Abstract: A column structure is described for the containment of high surface area packing and absorbent liquid reagent for the removal of a target gas from a gas stream. The column structure comprises a plurality of vessel column modules each having an elongate upright wall structure, each column module comprises a plurality of vertically disposed sub-modules, the modules being disposed together alongside one another in two dimensional array to constitute collectively the column structure. A column top support structure is located in the vicinity of the upper part of a column structure so assembled and each column module is mechanically supported from the column top support structure. A method of assembly of such a column and to a method of removal of a target gas from a gas phase using such a column are also described.

Abstract: Condensing apparatuses and their use in various heat and mass exchange systems are generally described. The condensing apparatuses, such as bubble column condensers, may employ a heat exchanger positioned external to the condensing vessel to remove heat from a bubble column condenser outlet stream to produce a heat exchanger outlet stream. In certain cases, the condensing apparatus may also include a cooling device positioned external to the vessel configured and positioned to remove heat from the heat exchanger outlet stream to produce a cooling device outlet stream. The condensing apparatus may be configured to include various internal features, such as a vapor distribution region and/or a plurality of liquid flow control weirs and/or chambers within the apparatus having an aspect ratio of at least 1.5. A condensing apparatus may be coupled with a humidifier to form part of a desalination system, in certain cases.

Abstract: The spherical desalination device includes a hollow spherical transparent shell serving as a distillation chamber or still. Water initially flows through an underground system for geothermal heating, then flows into the hollow shell. The water flows from the upper portion of the shell, filling a series of concentric circular trays arranged in a conical stack within the shell. Water cascades from the smallest diameter uppermost tray to the largest lowermost tray, in sequence. Sunlight focused on the transparent shell causes the water to evaporate, and condensation collects upon the interior surface of the shell. A resilient seal extends about the lower rim of the largest and lowest evaporator tray, and is located at the equator of the hollow shell. The shell is rotated by an external motor, thereby drawing the internal surface of the shell across the seal to remove collected condensation from the internal surface of the shell.

Abstract: A cooling tower including a hot-water basin comprising a first cooling cell and a second cooling cell; and at least one means for controlling fluid communication between the first and second cooling cells is provided. A method of maintaining the efficiency of a cooling tower and a method of servicing a cooling tower are also provided.

Abstract: The invention relates to a tray for a mass transfer column, having gas passage openings distributed over the tray (1), and having at least one baffle (11) for flow diversion of liquid flowing on the tray, it being possible for the tray (1) to be fed with a liquid via at least one entry (3). The tray has at least one entry (3), at least one separating weir (5), which separates the inflowing liquid into two streams, and at least two exits (12), or has at least two entries (3) and at least one exit (12) for the liquid, each stream flowing along a flow path (7; 9) to an exit (12). The invention further relates to a mass transfer column comprising the tray, and to a use of tray and mass transfer column.

Abstract: A heat pipe is configured relative to a distillation column to adjust one or more conditions in the distillation column.

Abstract: Systems and methods for improving crude acetone column energy efficiency and operation are provided. The method for improving crude acetone column energy efficiency and operation can include introducing a crude acetone including acetone and phenol to a fractionation column and introducing cumene, AMS, or a combination thereof to the fractionation column. The method can include fractionating the crude acetone within the fractionation column to produce an acetone containing overhead and a phenol containing bottoms. The method can also include condensing at least a portion of the acetone containing overhead indirectly with a cool heat transfer medium to provide a condensed crude acetone product and a heated heat transfer medium, wherein the heat transfer medium includes cumene.

Abstract: A sheet for use in a heat exchange apparatus. The sheet includes a first vertical rib that extends in a first direction and protrudes in a second direction out of the plane. The sheet also includes a second vertical rib that extends in the first direction along the sheet, between the first and second edges of the sheet. The second vertical rib also protrudes in the second direction out of the plane. The sheet further includes a first horizontal rib that extends in a third direction along the sheet between the third and fourth edges of the sheet, and protrudes in a fourth direction opposite said second direction. The sheet additionally includes a second horizontal rib that extends in the third direction along the sheet between the third and fourth edges of the sheet. The second horizontal rib protrudes in a fourth direction and intersects said second vertical rib.

Abstract: Embodiments of apparatuses and methods for separating a paraffin isomerization-zone effluent are provided. In one example, an apparatus comprises a DIB column configured for fractionating the paraffin isomerization-zone effluent to form a branched C4 hydrocarbon-rich stream. The DIB column comprises a vessel. The vessel comprises a cylindrical wall that extends vertically and that encloses an internal cylindrical volume having a lower portion extending to an upper portion. An internal swage is disposed in the lower portion of the internal cylindrical volume. A plurality of fractionation trays includes an upper fractionation tray that is disposed in the internal cylindrical volume above the internal swage and a lower fractionation tray that is disposed in the internal swage. The lower fractionation tray has a smaller diameter than the upper fractionation tray.

Abstract: A system and method for separating a fluid mixture is provided which employ vacuum distillation apparatus, and optionally, gas-handling apparatus operable to introduce a gas into the liquid mixture prior to being dispersed within the vacuum distillation apparatus. The liquid mixture is dispersed within the vacuum distillation apparatus as micro-sized droplets. When used, the gas that has been introduced into the liquid mixture is rapidly liberated from the micro-sized droplets thereby causing the droplets to break into still smaller droplets thereby maximizing the vaporization of the more volatile components in the liquid mixture.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed at a system, apparatus and method for concentrating a solution. The system includes a humidification device and a solution flow path for flow of a solution to be concentrated to the humidification device. The humidification device includes humidification media to facilitate evaporation of liquid from the solution to be concentrated to gas as the solution to be concentrated passes through the humidification media thereby concentrating the solution. The method includes flowing a solution to be concentrated along a flow path to a humidification device including humidification media, flowing a gas through the humidification media, and flowing the solution to be concentrated through the humidification media. There is evaporation of liquid from the solution to the gas as the solution passes through the humidification media thereby concentrating the solution and producing a humidified gas. The solution to be concentrated may be salt water and the gas may be air.

Abstract: In a bubble-column vapor mixture condenser, a fluid source supplies a carrier-gas stream including a condensable fluid in vapor phase. The condensable fluid in liquid form is contained as a bath in a chamber in each stage of the condenser, and the carrier gas is bubbled through the bath to condense the condensable fluid into the bath. Energy from condensation is recovered to a coolant in a conduit that passes through the liquid in the stages of the condenser. The bubble-column vapor mixture condenser can be used, e.g., in a humidification-dehumidification system for purifying a liquid, such as water.

Abstract: A water desalination system includes an evaporator for evaporating saline water to produce water vapor and an adsorption means in selective vapor communication with the evaporator for reversibly adsorbing the water vapor from the evaporator. The adsorption means is in selective vapor communication with a condenser, and desorbing means for desorbing the adsorbed water vapor from the adsorption means for collection by the condenser. The condenser is adapted to condense the water vapor to desalinated water.

Abstract: A rectification column and system for the working-up of a vitamin E (VE)- and/or vitamin E acetate (VEA)-containing product stream includes purification of a vitamin E-containing product stream, acetylation of at least a part of the purified vitamin E and purification of at least a part of the acetylated vitamin E, the purification of vitamin E and vitamin E acetate preferably being effected by distillation, for example rectification.

Abstract: A vacuum dehydrator for processing an oil containing entrained contaminants such as water, air, and particulates comprises a tower enclosing upper and lower chambers. A random packing is contained in the upper chamber. The oil is preheated to a temperature above the boiling point of water and is introduced into the upper chamber for downward flow through the random packing into the lower chamber. Entrained air and water is retained as water vapor in the upper chamber, and particulates are retained in the random packing. Heated ambient air is introduced into the lower chamber for upward flow through the random packing into the upper chamber, and the upper chamber is cooled to condense the water vapor. Oil and condensed water are pumped respectively from the lower and upper chambers.

Abstract: A contact tray is provided with a tray deck and dividing walls which form groupings of one or more cans and one or more downcomer inlets distributed across the tray deck. The cans have walls that surround vapor openings in the tray deck that permit upward passage of a vapor stream into the cans. Downcomers extend downwardly from the downcomer inlet and are positioned for delivering a liquid stream into the center of cans positioned on a tray deck of an underlying contact tray. Discharge openings are provided in the walls of the cans to allow the liquid stream to exit the cans. The dividing walls direct the exiting liquid stream into the downcomer inlets in the same grouping and prevent or impede the liquid stream from flowing to a low side of the tray deck.

Abstract: This invention relates to a counter flow type of cooling tower generating low grade of noise, which includes: a body wherein an external air inhalation hole is formed in the lower portion and a discharge hole is formed in the upper portion; a fan that is provided in the body and absorbs external air into the body through an inhalation hole and discharges the external air to the discharge hole; an spraying nozzle that sprays coolant; an eliminator that is provided above the spraying nozzle and prevents air and water from scattering; a filler that is provided below the spraying nozzle; and a collection tank collecting the coolant that passes the filler and drops, wherein a space portion is formed between the filler and the collection tank, and the space portion formed between the filler and the collection tank further includes a noise generation restraining portion consisting of at least one noise generation restraining unit.

Abstract: A water desalination system including at least one pair of evaporators, said pair including a high pressure and a low pressure evaporator, each for evaporating saline water to produce water vapour; at least three adsorption beds in selective vapour communication with each evaporator, said adsorption beds arranged to reversibly adsorb the water vapour from the corresponding evaporator; said adsorption beds in selective vapour communication with a condenser, and in heat transfer communication with a heat source for selectively desorbing the adsorbed water vapour; said condenser arranged to condense the water vapour to desalinated water; wherein said system is arranged to sequentially connect, for a pre-determined period, each evaporator to a corresponding adsorption bed, and the heat source to the third bed.

Abstract: A method and system for dehumidifying flue gas from a flue gas-generating process that supplies the flue gas to a wet flue gas processor. A wet cooling tower supplies water to a wet flue gas processor to condense water from the flue gas and form a liquid mixture in the wet flue gas processor.

Abstract: A method for contacting gases and liquid droplets for mass and/or heat transfer and a spray tower are disclosed, in which liquid is injected at a number of levels in counterflow to the gas, the gas being fed through at least two inlet openings in the shell of the spray tower. In this case, in order to reduce the differences in the contact duration, the flow direction of the gas at the inlet openings points into the internal region of the spray tower, which has a diameter of greater than or equal to 12 m, in particular greater than 20 m, such that the flow directions of the at least two gas streams intersect on their extension inside the spray tower, in particular at the center of the spray tower at up to half the spray tower radius downstream of the center of the spray tower.

Abstract: Stripping column and process for extracting a component from a liquid medium using a gas, the stripping column comprising a vertical column (10) comprising an essentially cylindrical wall (54), the vertical column (10) being divided by horizontal perforated plates (20) into a series of superposed chambers (11, 12, . . . , 16, 17), each chamber (11, 12, . . . , 16, 17) comprising several vertical partitions (34, 34I, 34II, 34III, 34IV, 34V) positioned so as to form chicanes. According to one important aspect of the invention, the vertical partitions (34, 34I, 34II, 34III, 34IV, 34V) are attached to the wall (54) of the vertical column (10) and are designed so as to hold the perforated plates (20).

Abstract: A gas scrubbing apparatus including at least two modules, each module including at least one process vessel for a gas scrubbing process, each process vessel being selected from an absorber, a regenerator, a scrubber, a reboiler, a heat exchanger or a combination thereof. Each process vessel has top wall, a base wall, and at least three sidewalls formed from a cementitous material. Each process vessel has inlet and outlet ports for fluid entering and leaving the process vessel when in use, formed within at least one of the top wall, base wall, or sidewall of each process vessel. The sidewalls of each process vessel define a polygon shaped cross-section, and at least one side wall of a first process vessel in a first module can be connected or abutted to at least one side wall of a second process vessel in a second module.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device for circulation of a gaseous and/or liquid fluid through at least one solid particle bed equipped with at least one bypass means acting on at least one part of said fluid through at least one part of a solid particle bed, said bypass means comprising: a pipe whose top end discharges above the upper surface of the catalyst bed and whose bottom end discharges below said surface, and a valve that is made to be actuated in the open position when the differential pressure through the solid particle bed is greater than a predetermined value, said valve including means allowing the automatic variation of the passage section of the fluid based on the fluid flow rate.

Abstract: A process for effecting mass transfer between a liquid phase and a gaseous phase in a filled-type column having an external shell which accommodates at least one filler-containing basket wherethrough the phases are caused to flow in countercurrent relationship. The process includes the step of feeding the gaseous phase to the at least one basket through a gas-permeable surface thereof which is larger than the basket cross-section, preferably in a prevailing radial flow direction.

Abstract: Process and installation for extracting a monomer from an aqueous broth of a polymer, in which, after the broth has been heated, the broth is subjected to a depressurization in a depressurization chamber and is then introduced into a vertical column, divided into several chambers, on which are superimposed perforated plates, where the broth is flushed with an ascending stream of inert gas.

Abstract: A vapor-liquid contactor includes a plurality of vertically stacked trays (151) within a containment column, the central downcomer (152) provides a liquid supply and removal area at the same location on each tray (151), so that the horizontal liquid flow pattern is the same on each tray (151). The contactor also includes vertical partitions (154) positioned transverse to the liquid flow within the vapor space of each tray (151) to minimize vapor mixing. The trays (151) may also include an indirect heat exchanger in the form of tubing arrays (208).

Abstract: A plurality of fluid-fluid contact trays of the cross-flow type are provided within a shell of a mass transfer or heat exchange column. The trays include tray decks that are supported on rings fixed to an inner surface of the shell and downcomers that are supported, not by the typical bolting bars fixed to the shell, but by the tray deck of the underlying tray. The mechanisms for supporting the downcomers in this fashion are support brackets that are not secured to the column shell, but instead extend downwardly from the downcomers and rest on the tray deck of the underlying tray. Alternating trays have side downcomers positioned at openings at one or both ends of the tray deck. The support rings on those trays having side downcomers may be truncated so that the rings do not extend around that portion of the shell circumference where the side downcomer openings are located. On the remaining trays, complete 360 degree rings may be used.

Abstract: A process for effecting mass transfer between liquid phase and a gaseous phase in a filled-type column having an external shell which accommodates at least one filler-containing basket wherethrough the phases are caused to flow in countercurrent relationship. The process advantageously includes the step of feeding the gaseous phase to the at least one basket through a gas-permeable surface thereof which is larger than the basket cross-section, preferably in a prevailing radial flow direction.

Abstract: A gas-liquid contacting apparatus of a column system, comprising a column having an inlet for introducing a liquid to be treated and an outlet for a discharged gas in an upper part thereof, and an inlet for introducing a gas and an outlet for a treated liquid after gas-liquid contact in a lower part thereof, and at least two units comprising a packing material or a wetted wall structure, said units being separated by a gas back mixing preventer plate between the upper and lower parts, wherein the liquid introduced and the gas introduced are brought into countercurrent contact while keeping the gas phase as a continuous phase; and a process for producing an ozone liquid, a process for oxidizing an organic substance in a liquid, a process for removing a gas dissolved in a liquid, a process for treating a volatile substance in a liquid, a process for dissolving a gas into a liquid, each using the same.

Abstract: The present invention pertains to the alcohol processing industry and relates to a method that includes feeding a mixture into a distillation column which is fitted with contact devices for discharging the vapors through the top of said column. This method further includes boiling a bottom product and supplying the vapor thus formed back into the column. A part of the vapor to be processed using one of said contact devices is then fed back into the vapor flow or liquid flow towards one at least of said devices located upstream relative to the flow direction. In another or the same embodiment, a part of the vapor is fed back into the liquid flow under the level thereof and towards the same contact device in a place that is located upstream from its discharge relative to the flow direction of said vapor. The vapor feedback is preformed without complete condensation thereof.

Abstract: A reactor is provided for reacting a liquid with a treat gas in the presence of a catalyst, the reactor comprising a continuous wall enclosing a first reaction zone, wherein the first reaction zone includes a catalyst for causing a desired reaction between the liquid and the treat gas; a liquid inlet above the first reaction zone for allowing a portion of the liquid to enter the reactor; a gas inlet below the first reaction zone for allowing a portion of the treat gas to enter the reactor; a liquid outlet below the first reaction zone for allowing a reacted portion of the liquid to exit the reactor; a gas outlet above the first reaction zone for allowing a portion of the treat gas to exit the reactor; and a gas bypass device in the first reaction zone for allowing a portion of the treat gas to bypass a portion of the first reaction zone, the gas bypass device including a gas bypass regulating device for regulating the amount of treat gas which bypasses the first reaction zone.

Abstract: A two-phase small channel heat exchange matrix simultaneously provides for heat transfer and mass transfer between the liquid and vapor phases of a multi-component mixture at a single, predetermined location within a separation column, significantly improving the thermodynamic efficiency of the separation process. The small channel heat exchange matrix is composed of a series of channels having a hydraulic diameter no greater than 5.0 millimeters for conducting a two-phase coolant. In operation, the matrix provides the liquid-vapor contacting surfaces within the separation column, such that heat and mass are transferred simultaneously between the liquid and vapor phases. The two-phase coolant allows for a uniform heat transfer coefficient to be maintained along the length of the channels and across the surface of the matrix.

Abstract: A reactor is provided for reacting a liquid with a treat gas in the presence of a catalyst, the reactor comprising a continuous wall enclosing a first reaction zone, wherein the first reaction zone includes a catalyst for causing a desired reaction between the liquid and the treat gas; a liquid inlet above the first reaction zone for allowing an unreacted portion of the liquid to enter the reactor; a gas inlet below the first reaction zone for allowing an unreacted portion of the treat gas to enter the reactor; a liquid outlet below the first reaction zone for allowing a reacted portion of the liquid to exit the reactor; a gas outlet above the first reaction zone for allowing a reacted portion of the treat gas to exit the reactor; and a liquid bypass device in the first reaction zone for allowing a portion of the liquid to bypass a portion of the first reaction zone, the liquid bypass device including a liquid bypass regulating device for regulating the amount of liquid which bypasses the first reaction zone.

Abstract: An air heating and humidifying system and method using direct contact heating principles. The system consists in providing a source of hot water by feeding hot flue gases in a direct contact water heater and wherein the water sprayed over a packing in the water heater is heated as it percolates through the packing and is in contact with the hot rising flue gases. This hot water from the direct contact water heater is used in a direct contact air treating chamber wherein it is sprayed over a further packing whereby to heat and humidify fresh air which is pushed through the packing by a fan and exits at an outlet flue of the treating chamber to supply hot moist fresh air in a building air conditioning system. The cooled water in the direct contact air treating chamber is collected and supplies the spray nozzle of the direct contact water heater to cool the hot flue gases which are rising therein and thereby enhances considerably the efficiency of the direct contact water heater.

Abstract: A vertical fluid dynamic cooling tower includes a shell which ha s a horizontal tubular injection element disposed inside. A pressurized heat liquid is pumped into the tubular element and ejected out upwardly through spaced nozzles disposed on the top of the tubular element to create a continuous screen of dispersed liquid flow. A diffuser is disposed within the shell and above the injection tubular element to enable the ejected heated fluid to convert pressure to kinetic energy, to induce negative pressure at a lower section and to generate a cooling effect for the heated fluid. A mist eliminator is disposed at the top of the shell to separate fluid from the air. An air exhaust outlet is located at the top of the shell for discharging heated air. The condensed and separated fluid falls down into a heat dissipating device located at the lower portion of the shell for a second heat exchange process. The cooled fluid then passes through a silencer and drops into a drip tray to be pumped for reuse.

Abstract: A combined vertical column and shallow tray semicontinuous deodoriser for edible oils and fats and comprising a column (10) of discrete vessels and a deodorising vessel (13) disposed within or valve-connective thereto. In the operation of the device, heated oil from a vessel (12) is supplied to deodorising vessel (13) wherein it is circulated by steam injection at (33) through a lift tube (29), between a plurality of vertically separated self draining shallow trays (26, 27, 28). The entire oil content of deodorising vessel (13) is circulated therethrough approximately once a minute for a period in the region of eighteen minutes to strip free fatty acids and other volatile components from the oil by falling curtain and steam sparge techniques, and then the oil batch is discharged to a heat recovery vessel (14) and a cooling vessel (15) before product discharge.

Abstract: A packed column with temperature sensors to measure the temperature profile longitudinally and transversely of the column without the temperature profile or flow conditions being affected by the measuring arrangement. The temperature measuring leads (10) are introduced into the upper part of a column section (1) through a single tube (12) and, are routed to the desired measuring points (8) through the peripheral zone between the packing (9) and the column wall (2).

Abstract: A vapor-and-liquid contact structure for distillation, fractionation, rectification, absorption, and the refining, in a column, of various liquid materials such as petroleum, chemical, and alcohol solutions wherein provision is made for the inclusion of vertically-spaced bubble plate chambers, having respective liquid and vapor contact devices, to accommodate contact of counter-current flows of reflux liquid and vapors. A downcomer, including slanted ramps, is disposed outside of the vapor conduit-defining interior, and defines an elongate downcomer structure for liquid flow. Accordingly, descending reflux liquid flow is kept outside of primary vapor flow, with secondary vapor evolving from descending reflux being conducted circuitously back into the primary vapor flow for ascent to the next-above contact device. Plate efficiency is enhanced through maximum plate-area effective use and unidirectional liquid-flow over such plates.

Abstract: Vapor and liquid contact structure for distillation, fractionation, rectification, absorption, and the refining, in a column, of various liquid materials such as petroleum, chemical, and alcohol solutions. Provision is made for the inclusion of vertically-spaced bubble plate chambers, having respective liquid/vapor contact devices, to accommodate contact of counter-current flows of reflux liquid and vapors. Downcomer means including slanted ramps, disposed outside of the vapor conduit-defining interior, define elongate downcomer structure for liquid flow and thereby, i.e., by such slanted construction, reduce froth or foam passing to a next lower contact device, eliminating unwanted counter-current gas entrainment between contact devices. Liquid flow rates over exit weirs beyond 30 gpm/inch are obtained. Downcomer reflux reservoir depth can be adjusted by an adjustable gate proximate the slot opening to a given contact device.

Abstract: An absorption tower for absorbing sulphur trioxide in sulphuric acid having distinct upper and lower packed absorption zones wherein substantially all of the sulphur trioxide is absorbed by the sulphuric acid in the lower zone, while in the upper zone the depleted gas stream is significantly cooled. The two zones receive feed acids of different temperatures and different acid irrigation rates. The tower allows of improved energy recovery while providing for environmentally acceptable emission standards.

Abstract: In a tub vapor condenser for brewing tubs two condenser stages are arranged above one another in the vapor vent of the tub, the lower condenser stage being constructed as a tube condenser and the upper condenser stage being constructed as a spray arrangement for water and other materials, so that on the one hand it is possible to obtain clean usable water at a high temperature and on the other hand odor-generating substances are largely eliminated from the vapor.

Abstract: Apparatus for ensuring heat exchange between a gas flow and a heat exchanger comprises a duct through which the gas flows. The heat exchanger is mounted in the duct such that the gas flows therethrough. Constrictions for the gas flow are arranged in the duct upstream of the heat exchanger in the direction of gas flow such that jets of gas are created. In an embodiment the constrictions are provided by flow passages extending through a diaphragm mounted across the duct. In use, liquid is sprayed over the heat exchanger and the high velocity jets of gas pick up the liquid and carry it into the heat exchanger. In this way the surfaces of the heat exchanger are thoroughly wetted by the liquid and the efficiency of the heat transfer is thereby improved.

Abstract: Apparatus for ensuring heat exchange between a gas flow and a heat exchanger comprises a duct through which the gas flows. The heat exchanger is mounted in the duct such that the gas flows therethrough. Constrictions for the gas flow are arranged in the duct upstream of the heat exchanger in the direction of gas flow such that jets of gas are created. In an embodiment the constrictions are provided by flow passages extending through a diaphragm mounted across the duct. In use, liquid is sprayed over the heat exchanger and the high velocity jets of gas pick up the liquid and carry it into the heat exchanger. In this way the surfaces of the heat exchanger are thoroughly wetted by the liquid and the efficiency of the heat transfer is thereby improved.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for producing alcohol fuel in an efficient and continuous manner are provided. The apparatus and method utilize otherwise lost heat to reduce the amount of heat required to convert feed stock into alcohol fuel. The apparatus and method utilize the supply of feed stock from a hopper through an auger to a cooker vessel, and then in turn to enzyme and fermenting tanks or vessels, which in turn discharge fermented mash to a strainer for separation of the alcohol beer from the mash. The beer is then discharged to a level controlled beer tank which regulates a residue valve controlling the amount of residue liquid returned to the apparatus and maintained under process. From the beer tank, the flow of the beer is regulated by passage through a non-clogging control valve into a reflux column.

Abstract: High temperature thermal exchange between molten liquid and a gas stream is effected by generating in a confined flow passageway a plurality of droplets of molten liquid and by passing a gas stream through the passageway in heat exchange relationship with the droplets. The droplets are recovered and adjusted to a predetermined temperature by means of thermal exchange with an external source for recycle. The process provides for removal of undesired solid, liquid or gaseous components.

Abstract: Apparatus and processes are disclosed for converting sensitive organic compounds such as acrolein, methacrolein, acrylic acid and methacrylic acid from liquid to vapor in admixture with a gas stream at super-atmospheric pressures with minimum decomposition and substantially without polymer formation. The acrolein and methacrolein partial pressures being up to super-atmospheric and those of acrylic and methacrylic acids up to about an atmosphere.An apparatus and a process are also disclosed for transferring a sensitive organic material in an energy-efficient manner from a low-pressure, high-temperature gas-vapor stream to a solvent for the sensitive material, and then to another gas stream at increased pressure.

Abstract: A process for reacting a circulating liquid reaction solution with a gas in separate reaction zones within a single reaction vessel wherein the liquid reaction solution is continuously circulated between a first reaction zone and a second reaction zone within the reaction vessel but providing at least two side-by-side reaction chambers in open flow communication at their upper and lower ends with a gas supply means associated with each said chamber for introducing a gas in a finely divided form into the lower ends of each said chamber, and said gas supply means including flow control means whereby the rate of upwardly flow of gas in one of the chambers is greater than the rate of upwardly flow of gas in the other chamber so as to lower the density of the liquid reaction solution in the one chamber and provide continuous upwardly flow of liquid reaction solution and gas in the one chamber and downwardly flow of liquid reaction solution countercurrent to the flow of gas in the other chamber.

Abstract: A fractionation column is provided with a feed inlet and three product outlets, with the product outlets including an overhead vapor outlet, a bottoms liquid outlet and a side draw outlet. A plurality of vertically spaced apart vapor-liquid contact trays are mounted in the column. A generally vertical partition is positioned within the column in a central region between an upper and a lower vapor-liquid contact tray and divides the central region into first and second chambers defined by the upper and lower trays, column shell and partition. The feed inlet opens into the first chamber while the side draw outlet opens into the second chamber. First control means is provided for controlling the various inputs and outputs of the column. Second control means is also provided for measuring various constituent portions of fluid mixtures within the column.

Abstract: Apparatus and processes are disclosed for converting sensitive organic compounds such as acrolein, methacrolein, acrylic acid and methacrylic acid from liquid to vapor in admixture with a gas stream at super-atmospheric pressures with minimum decomposition and substantially without polymer formation. The acrolein and methacrolein partial pressures being up to super-atmospheric and those of acrylic and methacrylic acids up to about an atmosphere.An apparatus and a process are also disclosed for transferring a sensitive organic material in an energy-efficient manner from a low-pressure, high-temperature gas-vapor stream to a solvent for the sensitive material, and then to another gas stream at increased pressure.

Abstract: A liquid and a carbon dioxide containing gas are brought into intimate contact with each other while flowing countercurrently through a column divided into three contact zones. The liquid flows through the first contact zone at a relatively low temperature t.sub.1 to take up carbon dioxide from the gas, then through the second contact zone for delivering carbon dioxide and oxygen to said gas at a higher temperature t.sub.2, and finally through the third contact zone to take up carbon dioxide at a lower temperature t.sub.3 with respect to the temperature t.sub.2.