Abstract: Active seal assemblies employing active materials that can be controlled and remotely changed to alter the seal effectiveness, wherein the active seal assemblies actively change modulus properties such as stiffness, shape orientation, and the like. In this manner, in seal applications such as a vehicle door application, door opening and closing efforts can be minimized yet seal effectiveness can be maximized.

Abstract: An electronic device includes: a first case and a second case; a gasket sandwiched between the first case and the second case, the gasket having an elasticity and being formed on the edge of the first case; and an electronic component accommodated in the first and second cases; wherein the gasket has a first side surface facing inward and a second side surface facing outward, and the first side surface has a first angle with respect to an imaginary line which is perpendicular to a direction in which the first case is joined to the second case, the second side surface has the second angle with respect to an imaginary line which is perpendicular to a direction in which the first case is joined to the second case, and the first angle is different from the second angle when the first case is disjoined to the second case.

Abstract: A gasket having a cross sectional shape longer than it is wide and is prevented from falling over and buckling. The gasket is installed in an installation groove formed in either of two opposite surfaces and having a cross sectional shape that is longer in the depth direction of the groove than it is wide. The gasket has a meandering section meandering in the width direction of the installation groove and also has a rib provided projecting from the inner periphery and/or the outer periphery of the meandering section.

Abstract: The invention relates to a novel method for fastening at least one plate, such as a glass panel, in a profile, which has an assembly groove for peripherally receiving an edge of the glass panel. The method is characterized in that on at least one of the glass panels and an inside of the assembly groove oriented parallel thereto an assembly rubber seal is disposed, on the surface of which facing the glass panel a double-sided adhesive tape having a cover film that covers the side of the double-sided adhesive tape facing the glass panel is attached, wherein the glass panel is inserted into the assembly groove and is pressed against the double-sided adhesive tape in the assembly groove by at least one counter element disposed on the opposite side of the glass panel, or by the opposite inside of the assembly groove, and wherein the cover film is removed when the glass panel is inserted into the assembly groove.

Abstract: A gasket is to be disposed in a compressed state between a groove bottom surface defining a gasket groove formed in a first member and a seat surface of a second member so as to make a hermetical sealing between the groove bottom surface and the seal surface. The gasket includes a first seal section formed at an end part of the gasket in a compression direction. The first seal section is ridge-shaped so as to become slender in a direction toward a tip portion of the first seal section. The first seal section has first and second side surfaces which are opposite to each other with respect to a first plane passing through the tip portion of the first seal section. The first side surface overhangs outwardly larger than the second side surface.

Abstract: The apparatus and method for sealing at least two surfaces includes a sealing member with an attachment portion fixed to one of the surfaces, and a seal portion connected to the attachment portion. The seal portion of the sealing member includes a deformable segment that may be received and retained by a receiving aperture that is defined by at least one of the surfaces. The receiving aperture may further be defined by at least one engagement member extending from at least one of the surfaces. At least one coating, such as paint, may also be located on a side of the sealing member opposite the surfaces. The seal may be engaged and disengaged without requiring reapplication of the coating. Thus, the present invention provides an effective technique for sealing parts of an object, such as sealing a door, panel, cover or the like to a surrounding structure.

Abstract: A flexible, resilient seal protects a bearing in a pitch joint of a helicopter blade assembly from contaminants. The seal includes a flexible, resilient body having a first end bonded to a stationary portion of the joint, and a second end biased into sealing engagement with a displaceable portion of the joint. The body includes an intermediate bellows section surrounding the bearing that expands and contracts to accommodate displacement between the stationary and movable portions of the joint. The second end of the seal includes a lip that rubs on a sacrificial wear layer formed on the second portion of the joint.

Abstract: To eliminate pins for specifying a vertical position of a metal fixture from a dust cover forming mold to suppress variation in product shape caused by wear of the pins, the ring-shaped metal fixture (1) is embedded in the dust cover (2) to fix the dust cover (2) at an installation position, inner diameter teeth (6) are formed integrally at one end in the axial direction of an outer diameter tube section (4) via a bend (5), the metal fixture (1) is embedded in the dust cover (2) so that one end (5a) in the axial direction of the bend (5) is set at axially the same position as one end face (2a) in the axial direction of the dust cover (2), and groove-like communication sections (8) radially penetrating the bent section (5) are formed in a radial shape at the one end (5a).

Abstract: A seal device has a for sealing a through hole in a partition includes a first seal for providing a first abutment portion that abuts against a periphery of the through hole in an entirety thereof, and a second seal for providing a second abutment portion that is made of an elastic material for abutting against an outer peripheral surface of a component disposed in the through hole. The first seal and the second seal are connected to cover an entire periphery of the through and the component, and a support member on the second seal has an inner surface shaped in a corresponding form of the component.

Abstract: A hollow oven gasket has a flexible tubular member with tubular wall and fasteners in the form of clips that are captured within and extend through the wall. First and second free ends of a length of the gasket material are brought together in a termination to form a closed loop gasket member. The first end of the device is at least partially collapsed to form a male end. The second opposing end is left uncollapsed to form a female end. The male end is received within the female end to form a joint held together by engagement of the clips adjoining the joint with an oven face surrounding an oven mouth or an oven door.

Abstract: A steering knuckle pin bearing assembly includes a bearing and a steering knuckle pin pivotably supporting a steering knuckle relative to an axle beam. A sealing collar seals a space between the bearing and the steering knuckle pin, which space may include a spacer washer. The sealing collar is slidably borne on a radial outer surface of the bearing. In addition, the sealing collar has at least one sealing region that is in slidable contact with an at least substantially cylindrical sealing surface of the axle beam.

Abstract: A fluid actuated rotational coupling device is provided with improved sealing of fluid passages. The device includes a fluid actuated rotational coupling that is disposed on a rotatable shaft. The coupling defines a fluid port. A key is received within a keyway in the coupling and/or shaft and defines a fluid passage extending therethrough having fluid ports at either end aligned with the fluid port in the coupling and a fluid port in the shaft. The key also defines grooves formed in surfaces of the key and surrounding the fluid ports. Seals are disposed within the grooves in the key. By locating the fluid passage and seals in the key, the seals may be removed and replaced without removing the coupling from the shaft. Further, the seals are less likely to be damaged during installation of the coupling device on the shaft.

Abstract: A method of sealing a joint between components especially in an aircraft comprises the steps of identifying the sealing gap to be sealed; selecting a suitable sealing material having a fractional maximum sealing thickness and a fractional fully-compressed thickness and selecting a suitable thickness of that sealing material, based on a consideration of the fractional maximum sealing thickness and the fractional fully-compressed thickness of the sealing material and on the sealing gap; locating, between the mating surfaces of the components to be sealed, the suitable thickness of the suitable sealing material; and fastening the components together.

Abstract: A sealing member of an ink cartridge whose casing is formed of a material including an ethylene-propylene random copolymer at least includes a welding layer, an adhesive layer, and a surface layer. The sealing member is also formed of a material including polypropylenes: the welding layer contains an ethylene-propylene random copolymer, and the surface layer contains homopolypropylene oriented by stretching.

Abstract: The invention is directed to fluid-containing pouches and to methods for forming fluid-containing pouches. In one embodiment, the invention is to a fluid-containing pouch, comprising first and second opposing sheets, and a fluid (e.g., a calibrant fluid, a reactant fluid or a wash fluid) disposed between the first and second opposing sheets. The first sheet and the second sheet have a substantially liquid and gas impermeable perimeter seal. The sheets may be sealed, for example, by one or more of heat crimping, pressure crimping, heat and pressure crimping, ultrasonic welding, metal-to-metal welding or laser welding. Fluid-containing pouches sealed according to the disclosed methods and apparatuses show substantially improvement in terms of reduced gas exchange, notably CO2 pressurization levels.

Abstract: A device is disclosed for producing a seal between a first part and a second part, especially a first housing part and a second housing part. The seal can be produced according to a physical property of an electroactive plastic material which can be modified. A device for receiving an electrical circuit and/or a device including electrical switching device is also disclosed, having at least one first and one second housing part operating as a first part and a second part, with an above-mentioned device. A method is further disclosed for producing a seal between a first part and a second part, especially a first housing part and a second housing part, by way of such a device, a first electrical voltage being applied to create the seal, and a second electrical voltage being applied to lift the seal.

Abstract: A laminated multiple-layered split boot layer assembly, providing both very important qualities of easy installation and reliable boot sealing performance. Easy installation is easy to achieve but the reliable boot sealing performance of substantially high degree of reliable boot sealing performance is very much needed but has eluded many inventors until now. Many different solutions and approaches are used, such as multiple layering, reinforcement with fastener such as glue sealant adhesive, reinforcement encircling rings, and appropriately positioning each split boot layer's cut (53) split line, in relationship to the cut (53) of preceding and adjacent split boot layer for maximized sealing performance.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the forming, molding and finishing of caulking material between two surfaces or in a corner. The present invention utilizes the geometrical properties of a ball-shaped forming tool, the length of its radius and a related gauged dispensing mechanism to create uniform, functional beads of caulking between such surfaces.

Abstract: A fuel injector tip seal is provided including improved resistance to the heat and pressures of combustion gas. According to one aspect, the tip seal is formed from polytetrafluoroethylene and between 10 and 35 percent carbon fiber. The material offers improved surface finish and deformation resistance as well as improved thermal conduction and keeps thermal expansion low as compared to conventional fuel injector tip seal designs. According to a further aspect, a revised seal groove design is provided that allows for expansion and deformation of the tip seal and creates more pressure to the outside diameter face when pressure is applied at the tip. According to another aspect, the tip seal is formed of a flat disk-shaped seal body that can be assembled on the fuel injector by an assembly cone device that allows the disk-shaped seal body to be flipped to a ring-shaped configuration in its assembled position.

Abstract: A filter and filter element is provided that incorporates a valve member for preventing priming fluid from contaminating a clean fluid side of the filter or filter element. The filter may incorporate a replaceable filter element or be replaceable itself. The valve member is preferably formed as an annular flange of a grommet mounted to an end cap of the filter element. The annular flange sealingly engages with the end cap and closes a clean fluid outlet port in a relaxed state and opens the clean fluid outlet port in a deformed state.

Abstract: Ring-shaped flange gasket produced from a rubbery-elastic material, said flange gasket comprising two rings (2, 3), each having a ring-shaped reinforcing insert (9, 10), said rings being formed in a wedge-shaped manner transversely relative to the ring axis (4) and, at sides (5, 6) that face each other, adjoining one another at right angles to the ring axis (4) by means of planar surfaces and there being in engagement with one another so as to be rotatable, wherein along at least one circumferential section, the ring-shaped reinforcing insert (9, 10) has a wave profile (11) with an increasing wave height in a region of increasing wedge height.

Abstract: The gastight sealing device associated with a functional clearance existing between two sectors of a turbomachine includes an annular plate wound up on itself over at least one turn, covering functional clearance.

Abstract: A sealing system with sealing ring for coupling members for connecting pipes to user devices such as pumps, compressors, tanks and the like, by means of a shank that screws into a seat provided on the said user devices, comprises a groove and an annular seal. The groove, which is shaped according to the teaching of international standard ISO UNI 5711-65, is situated in a position adjacent to the shank of the coupling member, at the opposite end from the end of the shank. The groove is able to receive the annular seal designed to be pressed against an abutting wall or a flared portion of the seat of the user device in order to establish the seal. In the original configuration prior to assembly, the sealing ring is of an essentially cylindrical shape, whereas, in the configuration of compression on the groove, it assumes a shape adapted to the profile of the groove, which is generally frustoconical.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electric motor for electric fans having a casing with at least a lid with a hermetic seal and a method for assembly of the motor. The motor (1) has a casing (2) consisting of a cup-shaped part (5) and a lid (6) and an O-ring seal (7) inserted between them, the seal (7) comprising retaining means (8) so that it remains applied to one of the elements, either the lid (6) or the cup-shaped part (5). The method for assembly includes the steps of inserting an O-ring seal (7) in a seat (10) in the lid (6) or in the cup-shaped part (5), the O-ring seal (7) having retaining rings (11); and inserting each retaining ring (11) on a respective fixing pin (15) present in the lid (6) or in the cup-shaped part (5), so that the seal (7) remains positioned in the seat (10) applied to one of the elements, either the lid (6) or the cup-shaped part (5).

Abstract: An apparatus and a process for forming a protective barrier seal along a “ring of concern” of a transfer container used with double door systems is provided. A protective substrate is supplied between a “ring of concern” and a safety cover in which an adhesive layer of the substrate engages the “ring of concern”. A compressive foam strip along an opposite side of the substrate engages a safety cover such that a compressive force is maintained between the “ring of concern” and the adhesive layer of the substrate.

Abstract: In a gas turbine, annular overhang portions are formed on adjacent surfaces of a plurality of rotor discs so as to face each other, surrounding the rotor axis, groove portions are provided circumferentially to the surfaces of the overhang portions facing each other, and sealing structures are annularly installed to the inside of the groove portions. The gas turbine comprises sealing plate assemblies which include the overhang portions, the groove portions and a plurality of plates being formed annularly by being mutually piled up; and detachable retaining members which are provided so as to fix the overhang portions and the sealing plate assemblies together by way of disc engagement portions provided to the overhang portions and sealing plate engagement portions provided to the sealing plate assemblies.

Abstract: A gasket interface for a fluid filter is described. The gasket interface described includes a seal disposed between plate members, where at least one of the plate members is movable with respect to the other. The seal includes a seal position and a release position. In the seal position, the seal is compressible along an axis when the plate members move toward each other, while the seal is also expandable along another axis as a result of being compressed. The seal has a laterally extending portion to provide a sealing configuration. In the release position, the seal is non-compressed when the plate members move away from each other and the laterally extending portion is withdrawn so as not to be laterally extended and be removed from the sealing configuration. The gasket interface provides a unique sealing configuration that does not require end-to-end engagement of the sealing parts.

Abstract: A transition piece seal assembly for sealing an interface between at least one transition piece extending between a turbine combustor and a first stage turbine nozzle. The seal assembly includes an aft frame having on a first axial side thereof at least one axially projecting can shaped receptacle for axially receiving an aft end of a transition piece and a generally planar mounting surface on a second axial side thereof for being disposed in opposed facing relation to the first stage nozzle; and at least one resilient seal element disposed on an inner peripheral surface of the can shape receptacle so as to be disposed between the transition piece aft end and the can shaped receptacle.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a sealing member for establishing a water resistant seal between two elements which includes a resilient gasket having opposed gasket surfaces for engagement between the two elements; and a water resistant coating applied to the gasket. The water resistant coating providing releasable adhesive sealing contact with at least one of the elements. The present invention is also directed to a method of making a gasket seal for an electrical box.

Abstract: A sealing system, in particular for attachment connections on flow paths for hot gases, such as exhaust gas flows from internal combustion engines, with a sealing support (3) and at least one sealing element (1) that defines a sealing plane that is located between sealing surfaces, characterized in that the sealing support (3), as a separate component, is separated from the sealing element (1) as another separate component, and in that the two components are captively connected to one another to preserve the sealing system.

Abstract: A seal assembly (60) for sealing first and second static parts (40A, 40B) with opposed slots (44A, 44B) together forming a pocket (46). The seal assembly (60) comprises a floor strip (70) positioned adjacent the pocket's floor (48) and a ceiling strip (80) positioned adjacent the pocket's ceiling (50). A connection (90) of the strips' central portions (72, 82) provides a flat hinge between cooperating hinge portions (76, 86). A first set of the hinge portions (76A-86A) converge for insertion into the first slot (44A) and a second set of hinge portions (76B-96B) converge for insertion into the second slot (44B). After such slot insertion and pocket installation, the converged hinge portions (76A-86A, 76B-86B) resiliently diverge within the pocket to seat the floor strip's end portions (74A, 74B) against the pocket's floor (48) and to seat the ceiling strip's end portions (84A, 84B) against the pocket's ceiling (50).

Abstract: The present invention provides an automated fiber joint placement machine mandrel configuration where the lap joint is preferably parallel to the mold surface. Accordingly, the user may shim the mandrel segments without otherwise affecting the integrity of the seal. A lap joint is preferably utilized wherein mandrel segments are split at the stringer centerline through the middle of the hat or through the cap of the stringer. The lap joint is preferably designed such that the face sheets of the mandrel segments preferably lie flat on top of one another when placed in contact. The seal plane is thus protected.

Abstract: A joining surface of a lower case including a plurality of grooves and bolt holes. The plurality of grooves are formed with a substantially arced shape and intersect with each other. The bolt holes are used for tightening. The grooves intersect with each other, and connecting sections of the grooves form a continuous groove that separates the inside of the case from the outside of the case. A liquid gasket is filled in the grooves.

Abstract: A thermal protection system and a method of manufacturing are disclosed. The thermal protection system may be configured to protect a moveable joint, for example, a flexible bearing of a rocket motor nozzle. The thermal protection system includes a series of annular shims separated by a plurality of discrete spacers. Each shim of the series of annular shims may have a larger diameter than the previous shim, and the shims may nest. The shims may comprise a thermally stable material, and the discrete spacers may comprise an elastomer. Optionally. an annular bearing protector may separate the annular shims from the flexible bearing.

Abstract: A gasket for sealing between a wall and a gasket support surface, such as between an oven housing and an oven door. The gasket includes a clip, the clip typically being made from a single strand of wire. The wire is bent into a head and a base, the base for engaging the gasket and head dimensioned for engagement with a wall for a support surface.

Abstract: A fan docking collar for sealing between a fan housing of a fan and an enclosure wall to improve fan performance by preventing flow recirculation. The docking collar includes a pliable body that defines an opening for air flow. The body has a seal for mating with the fan housing and a rim for sealing against the enclosure wall.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for a seal according to various aspects of the present invention include a seal operating in conjunction with a housing and a removable cover. A portion of the seal is attached to the housing and another portion of the seal is attached to the removable cover to enclose a joint between the housing and the removable cover. A cutter cuts the seal, which allows the removable cover to be removed.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for forming a sealed joint between first and second construction surfaces comprises a joint spacer having a first state and a second state. In the first state, the joint spacer has a unitary structure which includes a first component and a second component, wherein in the first state the second component is engaged to the first component. In the second state the second component is disengaged from the first component. The joint spacer also has an adhesive disposed on at least a portion of only the first component, the adhesive configured to adhere to the first construction surface.

Abstract: A sealing unit includes a mismatched metal-to-metal seal and an o-ring seal with a vent hole therebetween. The mismatched metal-to-metal seal may provide a sealing surface between two metals that may withstand high temperatures and pressure while avoiding leakage over many cycles. The sealing units of the present invention may provide a seal capable of withstanding pressures greater than about 5,000 psig, and typically greater than 6,000 psig, and more typically greater than 7,000 psig; and temperatures greater than about 300° F., and typically greater than about 400° F., and more typically greater than about 500° F. over a service life of more than 5,000 cycles. By providing a vent hole between the metal-to-metal seal and the o-ring seal, should either seal leak, damage to the other/good seal may be prevented by expelling the leak out of the system.

Abstract: In order to easily permit functionally correct mounting of a sealing strip (3) which is intended for use on the frame structure of a vehicle opening, a sealing arrangement is proposed which is composed of an attachment section (4) and a sealing section (5), wherein aids are provided which are intended for carrying out uniquely determined positioning on a section (2) of the aforesaid frame structure. These aids are a groove (7) which is configured to receive a frame part of the frame structure and which extends along the entire length of the sealing strip (3) and whose maximum insertion depth signals the precise positioning of the sealing strip on the aforesaid frame part. These aids can also be a bead (15) which is integrally formed on the attachment section (4) and which performs the function of a spacing element in relation to a stop surface of the aforesaid frame structure and is connected to the attachment section in a releasable, in particular tear-off connection.

Abstract: A static gasket assembly having a grid-like carrier (10, 10?) formed as a mesh of overlapping strands. Openings (16-22) are created strategically in the carrier (10, 10?) with the severed ends of the strands forming cantilever stems (12) projecting inwardly. Any one of a variety of specially configured sealing elements (24, 30, 32, 36, 38) are pressed into the respective openings (16-22) with the cantilever stems (12) engaging a peripheral groove (26) in each sealing element to retain the respective sealing elements in position. The gasket assembly is then placed over a surface to be sealed (40) and the carrier (10, 10?) can either be removed, or remain as a permanent fixture of the gasket assembly.

Abstract: The invention is a shut-off seal assembly for use with the drive assembly of fluid-containing vessels. The shut-off seal assembly first locks the seal carrier of the drive assembly in place so that it may not rotate in a clockwise or a counter-clockwise direction. The seal carrier includes a pair of notches into which a pawl may be fitted preventing seal carrier rotation. The seal carrier surrounds a sleeve which includes a plurality of slots. A backwards rotation of the drive shaft causes drive pins to slide in the angled slots, thereby causing the seal element to move forward and create a seal between the drive assembly and the vessel.

Abstract: The subject invention discloses a sealing assembly that includes a first component and a second component moveable into and out of mating engagement to form a seal therebetween. The first component has a first sealing surface defining a groove and a sealing bead extends upwardly a predetermined height therefrom. The sealing bead is molded within the groove. The second component has a second sealing surface defining a recess for contacting the sealing bead. When the first and the second components are brought into mating engagement, the sealing bead compresses at most 40% of the predetermined height when the second sealing surface contacts the sealing bead.

Abstract: A vacuum chamber assembly comprises a floor plate, an upper plate, plural props standing on the floor plate to support the upper plate, and side plates closing side opening portions between the props. First connected portions between the floor plate and the props and second connected portions between the upper plate and the props are fixed by screws. Circumferential edge portions of the side opening portions are provided with installation grooves, respectively. A gasket includes side surface sealing portions installed in the installation grooves formed on the circumferential edge portions of the side opening portions, respectively, and connection sealing portions for sealing the first connected portions and the second connected portions. The side plates are fixed to the circumferential edge portions to close the side opening portions via the side surface sealing portions of the gasket, respectively.

Abstract: A circular seal (19) for the end face of a substantially cylindrical canister, the seal (19) having a substantially rectangular cross-section, and a recess (21) in one side thereof to reduce the area of said cross-section. In use the recessed area (21) of the seal (19) constitutes a weakened portion which will blow out elastically to relieve excess pressure.

Abstract: An improved turbine spring clip seal for directing gases to be mixed with fuel in a combustor basket. The turbine spring clip seal is composed of inner and outer housings and a center sealing member disposed between the inner and outer housings. The center sealing member is flexible and prevents a fluid, such as air, from leaking through the seal. In operation, the center sealing member flexes and is sealed against the outer housing by a pressure differential that is created by the relatively higher pressure on the inner housing side and the relatively lower pressure on the outer housing side.

Abstract: A gasket for sealing between a wall and a gasket support surface, such as between an oven housing and an oven door. The gasket includes a clip, the clip typically being made from a single strand of wire. The wire is bent into a head and a base, the base for engaging the gasket and head dimensioned for engagement with a wall for a support surface.

Abstract: An insert, or gasket, intended to be used at a joint between two panels. The insert is preferably pre-formed into a particular cross-sectional shape such that it can be easily, and securely, installed between two panels. Preferably, the insert is shaped, in cross-section, with one flange on each end, such that upon installation, one flange is seated on the front side of the panels and the other flange is seated on the rear side of the panels. In the preferred embodiment, the first and second flange portions may include a pair of lips, and the lip of the second flange portion is of a thickness that is greater than that of the lip of the first flange portion. Such a configuration facilitates installation. The present invention also relates to a method of installing such an insert.

Abstract: The transferrable EMI gasket assembly utilizes a carrier with a pair of arms, each attached to a back panel by a hinged connection and extending in the same direction to overlie one another. The conductive, deformable gasket material is attached to the carrier and positioned adjacent the back panel. The assembly is collapsed for installation with the back panel overlying one of the arms hinged thereto to present a reduced height. The assembly is placed in the operative position by moving one arm relative to the other to pivot the carrier back panel to a near right angle position with respect to the carrier arms. In the operative position, the gasket material is compressed and deformed against the confronting surfaces to effect the EMI seal while the biasing force of the compressed gasket material, in the preferred embodiment, secures the carrier arms together.

Abstract: A gasket assembly includes a plurality of carriers. Each carrier has at least one non-sealing aperture and at least one sealing aperture. The sealing aperture has a seal which extends around a perimeter of the sealing aperture and is attached to the carrier. The plurality of carriers comprises a stack of carriers with each of the carriers in the stack being in touching contact with at least one other of the carriers. The non-sealing apertures of the carriers are aligned to and associated with the sealing apertures such that each seal extends through aligned and associated non-sealing apertures in the other carriers to provide a first sealing surface at a first outer surface of the stack and a second sealing surface at a second outer surface of the stack. The carriers in the stack may be joined together to form the gasket assembly. The seals may include various materials, including elastomers, such as those commonly used in automotive vehicle applications.