Abstract: A coil device including: a core containing magnetic particles and a resin component; a coil including a conductor having a coil shape; and a terminal electrode formed on a part of an outer surface of the core and electrically connected to an end of the conductor drawn from the coil. The terminal electrode includes a first electrode layer in contact with the end of the conductor and a second electrode layer located outside the first electrode layer. The first electrode layer and the second electrode layer both include conductive powder and resin, and a content of the resin in the second electrode layer is higher than a content of the resin in the first electrode layer.

Abstract: In an insulation layer of a coil component, a thickness of a second covering part and a third covering part located on the penetration hole side of a first covering part is thinner than that of the first covering part. A stray capacitance occurring between a flat coil pattern and external terminal electrodes is reduced by making the first covering part of the insulation layer thicker than the second covering part and the third covering part. Further, since the second covering part and the third covering part of the insulation layers are thinner than the first covering part, a magnetic volume is increased while external dimensions of the base body is maintained, and thus a high inductance is realized.

Abstract: In some examples, an isolation transformer can include a first wire having a first insulation thickness and a second wire having a second insulation thickness that is different than the first insulation thickness. The isolation transformer can further include a plurality of magnetic cores of magnetic material that can be configured to surround portions of each of the first and second wires along respective circumferences of the first and second wires to provide the isolation transformer.

Abstract: Disclosed are a coil assembly of a slotless motor, a housing, and a slotless motor including the same. According to the present invention, there is provided a coil assembly of a slotless motor which includes a plurality of first coil structures which have two first coil sides facing each other with a first space interposed therebetween and having a fan-shaped cross section in a width direction and have a first end turn bent in a first direction on at least one end in a longitudinal direction of the two first coil sides and a plurality of second coil structures which have two second coil sides facing each other with a second space interposed therebetween and having a fan-shaped cross section in a width direction and have a second end turn bent in a second direction on at least one end in a longitudinal direction of the two second coil sides, wherein the plurality of first coil structures and the plurality of second coil structures are coupled to each other to form a circular stator winding structure.

Abstract: A transformer includes a transformer core having a first core leg having a first longitudinal axis and second core leg having a second longitudinal axis; a first low voltage (LV) winding arranged around the first core leg, a first high voltage (HV) winding arranged around the first LV winding; a second low voltage (LV) winding arranged around the second core leg; and a second high voltage winding arranged around the second LV winding, wherein the first HV winding is provided with a first HV connector and a second HV connector each extending substantially perpendicular away from the first longitudinal axis, and wherein the second HV winding is provided with a third HV connector and a fourth HV connector each extending substantially perpendicular away from the second longitudinal axis.

Abstract: A method, a processing line and components of the processing line for making a stator for electric motors, and the resultant stator. The conducting wire is wound in coils having at least one straight portion which is inserted into a corresponding stator sector. The sector is thus deformed to move its teeth close to each other and to close the straight portion of the coil. Multiple stator sectors so made are assembled together to form a stator complete with windings. During the production of stator sectors, the coils and/or stator sectors are rototranslated to bring them to the final position they must take inside the finished stator. Measures are provided to maximize the filling factor, to minimize torque ripple phenomena, to minimize noise and the vibrations of the electric motor achieved with the stator, and to maximize its performance, under other equal conditions.

Abstract: In a stacked core (1, 21) for a stationary induction apparatus according to an embodiment, joint surfaces where yoke portions (2, 3, 12, 22, 23) and leg portions (4, 5, 6, 11, 24, 25, 26) are joined have protrusions (8, 13) formed from a plurality of magnetic members (7), and recesses (9, 14) formed from a plurality of magnetic members alternately, and the yoke portions and the leg portions are configured to be butted in such a form that the protrusions and the recesses mesh with each other, sheet-like magnetic insulators (10, 15) are each disposed in a butt-joint portion between the protrusions and the recesses in such a form as to bend in a bellows shape along a butt line, and an air gap is provided, and in a relationship between the number of the stacked magnetic members forming each of the protrusions and the number of the stacked magnetic members forming each of the recesses, the number of the stacked magnetic members forming each of the protrusions is made smaller than the number of the stacked magnetic

Abstract: A coil formed from a flexible polymer substrate that is printed with metal traces is disclosed in which the flexible substrate has notches that align each loop as the substrate is wound into a ring. The notches are precisely spaced so that the diameter of each loop is well controlled. As the substrate is wound, adhesive is applied along its length to fill gaps between each loop's layer. Ideally, the adhesive has a similar dielectric constant as the polymer substrate. The resulting coil has loops of metal traces separated by precise a thickness of dielectric. The precision in spacing between metal layers and dielectric allows the coil to be designed for self-resonance.

Abstract: A coil unit and a manufacturing method of the same are provided which are configured to simplify the configuration of a connection portion between a coil and a wiring material (busbar), to simplify the number of components and a connection step, to prevent an increase in resistance at the connection portion, and to achieve a good connection state. A busbars-welded coil includes a coil made of a wound first metal material, and busbars made of a second metal material connected to end portions of the coil. A welded portion between the end portion of the coil and the busbar is configured by pressure welding with end surfaces butted against each other.

Abstract: An electric motor includes a stator assembly including a lamination stack and a printed circuit board assembly (PCBA) coupled to the lamination stack at an axial end of the stator assembly. The stator assembly also includes a plurality of windings wrapped about the lamination stack to form a plurality of coils. The plurality of windings includes a first winding defining a first coil of the plurality of coils and a second coil of the plurality of coils located opposite from the first coil. The stator assembly further includes a plurality of terminals configured to electrically connect the plurality of windings to the PCBA. The plurality of terminals include a first terminal and a second terminal. The first coil and the second coil are connected in parallel between the first terminal the second terminal.

Abstract: The invention relates to a power cable comprising at least one conductor element (10) and which additionally comprises at least one strip (16) arranged on at least one portion of the length of said conductor element (10). The strip (16) is equipped with a winding-free energy recovery system which supplies the strip (16) with electric current from the energy available in the conductor (10). The strip (16) has a plurality of elements (18) which generate light from this electric current.

Abstract: A stator includes a yoke extending in a circumferential direction about an axis line, a tooth extending from the yoke in a first direction toward the axis line, and a coil wound around and fixed to the tooth. The yoke has an inner wall surface facing the axis line. The tooth has a root part connected to the yoke. The inner wall surface of the yoke is a flat surface extending from an end of the root part of the tooth in the circumferential direction to an inner circumferential side relative to a plane passing through the end and perpendicular to the first direction.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a common mode filter that comprises a drum core including a winding core portion and a pair of flange portions provided at both ends of the winding core portion, and first and second wires wound around the winding core portion so as to form a pair-wire for each turn. The first and second wires includes one or a plurality of sparsely-wound portions in which the first and second wires are wound with adjacent pair-wires spaced from each other, and one or a plurality of closely-wound portions in which the first and second wires are wound with adjacent pair-wires in close contact with each other.

Abstract: A coil forming apparatus includes: a coil winding jig that winds the belt-shaped coil, the coil winding jig including a plurality of comb-shaped grooves on an outer periphery thereof; a coil conveying mechanism that pivotally conveys the belt-shaped coil along at least a portion of the outer periphery of the coil winding jig; and guide members guide the belt-shaped coil in an arc shape while being in contact with the side ends. The guide members guide the belt-shaped coil so as to be in an arc shape having a diameter smaller than an outer diameter of the coil winding jig in a second half portion of the belt-shaped coil upon pivot conveying, and allow the plurality of straight portions to be inserted into a respective one of the plurality of comb-shaped grooves of the coil winding jig.

Abstract: A stator including a ring having teeth and slots between said teeth that open radially outwards and material bridges, each linking two adjacent teeth to the respective base on the side of the air-gap, a yoke attached to the ring, and windings placed in the slots of the ring, at least some of the material bridges having at least on deformable zone that can be deformed during assembly of the yoke on the ring.

Abstract: A semiconductor device including a substrate is provided. The device further includes a through-substrate via (TSV) extending into the substrate, and a substantially helical conductor disposed around the TSV. The substantially helical conductor can be configured to generate a magnetic field in the TSV in response to a current passing through the helical conductor. More than one TSV can be included, and/or more than one substantially helical conductor can be provided.

Abstract: A formed body incorporating a coil by using: a coil formed by winding a conductive wire, and a formed body incorporating the coil, the formed body being formed with a sealing material containing a resin and a magnetic material. The coil is formed by winding the conductive wire so that lead-out ends are positioned at an outer periphery of a wound portion. The formed body is formed so that surfaces of the coil are partially exposed on four side surfaces of the formed body which are parallel to a winding axis of the coil, and the area of a portion of the formed body outside the outer periphery of the wound portion is almost equal to or smaller than the area of a portion of the formed body inside an inner periphery of the wound portion of the coil.

Abstract: A button deck assembly includes a button deck having at least one mechanical pushbutton, the pushbutton includes a lens cap, a liquid-crystal display (LCD) panel, and an optical block configured to transmit images from the LCD panel for display through the lens cap, a bottom surface of the optical block is positioned on the LCD panel, an air gap is defined between a top surface of the optical block and the lens cap. The assembly also includes a printed circuit board (PCB) assembly defining a PCB aperture, the PCB aperture is sized to receive the optical block, and an elastomeric membrane defining a membrane aperture sized to receive the optical block, the optical block extends from the LCD panel through the PCB and membrane apertures, the membrane channels fluid flow to outer edges of the membrane and around the PCB assembly and the LCD panel.

Abstract: An electric machine includes at least one stator having at least one individual-tooth winding carrier that has at least one spacer configured to space apart turns of an individual-tooth winding mounted on the individual-tooth winding carrier. A hybrid electric aircraft has an electric machine of this kind.

Abstract: Provided is a spiral coil and wireless power transmission and reception circuit including the spiral coil. The spiral coil includes a conducting wire forming one or more coil turns, and a height of one side of the conducting wire in a direction of a central portion of the spiral coil and a height of another side of the conducting wire in an opposite direction to the central portion of the spiral coil in each of the coil turns are different from each other and the conducting wire includes at least one slot formed by an empty space between the one side and the other side, and an upper surface positioned above the one side and the other side and connecting the one side and the other side.

Abstract: A coil electronic component includes an insulating substrate, a coil portion disposed on at least one surface of the insulating substrate, a body in which the insulating substrate and the coil portion are embedded, a lead-out portion connected to the coil portion and exposed to an external surface of the body, and a protrusion embedded in the body to be connected to the lead-out portion, and spaced apart from the external surface of the body and each of the coil portion.

Abstract: An apparatus for encapsulating at least one electronic component disposed on a printed circuit board may include a liquid-tight enclosure that surrounds the electronic component and that is fixed with respect to the electronic component and the circuit board, and an encapsulating material disposed inside the enclosure and encapsulating the electronic component. The enclosure may include at least one sidewall and a top. The at least one sidewall may include a rigid material, a lower edge that is proximal to the printed circuit board, an upper edge that is distal from the circuit board, and a height above the circuit board that is no more than 0.003 inches greater than a height of the electronic component above the circuit board. The top may include a solid surface disposed on the upper edge of the at least one sidewall, where the at least one sidewall and the top form the enclosure.

Abstract: A vehicle, electric machine, and stator include stator teeth extending from a yoke portion toward a rotor and defining slots between adjacent teeth with windings positioned within the slots, wherein the teeth form pockets at connections to the yoke portion. Electrically insulating slot paper may line at least three sides of the slots. The pockets may extend into the teeth or the yoke portion where the teeth extend from the yoke portion, and may be filled with an electrically insulating compound that secures the insulating slot paper lining and electrically conductive rectangular windings within the slots.

Abstract: An Fe-based amorphous alloy ribbon reduced in an iron loss in a condition of a magnetic flux density of 1.45 T is provided. One aspect of the present disclosure provides an Fe-based amorphous alloy ribbon. The Fe-based amorphous alloy ribbon has continuous linear laser irradiation marks on at least one surface. The linear laser irradiation marks are formed along a direction orthogonal to a casting direction of the Fe-based amorphous alloy ribbon. Each linear laser irradiation mark has unevenness on its surface. When the unevenness is evaluated in the casting direction, a difference HL between a highest point and a lowest point in the thickness direction of the Fe-based amorphous alloy ribbon is 0.25 ?m to 2.0 ?m.

Abstract: A transformer includes a hollow bobbin, a coil and a magnetic core. The hollow bobbin has a first end surface and a second end surface opposite to each other. In a direction perpendicular to the normals of the first end surface and the second end surface of the hollow bobbin, the hollow bobbin is not configured with any blocking plates extending laterally from the first end surface and the second end surface. The coil is wound on the hollow bobbin to form a bobbin assembly. The magnetic core has an accommodating space, wherein the bobbin assembly is disposed in the accommodating space. A manufacturing method of the transformer is also provided.

Abstract: A transformer apparatus reducing magnetic field interference includes an iron core, a first side coil unit, a second side coil unit, a first current transmission line, a second current transmission line and a third current transmission line. Both the first side coil unit and the second side coil unit are wound around the iron core. The first side coil unit is connected to the first current transmission line and the second current transmission line. The second current transmission line is connected to the third current transmission line. The first current transmission line includes a first current conduction segment and a first insulation layer. The first insulation layer coats the first current conduction segment. The third current transmission line includes a second current conduction segment and a second insulation layer. The second insulation layer coats the second current conduction segment. The second insulation layer touches the first insulation layer.

Abstract: This disclosure provides an apparatus for detecting a presence of an object in a predetermined area of an inductive wireless power transfer system. The apparatus comprises a first wire-wound structure having an electrical characteristic configured for electromagnetic sensing of the object. The first wire-wound structure is formed, carried, and held in place by a coil-former substantially from a non-conductive material. The coil-former also forms, carries, and holds in place a second wire-wound structure configured for transferring power inductively. The apparatus further comprises a detection circuit coupled to the first wire-wound structure and configured to measure the electrical characteristic of the first wire-wound structure and to detect the presence of the object in response to a change in the electrical characteristic.

Abstract: In some examples, an isolation transformer can include a first wire having a first insulation thickness and a second wire having a second insulation thickness that is different than the first insulation thickness. The isolation transformer can further include a plurality of magnetic cores of magnetic material that can be configured to surround portions of each of the first and second wires along respective circumferences of the first and second wires to provide the isolation transformer.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a coil component that includes a core, first to fourth terminal electrodes provided on a first flange part, fifth to eighth terminal electrodes provided on a second flange part, first and second wires bifilar wound around a winding core part, and third and fourth wires bifilar wound around the winding core part. One and other ends of the first to eighth wires are connected corresponding one of the first to eighth terminal electrodes. The first and second wires cross each other in a first crossing area. The third and fourth wires cross each other in a second crossing area different from the first crossing area.

Abstract: A coil component includes a support substrate and a coil portion disposed on the support substrate, a body in which the support substrate and the coil portion are embedded, first and second lead portions extending from the coil portion and respectively exposed to a surface of the body, a surface insulating layer disposed on the surface of the body and having openings respectively exposing the first and second lead portions, and first and second external electrodes disposed on the surface insulating layer and connected to the first and second lead portions exposed through the openings. Each of the first and second external electrodes includes a first metal layer formed of a metal and in direct contact with the first and second lead portions.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to the field of power electronics, and proposes a power conversion system, including a power cabinet, a first divider and a plurality of power modules. The power cabinet includes a first high voltage compartment and a first low voltage compartment. The first divider is arranged in the power cabinet, and extends along a height direction of the power cabinet to separate the first high voltage compartment and the first low voltage compartment. The plurality of power modules are arranged in the power cabinet, each power module includes a high voltage input terminal and a low voltage output terminal; the high voltage input terminal is arranged in the first high voltage compartment, and the low voltage output terminal is arranged in the first low voltage compartment.

Abstract: A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) coil device is provided. The device includes a first receiver coil portion, a second receiver coil portion, and a locking mechanism. The second receiver coil portion is configured to fit with the first receiver coil portion to provide a receiver coil assembly. The second receiver coil portion is moveable relative to the first receiver coil portion. The locking mechanism is configured to limit relative movement between the first receiver coil portion and the second receiver coil portion when the first receiver coil portion and the second receiver coil portion are fit together.

Abstract: An inductor includes an air-core coil assembled with a T-shaped core and a composite magnetic material and resin mixture embedding the T-shaped core and the air-core coil. The air-core coil has: a coil member having a coil axis and first and second sides opposite to each other; and first and second leads that are integrally connected to the coil member. The first and second leads respectively have: first and second bent members at the first side; first and second ends at the second side; and first and second bottom extensions respectively connected between the first and second bent members and the first and second ends. The first and second bent members extend in a first direction parallel to the coil axis, the first and second ends extend in a second direction parallel to the coil axis, and the first and second bottom extensions extend perpendicular to the coil axis.

Abstract: The present disclosure concerns a haptic solenoid assembly for transmission of amplified vibrations to a vibrated member, the haptic solenoid assembly comprising a stationary pole comprising a casing defining a plunger-receiving cavity opening out in the casing and a coil at least partially surrounding the plunger-receiving cavity; a mobile pole comprising a mobile pole body at least partially received in the plunger-receiving cavity and displaceable therein when an electric current is provided to the coil; and a lever-mounting portion protruding outwardly from the plunger-receiving cavity and engageable to the vibrated member; and a solenoid vibration-damping system engaged to the stationary pole and at least partially surrounding the plunger-receiving cavity. The present disclosure also concerns a haptic solenoid system comprising a haptic solenoid assembly and a vibration-transmitting member connected to the lever-mounting end portion of the mobile pole and engageable to the vibrated member.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a coil component that includes a winding core part and first and second wires wound around the winding core part. The first and second wires constitute at least three winding layers on the winding core part. The same turns of the first and second wires are positioned in mutually different winding layers over a plurality of turns.

Abstract: A winding assembly for a transformer, in particular with a medium operating voltage of Um?79.5 kV, wherein the winding assembly includes at least one winding, which ends in a winding conductor, where the winding conductor is connected to a switching line, which is configured to interconnect the winding to other windings, and where the connection of the switching line to the winding conductor is arranged inside the winding so as to reduce the danger of partial discharges and flashovers in the high-voltage end-line region for high-temperature applications.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a coil component that includes a winding core part, and first and second wires wound around the winding core part. The first and second wires constitute at least three winding layers on the winding core part. A i-th (i is an integer equal to or larger than 1) turn, a (i+1) turn, and a (i+2) turn of each of the first and second wires are positioned in mutually different winding layers.

Abstract: A wire harness including: a plurality of wires each including a core wire whose transverse cross-sectional shape is a flat shape, and an insulating sheath covering an outer circumference of the core wire; a plurality of outer covers into which the plurality of wires are inserted respectively, wherein the outer covers are independent of each other and each have a flat tubular shape; and a clamp that is attached to an outer circumferential surface of the outer covers and that fix the outer covers to a vehicle body.

Abstract: A magnetic piece, a multilayer magnetic piece and a multilayer core with an adhesive agent of excellent saturation magnetic flux density are provided. The magnetic piece includes a soft magnetic amorphous alloy ribbon 1 and a resin layer 2 provided on at least one surface of the soft magnetic amorphous alloy ribbon. The resin layer contains a resin whose Shore D hardness is not more than 60. The resin may have a Shore D hardness of not more than 25 or may have a Shore D hardness of not less than 1.

Abstract: The invention relates to a sensor arrangement (140) for a foreign object detection device which includes a current input (142) and a current output (143), a multitude of detection cells (144.1-144.9), each comprising a sense coil and a capacitive element, forming a resonant tank. The sensor arrangement (140) further has a multitude of inputs leads (148a-148c) and a multitude of output leads (150a-150c), the total number of input and output leads being equal or smaller than the number of detection cells (144.1-144.9). Each detection cell is connected between one of the input leads (148a-148c) and one of the output leads (150a-150c), in a way that each of the detection cells (144.1-144.9) is connected to a different pair of input and output leads (148a-148c, 150a-150c).

Abstract: A linear compressor includes one spring assembly including a plurality of spring parts fixed to both side surfaces of a supporter and a rear cover and configured to support a load generated in the compressor. In addition, both side portions of the spring part are provided with fixing brackets coupled to the supporter and the rear cover, and the fixing bracket is provided with an insertion member or a bracket coupling member so that the coupling force of the spring part can be increased.

Abstract: A direct-current superimposing circuit includes differential signal lines, capacitors, a common mode choke coil, a winding-type coil component, and a DC power supply which are disposed at a circuit board. The winding-type coil component includes a core, two pairs of terminal electrodes, and two windings (a first winding and a second winding). On the end surface of a flange portion, the terminal electrodes in one of the two pairs and the terminal electrodes in the other one of the two pairs are placed to face each other across the winding center of a winding core. The winding start and winding end of the first winding are connected to the terminal electrodes in one of the two pairs. The winding start and winding end of the second winding are connected to the terminal electrodes in the other one of the two pairs.

Abstract: An electric motor having has a rotor and a stator with a stator core as well as an insulation assembly, which extend along a common longitudinal axis from a first end face to a second end face of the stator. The stator core is formed with bars arranged uniformly distributed on the circumference to accommodate conducting wires wound into coils. The insulation assembly has a first insulation element, second insulation elements, and a third insulation element. The first insulation element is arranged between conducting wires and the stator core; a respective second insulation element is arranged in an intermediate space formed between coils arranged to fit closely to one another; and the third insulation element is arranged on an inner side of the stator, the inner side pointing inward in the radial direction, in a manner so as to seal the inner side.

Abstract: A dust core includes a compact containing a soft magnetic powder and also includes a cover coat for the compact. The cover coat contains a polyamideimide-modified epoxy resin. An electric/electronic component includes the dust core, a coil, and a connection terminal connected to each end portion of the coil. At least one portion of the dust core is placed so as to be located in an induced magnetic field generated by the current flowing in the coil through the connection terminal. An electric/electronic device includes the electric/electronic component.

Abstract: An inductor includes a coil that is constituted by a conductor having a coating layer and includes a winding portion where the conductor is wound and an extended portion extended from the winding portion, a base body that envelops the coil and is constituted by a magnetic body containing magnetic powder and resin, and an outer electrode that is arranged on a surface of the base body and connected to the extended portion. The extended portion of the coil includes a conductor portion that does not have the coating layer in an end portion of the extended portion, and the conductor portion includes a first region connected to the outer electrode and a second region in contact with the magnetic body.

Abstract: The coil winding apparatus is for manufacturing a coil by winding a wire rod around a winding core rotated by a rotating mechanism, wherein the winding core has a base plate and a plurality of winding pins erected on the base plate, and a circumferential groove into which a wire rod are put is formed on the periphery of the plurality of winding pins. The rotation mechanism is provided with a rotatable rotating plate, a drive mechanism for rotating the rotating plate, and a pair of columnar members erected on the rotating plate so as to put a rotation center with between a pair of the columnar members. An inner base plate is mounted to a tip of the pair of columnar members, and the coil winding apparatus is provided with an outer winding core moving mechanism.

Abstract: A tool for arranging voice coil leadouts in a microspeaker comprises an expanding collet constructed and arranged for positioning at an interior of a bobbin having an inner diameter, the expanding collet including a hole that extends through an interior in a longitudinal direction of the expanding collet; a center pin extending through the hole of the expanding collet, the expanding collet applying a force against the inner diameter of the bobbin in response to a position of the center pin in the hole of the expanding collet relative to the interior of the expanding collet; and a forming mandrel including a hole that extends through an interior in a longitudinal direction of the forming mandrel. The expanding collet extends through the hole in, and coaxial with, the forming mandrel. The expanding collet rotates the bobbin about the longitudinal direction of the expanding collet relative to the forming mandrel to form helical leadout regions of a voice coil about the bobbin.

Abstract: A surface-mount inductor includes an element assembly having a core, a coil, and a magnetic material; and a pair of external terminals on a mounting surface of the element assembly. The core has a base portion and a columnar portion on an upper surface of the base portion. The coil is disposed on the base portion, and has a wound portion on the columnar portion, and a pair of extended portions extended from the wound portion. The base portion has at least one ridge portion at which the upper surface and a side surface are in linear contact with each other. The pair of extended portions are each disposed such that a flat surface portion connected to a flat surface portion disposed at an inner side portion of a conductive wire located at an outer peripheral portion of the wound portion is close to the ridge portion.

Abstract: A conductor (31) wound into a multiple-layered helical shape, and an insulating member (32) provided between layers of the conductor are provided.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for compact insertion of thick wire multiphase pseudo helical wave winding into a ferromagnetic core of an electrical machine, achieving high fill factor of the core slots, resulting in better heat transfer between the winding and the core, low mass and volume, and overall higher efficiency of electrical machine. An apparatus being fully programmable and physically adaptable to wide range of electric machine dimensions, where process is automated, simple, accurate, reliable and quick, while being suitable for mass production.