opening formed in the air header pipe wall. The connector also includes a rigid insert having a stem which, when pushed through the base, flares the tube to form a grommet which secures the base to the pipe. A cooperating detent means between the base and the insert at the same time secures the latter to the base. The connector provides the quick securement of the diffuser to the pipe with the required air seal therebetween and does not require threading or any other finishing of the pipe opening. The diffuser may comprise separable parts, one of which includes the insert and the other includes the air outlets.

Abstract: There is provided a simple gas diffusing apparatus composed of a top member having gas permeable perforations, a bottom member including a plurality of larger openings for removal of solid and semi-solid accretions, a gas inlet nipple for introduction of a gas, e.g. air, into the cavity formed by the assembly of the top and bottom members, a valve, a valve seat disposed on the inner surface of the bottom member, and stop means for the valve for confining the valve between a seated position and an unseated position.

Abstract: Cascade Aeration mixing guns for oxygenating sewage are known in the art but cannot be properly scaled up, or paralleled in one unit. A double cascaded unit which incorporates integral baffles is shown so that capacity can be greatly increased, while maintaining efficiency.This invention relates to aerators of the double funnel cascade type, as described in Canadian Pat. No. 937, 610 issued on Dec. 4, 1973 in the name of Jan W. Romanowski.To reduce capital costs in any installation it is generally desirable to increase the size and reduce the numbers of aerators. Unfortunately the size of the aerator - the 12 inch diameter tube - of the above mentioned patent represents a good typical compromise of maximum aeration capacity and maximum aeration efficiency, on oxygen transfer. These quantities are to some extent interdependent, and tests show that both depend upon the depth of submersion. The abbreviated table below is an extract based on test results for such a 12 inch diameter unit.