Abstract: An incubator apparatus (10) for preparing an aerobically cultured plant material, such as a soyfood substrate (11), inoculated with a beneficial microorganism to form a cultured food, such as Tempeh, is described. The incubator apparatus is comprised of a water tray (13), which provides a water bath (15) for heating the inoculated soyfood substrate loaded in shallow metal trays (45), preferably stainless steel trays. The trays are then supported on tray racks (43) that are mounted in the water bath so that the trays are partially immersed in the water bath. The trays holding the inoculated soyfood substrate are then sealed in the water bath by a cover (61). The cover mounts over the tray racks and is partially immersed in the water bath to seal the cover over and around the trays filled with the inoculated soyfood substrate.

Abstract: The device comprises a back module 2, consisting of a housing 4 provided with an opening 10 and with a window 11, and of a front element 3, consisting of a container 20 having a tub shape and turned upside-down, designed to be partially inserted into the window 11 of the housing 4, with the lower edge of the latter below the water level of a water basin and with the opening 10 totally sunk.A blowing unit 12 feeds air into a diffusing element 33, inside the housing 4, so that the air released in water, when going up again to the surface, is collected into said container together with the resulting froth which bears, in suspension, the products of oxidizing reactions of phosphorus compounds contained in water. The froth is then collected by collecting means 35.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for carbonating a liquid by creating a pressurized atmosphere of carbon dioxide in a container, spraying a liquid, including a caustic containing liquid, into the atmosphere to cause an interaction between the liquid and the carbon dioxide, collecting a pool of liquid in the bottom of the container, and sparging carbon dioxide under pressure through the pool, and an apparatus for same.

Abstract: A reservoir is arranged to include a water inlet conduit and a water outlet conduit. The reservoir includes an aeration manifold effecting aeration of water contained within the reservoir, wherein the aeration manifold cooperates with a water dispersion manifold to enhance aeration of water directed into the reservoir. Various nozzle structure is mounted to the dispersion manifold to enhance aeration in a passive manner in association with the aeration manifold.

Abstract: One or more hoses (10) belong to the ventilation system which through a perforation are constructed at least partially as ventilation hose (60). Each of the hoses is permanently connected with a number of holding devices distributed over its length, which hold the hose (10) from below. The holding devices run in a guide rail (14). The hose (10) is drawn into the empty or liquid-filled basin (10) with a traction device along the guide rail (14) which introduces the tractive force onto the body of the hose and holds it there without prestress.

Abstract: Apparatus (10) for the two stage oxidation of white liquor. The reaction vessel includes a central first stage chamber (24) and a second stage annular outer chamber (26). Heated air is first introduced through the outer second stage chamber (26) by pipes (36) and then directed through elements (38, 40, 44) to the central first stage chamber (24) for completion of the oxidation reaction. Unoxidized white liquor with a small amount of black liquor to catalyze the process is introduced to the first stage of the reaction vessel at a temperature in excess of 185 degrees F. Oxidized white liquor is removed from the second stage chamber and air is venter to atmosphere through the stack at the top of the first stage chamber. The second stage is preferably pressurized for greater efficiency.

Abstract: A flueless combustion system which accepts materials nominally designed as trash and waste, including the solid and gaseous combustion products of the system itself, and converts these materials and combustion products to marketable products. Pyrolytic conversion is employed to reform these materials and combustion products. The gaseous combustion products of this system are exhausted to an underwater distribution system which permits the gaseous combustion products to percolate through water which contains cellulosic materials to further absorb and entrap gases. The water, cellulosic materials, as well as sediments resulting from the cooling of the exhaust gases, are utilized within the pyrolytic process. The gases, steam, and heat resulting from the pyrolytic process are used in conversion processes such as the Fisher-Tropsche Process to provide marketable products. For example, the Fisher-Tropsche Process produces liquid fuels.

Abstract: Fluid jets are generated in liquid in a receptacle utilizing a hollow flexible strip or bar provided with a snap, clamp or plug release connection at at least one end engaging the pipe end of a fitting having at least one right angle and provided with a stub which passes through a wall in a receptacle against which the fitting is sealed by a nut. The bar has a flattened configuration and an elongated oval cross section and is held by an adhesive strip or suction cups against the inner surface of the receptacle wall.

Abstract: A bubble injection system for forming and distributing micron size gas bubbles in a body of liquid at the point of use of the bubble distribution comprising an axially extending inner fluid conduit forming an axially extending liquid flow channel and a concentric outer fluid conduit extending axially along the inner conduit and spaced therefrom. An outer gas channel is defined by the conduits and includes a plurality of porous outlets extending thereacross from the inner conduit to the outer conduit. The porous outlets terminate in outlet jet ports spaced along the outer conduit whereby gas flowing through the gas channel will penetrate the porous tubular outlets to form gas bubbles and liquid floring through the liquid conduit and outlets will sweep the gas bubbles from the surface of the outlets toward and out of said jet ports for immediate dispersion of the body of liquid.

Abstract: The invention relates to a flotation column including a plurality of controlled recycle chambers intentionally introduced into the column to cause the non-float fraction or gangue to drop down in the main float stream while the desired float fraction travels in the opposite direction by recycling to continually mix the pulp while coursing through the column. Recycle zones are positioned on the periphery of the main passage or flotation zone within chambers located in series along the column. A portion of the slurry is drawn into a recycle zone where it passes downwardly to return to the flotation zone or the main passage through the column to again be swept through the column.

Abstract: A direct contact condensing heat-exchanger is provided with a water heat transfer medium in which combustion product gases are dispersed in finely divided bubble form against a relatively low hydrostatic pressure differential for efficient sensible heat and latent heat recovery purposes. In one actual application, a warm-air furnace system having a burner that produces combustion product gases as a heat source is provided with the novel direct contact condensing heat-exchanger as a seondary heat-exchanger that advantageously recovers both sensible heat and latent heat from the combustion product gases.

Abstract: In order to generate fine gas bubbles in a liquid, aeration elements (12) arranged in the bottom area of a basin (10) are applied with gas via a gas feeding conduit (14). The aeration elements are part of the gas feeding conduit. The weight of the aeration elements together with the gas feeding conduit is chosen in such a way, that special fixation elements for the gas feeding conduit are not necessary.

Abstract: A portable wheeled hand truck mounts a rotary actuator, powered by a hand or motor-operated pump also contained on the truck, for lifting and rotating a diffused aeration piping array from a liquid/slurry treatment tank into a working and servicing position adjacent to the tank, such as a walkway. The wheeled truck is hand maneuvered so that the powered end of the actuator is in alignment with a connection arm extending from a pivotable pipe which is part of the array. A multi-positionable handle is included on the hand truck which, in an essentially horizontal position, is temporarily fixed to a tank walkway surface to support the reaction forces incident to lifting and rotating the heavy mass of the piping array. When not so fixed, the handle may be moved to an essentially vertical position for storage and to an intermediate position to maneuver the truck into alignment with the piping array connector arm.

Abstract: An improved bubbler has walls formed of thin stainless steel. A hollow cylindrical body member forms a cylindrical sidewall and has welded to it a top end cap and a bottom end cap. A horizontally disposed sparger tube is connected to the carrier-gas inlet tube and is positioned within the bubbler chamber adjacent to the bottom end cap. The sparger tube has a plurality of horizontally spaced-apart exit holes formed therein for providing a plurality of carrier-gas streams into the liquid chemical. The carrier gas bubbles up through the liquid chemical, causing the liquid chemical to vaporize and diffuse into the carrier gas. A substantially uniform temperature throughout the chemical liquid is provided with a heat-conductive enclosure formed of aluminum plates which are thicker than the walls of the bubbler chamber and which contact and entirely surround the exterior surface of the stainless steel bubbler chamber.

Abstract: Method of purifying the pollutant gas in which a vortex is formed by spurting the purifying solution into the cylindrical tank and the pollutant gas is blast off in the same direction as the vortex so that the purified gas rising upward through the purifying solution to be discharged, and the pollutant gas purifying apparatus including the annular gas feed tube with the cylindrical water tank longitudinally installed along the inner circumferential surface of the annular gas feed tube and connecting tubes while water tubes are longitudinally installed inside the cylindrical tank and nozzles are vertically arranged in one direction, with water tubes connected to the pump.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for increasing gas absorptiion in a liquid includes, in a first embodiment, gas injection airfoils at an inlet of an extended vertical tube and a pump at an outlet of the tube for drawing the liquid at a rate greater than the rise rate of the gas bubbles. An outlet of the pump preferrably includes a plurality of outlet nozzles. A second embodiment for use with a liquid or slurry includes a venturi gas inlet in place of the airfoils.

Abstract: A generally tubular coarse bubble diffuser for aerating waste water is constructed of polyvinyl chloride or a similar plastic material. The diffuser body has a main section with flat side walls through which outlet ports are formed. The opposite ends of the diffuser body are cylindrical and are connected with the main section by transition sections which avoid abrupt changes in the wall thickness or diffuser connector diameter. One end is solvent welded in a plastic Tee fitting and the other end receives a removable end cap. The flat walls provide efficient oxygen transfer and the cylindrical ends allow the use of a threaded end cap and a secure large diameter solvent weld connection to the Tee fitting which directs air to the diffuser.

Abstract: Method of purifying the pollutant gas in which a vortex is formed by spurting the purifying solution into the cylindrical tank and the pollutant gas is blast off in the same direction as the vortex so that the purified gas rising upward through the purifying solution to be discharged, and the pollutant gas purifying apparatus including the annular gas fee tube with the cylindrical water tank longitudinally installed along the inner circumferential surface of the annular gas feed tube and connecting tubes while water tubes are longitudinally installed inside the cylindrical tank and nozzles are vertically arranged in one direction, with water tubes connected to the pump.

Abstract: A method for treating water with ozone in which a countercurrent flow of liquids is established within a treatment vessel to insure intimate contact and substantial contact time between ozone and water. The ozone and water are first pre-mixed by passing the ozone through a diffuser into a moving stream of water and the mixture is circulated in a tortuous path through a coil and discharged at the end of the diffuser coil through a number of orifices into the lower portion of the treatment vessel in a generally upwardly and outwardly direction with respect to the vertical axis of the treatment tank. Treated water suitable for bottling and storage is withdrawn from the bottom of the treatment vessel at an elevation below that of the discharge orifices to establish a countercurrent flow between the incoming and outgoing fluids.

Abstract: A wate water aeration system in which tubular diffusers are arranged with short and long diffuser assemblies alternating along the length of each air lateral submerged in the treatment basin. This arrangement provides application of air which is widely distributed in the basin and descreases the upward water velocity to increase the air bubble residence time for enhanced oxygen transfer efficiency. When plural air laterals are used, each long diffuser assembly is axially aligned with a short diffuser assembly on the adjacent air lateral. Each long diffuser can either be constructed to discharge air along its entire length or it can include an imperforate pipe section which occupies one half of the diffuser length adjacent to the air lateral.

Abstract: In a system in which a CO.sub.2 injection nozzle penetrates into an inverted sealed vessel from which a beverage will be served, such as a soda bottle, the preferably needle-like nozzle projects vertically through an aperture in a cap and through a normally closed hole in a septum comprising a portion of an elastomeric gasket providing a seal between the cap and the vessel. The nozzle provides a path for communication of liquid in the vessel with a source of CO.sub.2. The nozzle is formed out of a mixture of polycarbonate resin and polytetrafluoroethylene to provide for ease of insertion through the hole in the septum and into liquid in the vessel. A low friction washer between the cap and the gasket decreases torque applied to the gasket as the cap is tightened to provide compressive force.

Abstract: A solid surface cleaning device utilizes a jet of ice particles of ultrapure water for removing contaminants from a surface of a solid such as a semiconductor wafer. The electrical resistivity of ultrapure water stored in a tank is reduced by means of a gas such as dry air or carbon dioxide evolving into the water from a bubble tube disposed in the tank. The water whose resistivity is thus reduced is sprayed from a nozzle into an ice-making container which is refrigerated by the vaporization of a refrigerant discharged into the container. The fine ice particles that are thus generated in the container are sprayed and blasted from a jet spray nozzle onto the surface of the cleaned solid supported within a jet spray chamber. The air inside the chamber is exhausted by a blower together with the ice particles that have been ejected from the jet spray nozzle.

Abstract: In its simplest sense, the present invention provides a method for forming fine gaseous bubbles in a liquid ambient by forcing a gas through orifices located in the liquid ambient to generate a stream of gas bubbles, while simultaneously forcing a liquid through liquid orifices at a velocity sufficient to form jet streams of liquid, the liquid orifices being substantially coplanar with and equal in number to the gas orifices so that each jet stream of liquid intersects each stream of gas bubbles and creates sufficient turbulence, whereby the fine gas bubbles are formed.

Abstract: An improved mounting bracket for mounting diffusers on submerged air lateral pipes in a waste water treatment system. Each mounting bracket includes a pair of complemental saddle sections which can be clamped securely yet releasably on the air lateral with an outlet spout of the saddle in registration with a discharge port in the bottom of the air lateral. A Tee fitting has a pipe nipple connected with its inlet, and the pipe nipple can be threaded into the outlet spout. Virtually any type of diffuser can be solvent welded to each outlet of the Tee fitting. The mounting bracket surrounds and reinforces the air lateral at the diffuser connection point and takes advantage of relatively large diameter pipe at the threaded connection between the outlet spout and pipe nipple. All parts can be PVC or a similar plastic and can withstand the stresses which are applied because of the structural strength of the diffuser mounting arrangement.

Abstract: A gas cleansing arrangement comprising a vessel (1) partially filled with liquid (32) and a gas distribution means (14) beneath the liquid surface (34). The gas distribution means (14) comprises obliquely and downwardly extending distribution pipes (26) with upwardly facing inlet openings (64) for contaminated gas and a lower opening (22). The inlet openings are each connected to a venturi device (28) having an outlet opening (31) and suction openings (29) facing the liquid (32). In use, pressurized gas urges an inner liquid surface (46) downwards in the distributor means (14), until the liquid surface (46) reaches and exposes the uppermost inlet opening or openings (64). The gas is then forced through respective venturi device (28) at a pressure drop corresponding to the height difference (h) between the inner liquid surface (46) and respective outlet opening (31).

Abstract: A gas diffusion system for use in aeration treatment of water, sewage, industrial waste and the like is provided. Gas is released from a lower gas diffuser and rises under the influence of buoyancy and impinges upon an upper gas diffuser having a larger maximum dimension than the lower gas diffuser. In preferred form, a draft conduit is utilized to cause pumping of liquid from the bottom of the liquid tank.

Abstract: The deodorizing apparatus is used to treat organic liquids, such as edible oils or edible fats, in that they are stripped with water vapor under subatmospheric pressure and at temperatures from about 130.degree. to 260.degree. C. Free fatty acids and disturbing taste- and odor-imparting substances are thus removed. The liquid to be treated is passed through one or more treating stories and is agitated therein by rising water vapor. At least one of the treating stories comprises at least two concentric, open-topped annular passages having a common cylindrical wall, a vertical partition extending across the wall and an aperature in the wall adjacent the partition for allowing liquid flow between the passages. A plurality of circulating cylinders, which are adapted to be flown through in an upward direction, are arranged in each annular passage. Water vapor in the form of fine bubbles is passed through the circulating cylinders.

Abstract: The deodorizing apparatus is used to treat organic liquids, such as edible oils or edible fats, in that they are stripped with water vapor under subatmospheric pressure and at temperature from about 130.degree. to 260.degree. C. The liquid to be treated is passed through one or more treating levels and is agitated therein by rising water vapor. At least one of the treating levels contains numerous conical circulating ducts, which can be flown through in an upward direction and are provided with a water vapor inlet in their lower portion, which is narrower in cross-section. The cone angle of the circulating duct measured against the vertical may vary from 5.degree. to 20.degree. C.

Abstract: An CO.sub.2 injection nozzle is incorporated in a system for carbonating a beverage in a sealed vessel from which it will be served, such as a soda bottle. The nozzle projects vertically, and is received into and through a vessel closure member on an inverted vessel. The nozzle provides a path for communication of the vessel interior with a source of CO.sub.2. A first axial portion of the nozzle is formed to provide for extension through the closure member and into liquid in the vessel. Outlet means are provided adjacent an axial extremity of the nozzle for projecting CO.sub.2 for maximum path length through the liquid as it rises. The outlet means may comprise radially opposed pairs of horizontal bores extending tangentially from a vertical internal bore in the nozzle.

Abstract: A bubbler assembly includes a quartz container formed with an indented bottom which defines a concave pocket to impart strength to the container. The pocket is filled with a heat conductive epoxy in order to improve the heat transfer characteristics of the bottom of the container.

Abstract: A pump driven by air only is disclosed for providing simultaneous aeration and flow at right angles to the rising air. The pump produces in a shallow tank particle-suspending turbulence which is particularly useful for growth of marine organisms in a sun-exposed tank confined shallow brine solution. The pump is preferably installed in a rectangular tank divided by a baffle between the two tank side walls. The baffle extends parallel to the major axes of the rectangle and stops short of both tank end walls. The fluid is pumped around this baffle in an oval flow pattern. On the shallow bottom of the tank on both sides of the baffle, there is a repeating foil shaped bottom with a manifold for discharging air. The foils of the bottom are generated at right angles to the baffle and oriented from leading edge to trailing edge in the direction of intended fluid rotation around the baffle in the tank. Air is pumped and discharged from the manifold in a rising curtain.

Abstract: A system for sparging aerated water into a column for the froth flotation of minerals, and located in the lower portion of the column, consists of water and air supply headers connected to a supply of pressurized water and air, respectively. The headers comprise a number of water and air passages, each having shut off valves. A multiplicity of sparger tubes is arranged, in one or more horizontal planes, either radially towards the column center or parallel to each other from opposite sides of the column. Each sparger pipe comprises a mixing tee attached to a water passage and an air passage, and a perforated portion provided with a number of small openings. The number of openings in each pipe is determined by the cross-sectional area covered by the sparger pipe. The openings may be arranged upwardly and/or downwardly at an angle in the range of about 5.degree. to 90.degree. from the horizontal.

Abstract: A water aeration apparatus is used for aeration purposes in the water-filled areas such as dams, impounded water or reservoirs, and lakes and marshes, and includes a tubular casing and supply chamber that causes large quantities of water to be exposed to the flotation action of air supplied under pressure, thus raising the water up to the surface. The apparatus may be used for water purification, or for anti-freezing purposes particularly in cold climate regions. The apparatus includes a collective tubular casing and a multiple-partitioned or common air supply chamber below the casing, the tubular casing including a plurality of tubular air and water passages formed by dividing the interior of the casing into several longitudinal passages or by combining individual tubes together.

Abstract: An oxygenator, particularly for proving oxygen and/or carbon dioxide or other gases to culture medium used in the in vitro culture of animal cells, comprised of a collection of elongate gas-permeable, liquid-impermeable tubes through which oxygen-containing gas flows and permeates through the tube walls to provide bubble- and foam-free oxygen gas to medium in contact with or in proximity to the tubes, the individual tubes having an outside diameter of less than about 1 mm and a wall thickness of from about 0.1 mm to about 0.25 mm, the tube collection preferably be radially spread apart at at least one point along its length.

Abstract: A hermetically sealed unitary liquid container of a thermoplastic material suitable for use in inhalation therapy is disclosed. The humidifier container comprises a body portion defined by an upstanding walled chamber having a bottom, a gas inlet duct unitary with the container body portion and defining a sealed gas inlet, and a sealed humidified gas outlet duct, both unitary with the container body portion. The container body portion constitutes a liquid reservoir and contains a predetermined amount of an aqueous aseptic or sterile aqueous liquid for humidifying a breathable gas. The gas inlet duct extends alongside the walled chamber, and has upper and lower end portions which are respectively situated above the container body portion and below usable liquid level in the container. The gas outlet duct communicates with the walled chamber above the usable liquid level. The gas inlet duct communicates with a gas diffuser defined by the container wall above the container bottom.

Abstract: In the improved system and method of the present invention, a batch of contaminated oil is deposited into a tank, with the oil preferably being passed through a filter during the depositing step to assist in removal of solids. Once the contaminated coolant has been deposited into the tank, the oil is agitated by injecting several streams of air into the bottom of the tank. This creates several bubble streams which pass upwardly through the coolant toward the surface and, during this passage, agitate the coolant and effect separation of the oil so that it rapidly rises to the coolant surface. The bubble streams are created by different sized orifice member whereby the bubbles of one stream are smaller than the bubbles in another stream.

Abstract: A method for using a foamed liquid for cleaning and/or inerting a vessel is described which allows for continuous recycling of the foam and its breakout liquid and gas components into regenerated foam which is continously directed back into the vessel.

Abstract: A fermentation vessel comprises an outer shell, and an annular draft tube located within the shell and spaced therefrom to promote continuous circulation of fluids through said draft tube within said shell. The draft tube has an internal cavity located within its walls. The cavity is connected to a fluid supply conduit that extends externally of the shell. A plurality of discrete nozzles are disposed about the circumference of the tube and communicate with the cavity to permit egress of fluids from the cavity to the interior of the shell to promote circulation.

Abstract: A device for aerating water. The device includes a rigid support member, and a finely slitted plate of elastomeric material that is disposed on the support member. To prevent the plate from bulging too greatly, and to provide a uniform discharge of air over the entire plate, the thickness of the central portion of the plate is greater than the thickness of the rim portion of the plate, with the thickness of the plate preferably diminishing gradually in the direction toward the rim of the plate.

Abstract: A plurality of aerators are arranged in a preselected pattern on the floor of a basin or lagoon containing waste water. Compressed air is supplied to the aerators by aeration pipes anchored by hanger brackets to the floor of the basin. Each aerator has a porous diffuser plate through which the air is passed and released into the waste water in the form of ultra fine air bubbles less than 60 microns in diameters. The air bubbles are generated in an intense manner with a high rate of air flow to increase the mixing action and liquid circulation pattern, and to create turbulent boils at the surface which provide surface aeration from atmospheric air and re-entrainment of air from eddy current circulation.

Abstract: A water aeration apparatus is used for aeration purposes in the water-filled areas such as dams, impounded water or reservoirs, and lakes and marshes, and includes a tubular casing and supply chamber that causes large quantities of water to be exposed to the flotation action of air supplies under pressure, thus raising the water up to the surface. The apparatus may be used for water purification, or for anti-freezing purposes particularly in cold climate regions. The apparatus includes a collective tubular casing and a multiple-partitioned or common air supply chamber below the casing, the tubular casing including a plurality of tubular air and water passages formed by dividing the interior of the casing into several longitudinal passages by combining individual tubes together.

Abstract: An apparatus for aerating water with aeration heads that are fed from a common feed line. In order to achieve an intensive, uniform aeration even when the common line is disposed on an uneven surface, a flexible line is provided as a connection between each aeration head and the common feed line. This connection line can be a rubber hose, and can be relieved from tension by a steel cable.

Abstract: A liquid receiver which acts as a pressure relief valve for radioactive vapor or gases from a nuclear reactor comprises a container 4 holding liquid 3 and nozzles 13 which discharge vaporous or gaseous coolant from an outlet 2 from the reactor into the liquid 3. So that the liquid 3 does not lose its barrier capability during a temporary rise of pressure or at low outflow rates of the coolant from the outlet but can be expelled independently of the nature and temperature of the coolant, the nozzles 13 are mounted on a nozzle ring 11 which has a vertical axis and all the nozzles are directed tangentially in the same direction to generate a cyclone effect in the container 4. This causes the liquid 3 to have its surface lowered from the static level 5 to the rotational surface 15. This reduces the length of the path of the escaping gas or vapor through the liquid 3.

Abstract: Apparatus for aerating bottled wine comprises a housing on which the bottle rests, a compressor driven by an electric motor located within the housing, and a delivery tube associated with the compressor and having a distal portion which can be inserted into the bottled wine to aerate it.

Abstract: The device for feeding a gas, particularly air into a liquid body present in an open container, includes a housing whose lower part is provided with a gas inlet opening and whose top wall is formed with a plurality of perforations. An inner perforated partition divides the housing into an upper chamber and a lower chamber communicating with the inlet opening. To create a dynamic pressure gradient between the two chambers, the perforations in the inner partition have substantially smaller diameter than the perforations or gas outlet openings in the top wall of the housing and the combined area of the perforations in the inner partition is substantially less than the cross sectional area of the gas inlet opening.

Abstract: A chemical reaction apparatus having a reaction tank; at least one manifold providing a plurality of tanks adapted to contain reactants; at least two spargers disposed internally of the reaction tank; and a flow line assembly communicating between the manifold and the reaction tank.

Abstract: A method is provided for use with an apparatus which produces jets of water through a vertical water diffuser tube by supplying individually formed air bubble masses at regular intervals, which are followed by the water being drawn under the action of the air bubble masses. The method improves the water processing efficiency and ability of the apparatus by defining the volumetric quantity of a formed air mass in relation to the diameter of the particular air diffuser tube and defining a certain relationship between the length L (m) of the tube through which the rises and the time interval T (sec) at which the individual air bubble masses are produced.

Abstract: An apparatus for the aeration of off-water or the like media in an aeration tank with the aid of an aeration face arranged below the water surface. The device comprises a rigid, self-supporting supporting body provided with througholes or being of porous material and covered with an elastic diaphragm; air is supplied to the supporting face of the body at the center of gravity or a gravity line thereof into a deflecting region and from there to the periphery of the body which is slightly raised vis-a-vis the central region of the body, from where the air escapes with decreasing pressure into the water to be aerated. The aeration face can be adapted to be swivelled, and the cross-sectional area of the supporting body can be of pyramid, wedge, circular or frustoconical configuration or it can be vaulted in a concave or convex manner. Basic shapes of the supporting body are a circular or a polygonal, preferably rectangular configuration.

Abstract: An apparatus for conditioning stratified water bodies having epilimnion, metalimnion and hypolimnion layers is disclosed comprising a reservoir for containing water so as to define a gas-liquid interface, at least one upwelling conduit adapted for generally vertical disposition within the water body and having an upper discharge end fluidly connected to the reservoir and a plurality of intake ports longitudinally spaced along the conduit so as to afford fluid communication with predetermined depth levels of the epilimnion, metalimnion, and hypolimnion layers of the water body, flow controllers for selectively alternately opening and closing off the intake ports of the upwelling conduit, at least one return conduit adapted for generally vertical disposition within the water body and having an upper inlet end fluidly connected to the reservoir and a plurality of discharge ports longitudinally spaced along the return conduit so as to afford fluid communication with predetermined depth levels of the epilimnion, m

Abstract: A gas cleaning system of the type having a gas cooling tower includes a septum arrangement within the cooling tower which divides the cooling tower into upper and lower chambers and effects a pressure drop between the chambers by directing streams of higher pressure gases through a pool of cooling water maintained in a trough in the septum arrangement to reduce the pressure while simultaneously scrubbing the gases, all within the cooling tower.