Abstract: A filament for use in an extrusion-based additive manufacturing system includes an elastomeric core and a harder, non-elastomeric shell. The core compositionally comprising an elastomeric core material having a flexural modulus of less than 31,000 psi and a durometer of less than 80 Shore. The shell overlays the core portion and compositionally comprises a non-elastomeric thermoplastic shell material that is substantially miscible with the elastomeric core material, wherein the core material and the shell material have the same monomer chemistry. The non-elastomeric thermoplastic shell material has a flexural modulus that is greater than the flexural modulus of the elastomeric core material by at least a factor of five, wherein the shell provides sufficient strength or stiffness to the filament such that filament can be utilized as a feedstock in the extrusion-based additive manufacturing system.

Abstract: Systems and methods for manufacturing an elongate medical device including various surface features. The system including a heating cartridge, a heating element, a filament handling system, a substrate handling system, a controller, and one or more additional components adapted to form the surface features on the medical device. The heating element melts a filament material within the heating cartridge to form a jacket of the medical device and the one or more additional components engages the outer surface of the jacket to create surface features.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for the production of a 3D printed object (100), wherein the method comprises (i) a 3D printing stage, the 3D printing stage comprising 3D printing a 3D printable material (110) to provide the 3D printed object (100) of printed material (120), wherein the 3D printing stage further comprises forming during 3D printing a channel (200) in the 3D printed object (100) under construction, wherein the method further comprises (ii) a filling stage comprising filling the channel (200) with a curable material (140) and curing the curable material (140) to provide the channel (200) with cured material (150), wherein the cured material (150) has a lower stiffness than the surrounding printed material (120).

Abstract: A composite pressure vessel that includes a monolayer liner and a reinforcing structure arranged on top of the liner. The liner is made by injection moulding and includes at least two shells weldable together. Each shell is made of a polymer composition including at least 45% by weight of an aromatic polyamide relative to the total weight of the polymer composition, and at least 10% by weight of an aliphatic polyamide relative to the total weight of the polymer composition.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a wing box for aircraft comprises the steps of arranging, on a curing surface, a first panel of composite material, alternately arranging, on the first panel, along a transverse direction, a rib of non-polymerized composite material and a tool comprising a central part, a bottom part and a top part, wherein the central part of each tool is interposed between said bottom part and the top part and may be extracted in a transverse direction, arranging a second panel of composite material by putting said second panel in contact with the flanges of each rib, pulling out the central part of each tool along the transverse direction and removing the top part and the bottom part of each tool, and subjecting the first panel, the second panel, and each rib to a curing process in autoclave with vacuum bag.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides methods for printing at least a portion of a three-dimensional (3D) object, comprising receiving, in computer memory, a model of the 3D object. Next, at least one filament material from a source of the at least one filament material may be directed towards a substrate that is configured to support the 3D object, thereby depositing a first layer corresponding to a portion of the 3D object adjacent to the substrate. A second layer corresponding to at least a portion of the 3D object may be deposited. The first and second layer may be deposited in accordance with the model of the 3D object. At least a first energy beam from at least one energy source may be used to selectively melt at least a portion of the first layer and/or the second layer, thereby forming at least a portion of the 3D object.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides methods for printing at least a portion of a three-dimensional (3D) object, comprising receiving, in computer memory, a model of the 3D object. Next, at least one filament material from a source of the at least one filament material may be directed towards a substrate that is configured to support the 3D object, thereby depositing a first layer corresponding to a portion of the 3D object adjacent to the substrate. A second layer corresponding to at least a portion of the 3D object may be deposited. The first and second layer may be deposited in accordance with the model of the 3D object. At least a first energy beam from at least one energy source may be used to selectively melt at least a portion of the first layer and/or the second layer, thereby forming at least a portion of the 3D object.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of coating a pipeline field joint comprising the steps of (a) applying a layer of a coating material composition comprising (i) a propylene polymer and (ii) a substantially linear ethylene copolymer, a linear ethylene copolymer, or mixtures thereof, to the uncoated region of the field joint, preferably the coating is applied by injection molding.

Abstract: A method and system are disclosed. A method of printing onto a base having an upper surface spaced from a lower surface by a base thickness includes dispensing a yarn from a nozzle of a printing system and selectively attaching the yarn to a first attachment region. The step of dispensing the yarn includes dispensing a heat-moldable material and a melt-resistant material. The step of selectively attaching the yarn to the first attachment region includes moving the nozzle into the first attachment region. The step of moving the nozzle into the first attachment region reduces the base thickness by a prodding distance. The heat-moldable material bonds to the first attachment region.

Abstract: A method of preparing an anisotropic polymer film using an electric field generator. The method of preparing an electric field generator comprising supplying an electric field across an electric field application zone, where the electric field is generated by a first electrode having a first charge and a second electrode having a charge opposite of the first, passing a polymer film that optionally includes dispersed particles through the electric field application zone, where the polymer film contacts the first electrode to induce orientation, and freezing the polymer film to lock the orientation before the polymer film exits the electric field application zone.

Abstract: A dispenser part, includes a first injection moulded plastic component part with an associated first mating surface along a first edge; a second injection moulded plastic component part having an associated second mating surface; a seam formed by the first mating surface and the second mating surface during injection moulding for joining the first component part and the second component part to define a dispenser part. A transverse cross section of the seam includes at least one step and at least one contact surface intermediate an inner and an outer surface of the dispenser part.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electret sheet that retains high piezoelectricity under high-temperature condition. The electret sheet of the invention is characterized by including a charged porous sheet, in which the electret sheet has a volume resistivity of 1.0×1015 ?·cm or more at 25° C. and a dielectric breakdown voltage of 7 kV or more at 25° C. The electret sheet preferably having a volume resistivity of 1.0×1014 ?·cm or more at 37° C. and a dielectric breakdown voltage of 7 kV or more at 37° C. retains excellent piezoelectricity even after being left under a high-temperature atmosphere over a long period.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides methods for printing at least a portion of a three-dimensional (3D) object, comprising receiving, in computer memory, a model of the 3D object. Next, at least one filament material from a source of the at least one filament material may be directed towards a substrate that is configured to support the 3D object, thereby depositing a first layer corresponding to a portion of the 3D object adjacent to the substrate. A second layer corresponding to at least a portion of the 3D object may be deposited. The first and second layer may be deposited in accordance with the model of the 3D object. At least a first energy beam from at least one energy source may be used to selectively melt at least a portion of the first layer and/or the second layer, thereby forming at least a portion of the 3D object.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides methods for printing at least a portion of a three-dimensional (3D) object, comprising receiving, in computer memory, a model of the 3D object. Next, at least one filament material from a source of the at least one filament material may be directed towards a substrate that is configured to support the 3D object, thereby depositing a first layer corresponding to a portion of the 3D object adjacent to the substrate. A second layer corresponding to at least a portion of the 3D object may be deposited. The first and second layer may be deposited in accordance with the model of the 3D object. At least a first energy beam from at least one energy source may be used to selectively melt at least a portion of the first layer and/or the second layer, thereby forming at least a portion of the 3D object.

Abstract: Peripheral portion of filters includes short-side portions and long-side portions. A first component and a second component each include a first holding section and a second holding section, the long-side portion of the filter being compressively held between the first holding sections, and the short-side portion of the filter being compressively held between the second holding sections. At least one of the first component and the second component includes a wall portion configured to isolate the long-side portion and the resin from each other. The short-side portion and the resin are in contact with each other.

Abstract: A drug transfer assembly including a connector connectable to a portion of an intravenous line adapted for connection to a patient's bloodstream and an adapter cap removably connectable with the connector is disclosed. The connector is formed of a rigid material and the adapter cap is formed of a pliable material. With the adapter cap connected to the connector, the adapter cap protectively surrounds and shields the connector. The adapter cap provides a cushioning surface which prevents rubbing of the connector against the skin of a patient. In this manner, the adapter cap prevents the connector of a drug transfer assembly from causing irritation and/or infection to the skin of a patient. Furthermore, the adapter cap provides a protective shield which prevents the connector of a drug transfer assembly from becoming contaminated with undesirables.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for forming three dimensional structures from a sheet of material of a desired medium are described. Examples described include an apparatus for folding a sheet of material to create a folded structure, the apparatus having a first and second array of creasing elements, and at least one actuator for causing relative movement of the first and second array of creasing elements from a first position to a second position.

Abstract: Provided are a base film, a laminate, and a method of forming a polarizing film. Particularly, a base film which may effectively form a polarizing film having a thickness of approximately 10, 8, 7, 6, or 5 ?m or less and exhibiting excellent functions such as polarizing performance, a laminate, and a method of forming the same are provided. Therefore, a polarizing film may be formed by preventing tearing or curling during an elongation process, and easily elongating a polarizing material such as a polyvinylalcohol-based resin.

Abstract: A connector includes a housing configured to be supported by an attachment object and a terminal configured to be supported by the housing, and the terminal is configured to be electrically connected to a counterpart terminal of a counterpart connector when the counterpart connector is fitted to the connector. The housing includes a body portion having an inner cylinder portion to which the terminal is assembled and to which a counterpart housing of the counterpart connector can be fitted and an attachment portion having an outer cylinder portion which is configured to be fixed to the attachment object and to which the inner cylinder portion is fitted. The body portion is assembled to the attachment portion in a state that the inner cylinder portion fitted to the outer cylinder portion penetrates the outer cylinder portion.

Abstract: A photovoltaic module includes: a flexible printed circuit; and a plurality of power generating elements mounted on the flexible printed circuit, wherein the flexible printed circuit includes a turning portion, and strip-shaped portions of the flexible printed circuit which are located on opposite sides of the turning portion are aligned so as to oppose each other.

Abstract: In a golf ball having a core and a cover, the core is formed of a rubber composition, has center and surface portions which are unfoamed regions and has an intermediate portion containing a foamed region. The core is produced by charging the rubber composition, which contains a blowing agent, into a first curing mold and curing under given conditions, then removing the molded rubber material in a semi-cured state from the first mold, transferring the semi-cured material to a second curing mold and curing under given conditions. The foamed region of the core deforms by a certain degree at the time of impact, decreasing the radius of gyration of the ball and enabling a lower spin rate to be achieved. The decrease in resilience due to expansion of the molded material can be held to a minimum.

Abstract: A manufacturing method for laminated iron cores includes processing a metal sheet to form product sheets, in each of which iron core pieces are arranged inside an outer frame piece and the iron core pieces are connected to the outer frame piece in such a way that outer peripheral sides of the iron core pieces are connected to nearest parts of the outer frame piece through bridge pieces, laminating the product sheets and temporarily fixing the product sheets adjacent to each other in a vertical direction together to form a sheets laminated body including iron core pieces laminated parts and bridge pieces laminated parts, sealing the iron core pieces laminated parts by a resin while being pressurized to form pre-formed laminated iron cores, and separating the bridge pieces laminated parts from the pre-formed laminated iron cores to form the laminated iron cores which are individually separated.

Abstract: There are provided a substrate film, a laminate, and method of manufacturing a polarizing film. The present application provides a substrate film capable of effectively manufacturing a polarizing film having a thickness of about 10 ?m or less, about 8 ?m or less, about 7 ?m or less, about 6 ?m or less, or about 5 ?m or less and having an excellent function such as polarization performance, a laminate, and a method of manufacturing the same. According to the invention, it is possible to prevent tearing, curling, or the like from occurring in the elongation process and manufacture a polarizing film by easily elongating a polarization material such as a PVA-based resin.

Abstract: A coupling made of composite material including a polymer matrix reinforced by a fiber structure is disclosed. The coupling includes a structural portion reinforced by a main fiber structure, and a first machining portion reinforced by a first fiber structure that is distinct from the main fiber structure. The matrices of the structural portion and of the first machining portion are identical. The first machining portion is situated on at least a fraction of the main face of the structural portion and is machined in a first machining surface. There is no intersection between the first machining surface and the fibers of the main fiber structure.

Abstract: A golf ball including one or more configurable materials allows the attributes of the golf ball, including physical properties and play characteristics, to be changed by selective exposure of energy from an energy source to the golf ball. The exposure to the energy from the energy source causes certain configurable materials within the golf ball to undergo a physical change in structure, thereby changing the attributes of the modified golf ball. A method of post production modification of a golf ball allows the attributes of the golf ball to be changed to meet the desired attributes of a consumer. A customization system including multiple stock golf ball sets with different configurations is used with different energy sources to produce a variety of modified golf balls having different attributes. A distribution system processes stock golf balls using post production modification processes to produce different modified golf balls to consumers.

Abstract: A method for producing a re-closable container. The method includes sealing a lidding film (10) on the upper surface (6) of the peripheral flange (5) and on the upper surface (11) of the peripheral frame member (9). During the sealing step, the bridging elements (13) of the discontinuous die-cut line (12) are broken by displacing the peripheral frame member (9) by means of the seal tool to a lower level than the peripheral flange (5). When opening the container, the lidding film (10) is peeled off from the container body (1) but stays adhered to the peripheral frame member (9) of the lid (2). The container can easily be opened since the bridging elements (13) between the lid (2) and the container body (1) are broken during the heat sealing step.

Abstract: A method and system for making a golf ball core is disclosed. The method may generally include forming a golf ball core out of a raw core material. The golf ball core may be rapidly heated to begin curing (or vulcanizing) from the outermost surface toward the center of the golf ball core. Before curing the entire golf ball core, the golf ball core may be quenched to stop the curing process. As a result, the golf ball core may include an outer cured zone and an inner uncured zone. In this state, the golf ball core may be incorporated into a finished golf ball to be sold to consumers. Following a set of instructions provided with the golf ball, the consumer may heat the golf ball to customize the properties of the golf ball core, and, thus, the characteristics of the golf ball.

Abstract: A hollow plastic part may include at least two plastic shells connected with one another at a respective edge along at least one joining plane. Each plastic shell may have at least a first component and a second component, wherein the plastic of the first component may have a lower melting temperature than the plastic of the second component. The first component may extend on at least one plastic shell in a caterpillar-like manner along at least part of the respective edge of the second component of this plastic shell.

Abstract: A composition including a compound having a fluorine functional group, a polymer as a polymerization product of the composition, an electrode and an electrolyte membrane for a fuel cell, which include the composition or the polymer thereof, and a fuel cell including at least one of the electrode and the electrolyte membrane.

Abstract: The invention pertains to a method for manufacturing a FRC/FRP-component component from rovings by means of a molding tool with a mold surface, featuring the steps of: applying rovings formed of dry fibers onto the mold surface by depositing the rovings under tension with predetermined orientations between deflection devices by means of an application device, applying binder material onto the tensioned rovings; consolidating the arrangement of fiber strands and binder material by applying heat and pressure in order to produce a preform for the component to be manufactured; separating the preform from the deflection devices and removing the preform from the molding tool; and carrying out an injection process or infusion process in order to manufacture the component after separating the preform from the deflection devices; as well as to a molding tool and a device for implementing the method.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method and apparatus for use in a fusion process for conduit. The method includes: heating and melting at least a portion of the terminal edges of the first conduit portion and the second conduit portion; and butt fusing the melted terminal edge of the first conduit portion with the melted terminal edge of the second conduit portion, thereby creating a fused joint area. A fusion apparatus for employing this method is also disclosed.

Abstract: The invention relates to an injection molding process to make a sealing surface about a periphery of a filter cartridge.

Abstract: A method and system for compression molding a dual core of a golf ball is disclosed. The method may include a first cycle in which a top mold plate, a middle mold plate, and a bottom mold plate may be used to compression mold concave shells. During the first cycle, the top mold plate and the bottom mold plate may be held at a first temperature T1 and the middle mold plate may be held at a second temperature T2. During the first cycle, the mold plates may be pressed together with a first pressure P1 for a first time t1. A second cycle may include compression molding the concave shells about a solid core. During the second cycle, the top mold plate and the bottom mold plate may be held at the first temperature T1 and pressed together with a second pressure P2 for a second time t2.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods for bonding refractory substrates, such as zircon substrates, without the use of a bonding agent. Exemplary methods include (a) providing a plurality of refractory components, each component having at least one surface to be bonded, (b) polishing each surface to be bonded to a surface roughness (Ra) of 200 nm or finer, (c) contacting the surfaces to be bonded to form an unbonded refractory substrate, (d) firing the unbonded refractory substrate, and (e) subjecting the surfaces to be bonded to a compressive force during firing. Methods for making refractory forming bodies are also disclosed herein.

Abstract: Described herein are systems, devices, and methods for the delivery of substances to, or the sampling of substances from, a patient using a portable and preferably implantable device. The substances introduced to and/or taken from the patient are preferably fluidic and are driven by a miniature pump, such as a microimpedance pump. A number of design variations are explicitly and implicitly described, such as the use of multiple pumps and multiple reservoirs for containing medicaments. Methods of manufacture of these systems and devices are also described, for instance, using molding, micromachining, or lithographic processes.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses disclosed herein relate to a recyclable thermoplastic unit that includes a casing body composed of a first thermoplastic having a first melting point. The casing body also includes a first locking mechanism that is configured to mate with a second locking mechanism of a sacrifice layer. The sacrifice layer is composed of a second thermoplastic and includes the second locking mechanism. The sacrifice layer has a melting point that is greater than the melting point of the casing body.

Abstract: A method of forming a golf ball includes forming a pair of thermoplastic hemispherical shells from an elastomer compound including an elastomer and first, second, and third free radical initiators, with the elastomer being pre-crosslinked to a first crosslinking density, then positioning a spherical component between the hemispherical shells and compression molding and curing the hemispherical shells to a second crosslinking density around the spherical component. The method uses three different crosslinking temperatures.

Abstract: Various embodiments related to three dimensional printers, and reinforced filaments, and their methods of use are described. In one embodiment, a void free reinforced filament is fed into an extrusion nozzle. The reinforced filament includes a core, which may be continuous or semi-continuous, and a matrix material surrounding the core. The reinforced filament is heated to a temperature greater than a melting temperature of the matrix material and less than a melting temperature of the core prior to extruding the filament from the extrusion nozzle.

Abstract: In the manufacturing method of the present invention, as preparation for providing a mold 30 with protrusions 31 and 32 to be printed on an FRP material of a skin 1 in co-bold molding, which requires resetting of the skin 1 to the mold 30, a long protrusion 32A and a short protrusion 32B are interchangeable as one protrusion 32. The long protrusion 32A is printed to form a second recessed part 12 in the skin 1, and before the skin 1 is reset, the long protrusion 32A is replaced with the short protrusion 32B. In this way, as the short protrusion 32B is housed in the second recessed part 12 formed during elongation of the mold 30, the skin 1 can be reset in the state of being positioned relative to the mold 30 by the first protrusion 31 and the short protrusion 32B.

Abstract: A method of forming a midsole includes the steps of placing a first mold member and a second mold member in contact with one another, injecting a first material into the first mold member to form first and second portions of a midsole preform, positioning the first and second portions in a third mold member of a second mold assembly; placing a second material in the third mold member; placing the third mold member and a fourth mold member in contact with one another, subjecting the second material and the first and second portions to heat to form a midsole preform, placing the midsole preform in a fifth mold member, placing the fifth mold member and a sixth mold member in contact with one another; and subjecting the midsole preform to heat and pressure to form a midsole.

Abstract: A seat cushion body and method of producing the same are provided. In a method of producing a seat cushion body, fiber material is inserted into a mold. Heat is supplied to the fibers to cause thermal activation of binding fibers, so as to effect thermal cross-linking. The resulting seat cushion body includes a resilient portion formed from the fibers and having a fiber orientation along a main load direction of the seat cushion body. The seat cushion body may include at least one further portion formed from the fibers, which has a fiber orientation and/or a density different from the fiber orientation and/or different from a density of the resilient portion. The resilient portion and the at least one further portion may be integrally formed from the cross-linked fiber material as a unitary body.

Abstract: A main body member, a first member, and a second member are joined together to form a laminate. A first edge of a first peripheral portion of the first member and a second edge of a second peripheral portion of second member are welded to each other along a parting line. A height position of the parting line in a thickness direction of the laminate is different between first and second portions defined in a peripheral direction of the laminate. Each of a first curvature radius of a curved shape of the first peripheral portion and a second curvature radius of a curved shape of the second peripheral portion is different between the first and second portions.

Abstract: A sealing unit for sealing a gap between a pair of surfaces, the apparatus comprising a nozzle for injecting sealant into the gap; two or more rollers; an endless track which passes round the rollers; and a curing device for directing energy into the gap to initiate cure of the sealant. The sealing unit is moved along the length of the gap. A sealant is injected into the gap from the nozzle and the track is rotated around the rollers as they are moved along the length of the gap. The track is pressed onto the first and second surfaces so the sealant in the gap is constrained by the track to lie substantially flush with the first and second surfaces. Energy is directed into the sealant with the curing device, the curing energy initiating cure of the sealant. The sealing unit is moved along the length of the gap at a rate such that the sealant becomes sufficiently cured when it is in contact with the track so that the track can be peeled away from the sealant as the track rotates round the second roller.

Abstract: A process for making a crosslinked assembly includes steps of: selecting a desired performance parameter for a molded assembly of a first polymeric component and a second polymeric component bonded to the first polymeric component, controlling a first crosslinking percentage for the first polymeric component and a second crosslinking percentage for the second polymeric component independently to provide the desired performance parameter for the assembly, orienting the assembly at an angle between an orientation axis of the assembly and a electron beam direction, exposing the oriented assembly a predetermined number of times (N) to the electron beam operable to deliver a predetermined amount of radiation (R) in the electron beam direction providing a total radiation exposure proportional to (N×R) providing the first component crosslinking percentage and the second component crosslinking percentage, the resulting assembly having the desired performance parameter.

Abstract: A pin or tube reinforced polymeric foam and a method of manufacture thereof. The reinforcing pins or tubes are incorporated into the polymeric foam during or after fabrication of the reinforced polymer foam and are preferably coated with an adhesive or binder layer prior to fabrication.

Abstract: A method for the at least partial connecting of walls of a hollow body of an elastic material with at least one opening, wherein a connecting material is introduced in viscous form into the opening of the pre-formed hollow body, the walls of which form a cavity, between two wall sections or surfaces of the wall sections facing each other are melted on for the purpose of the formation of a viscous connecting material, and then the connecting material is transferred into an elastic state with chemical or physical linking with the surfaces of the hollow body, so that the wall sections of the hollow body are at least partially connected with each other in the region of the connecting material, and a corresponding hollow body.

Abstract: A sealing unit for sealing a gap between a pair of surfaces includes a nozzle for injecting sealant into the gap, rollers, an endless track round the rollers, and a curing device. The sealing unit is moved along the length of the gap. A sealant is injected into the gap from the nozzle and the track is rotated around the rollers as they are moved along the length of the gap. The track is pressed onto first and second surfaces so the sealant in the gap is constrained by the track to lie substantially flush with the first and second surfaces. The sealing unit is moved along the length of the gap at a rate such that the sealant becomes sufficiently cured when it is in contact with the track so that the track can be peeled away from the sealant as the track rotates round the second roller.

Abstract: Provided is a method of manufacturing a damper assembly. In the method, a case constituting an appearance of the damper assembly and having an open surface is molded, the case is inserted in a jig, the case is filled with a thermal insulating material to blow and mold the thermal insulating material, and a closing plate is coupled to the case to cover the open surface of the case. The closing plate contacts the discharge duct when the damper assembly closes the discharge duct. Accordingly, dimension stability, a defect rate, and sealing and insulating performances of the damper assembly are improved.

Abstract: A novel design and method of attachment of a retention device to a monolithic thin walled deep drawn core provides an efficient system to produce a complete conjunct nozzle assembly. The design of the molded retention device contains the provision for joining the parts together without the use of adhesives or ancillary parts. Additional polymer in the correct amount is molded into the retention device in close proximity to the location where a mechanical lock must be formed to join the two components together. An inventive tool enables the technique for shut off of the monolithic core from the heated thermoplastic polymer allowing formation of a ledge that overhangs the flange of the core. Execution of the process is rapid, low cost and it eliminates damage to the thin wall of the core that would occur if the retention device were molded around the core.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a structural part including at least two wings extending in intersecting planes made of thermoplastic fiber-reinforced composite material including at least two plies of continuous fibers. The fibers extend from one wing to another. The method includes cutting the at least two plies in a fabric and/or a tape of fibers pre-impregnated with a thermoplastic resin; assembling the plies to create a preform; and compacting the preform to a final shape of the part by subjecting the preform to a defined cycle of temperature and pressure. A toolset can implement the method described above. Such a toolset includes a rigid punch and die such that closing the tool creates a sealed chamber in a shape of the part between the punch and the die.