Abstract: A galvanic isolator having a split circuit element, a polymeric substrate, a transmitter and receiver is disclosed. The split circuit element has first and second portions, the first portion being disposed on a first surface of the substrate and the second portion being disposed a second surface of the substrate. The transmitter receives an input signal and couples a signal derived from the input signal to the first portion. The receiver is connected to the second portion of the circuit element and generates an output signal that is coupled to an external circuit. The galvanic isolator can be economically fabricated on conventional printed circuit board substrates and flexible circuit substrates.

Abstract: An apparatus for generating a voltage required for a semiconductor device by using a voltage supplied from an external power supply is provided.

Abstract: A capacitor module in which the structure of a connecting portion is highly resistant against vibration and has a low inductance. The capacitor module includes a plurality of capacitors and a laminate made up of a first wide conductor and a second wide conductor joined in a layered form with an insulation sheet interposed between the first and second wide conductors. The laminate comprises a first flat portion including the plurality of capacitors which are supported thereon and electrically connected thereto, a second flat portion continuously extending from the first flat portion while being bent, and connecting portions formed at ends of the first flat portion and the second flat portion and electrically connected to the exterior.

Abstract: An adjustable capacitor is provided including a capacitor unit including a plurality of capacitor groups aligned in a matrix format and a switch unit to adjust capacitance by connecting the plurality of capacitor groups in parallel according to a selection signal of a column and row of the matrix. Accordingly, the adjustable capacitor may be realized of a small size but with a high capacitance change rate.

Abstract: An electrolytic capacitor (1) includes a first electrode (2) and a second electrode (3) each including carbon and an aqueous electrolyte (4) situated at the interface of the two electrodes. The carbon surface of the first electrode (2) has an atomic degree of functionalization which is at least twice that of the carbon surface of the second electrode (3).

Abstract: A voltage converter is provided in which a first terminal (A) and a second terminal (B) are provided, each coupled to a switching means, the switching means is coupled to respective terminals for connecting a first capacitor (C1), a second capacitor (C2) and a third capacitor (C3), and the voltage converter is configured for being operated in first and second modes of operation each comprising at least three phases, and in which the three capacitors (C1, C2, C3) are inserted in series connection (S) between the first terminal (A) and a reference potential terminal (10) in one phase, and in each of the two other phases a first path and a second path (P1, P2) are provided in each case in parallel connection with at least one of the three capacitors (C1, C2, C3) related to the second terminal (B).

Abstract: A device and method for harvesting, generating, storing, and delivering energy to a load, particularly for remote or inaccessible applications. The device preferably comprises one or more energy sources, at least one supercapacitor, at least one rechargeable battery, and a controller. The charging of the energy storage devices and the delivery of power to the load is preferably dynamically varied to maximize efficiency. A low power consumption charge pump circuit is preferably employed to collect power from low power energy sources while also enabling the delivery of higher voltage power to the load. The charging voltage is preferably programmable, enabling one device to be used for a wide range of specific applications.

Abstract: An electronic device for transferring charge includes: a charge storage device; an inductive section; and a switching array having a first set of switches connected to a first node of a power terminal, a second set of switches connected to a second node, and a third set of switches connected to a third node. The device includes a controller configured to control the switching array so as to cause a first predetermined charge to interchange between the first node and the charge storage device, a second predetermined charge to interchange between the second node and the charge storage device, and a third predetermined charge to interchange between the third node and the charge storage device; and a bypass switch configured to close a circuit between the charge storage device and the inductive section so as to prevent charge from interchanging between the charge storage device and the nodes.

Abstract: A switch circuit which can operate with a single low voltage is provided. A plurality of (i=0 to n) series circuits of a capacitor (Ci) and a path of the drain-source of a MOS-FET (Qi) are connected in parallel to each other between a first terminal T1 and a second terminal T0. In each of the series circuits, a pull-up resistor Ri is connected between an output terminal of an inverter Ai and a junction between the capacitor Ci and the MOS-FET (Qi). Each bit bi of digital data for controlling the capacitance is supplied to the gate of the MOS-FET (Qi) and the inverter Ai in each of the series circuits. Capacitance which varies in response to the value of the digital data is obtained between the first terminal T1 and the second terminal T0.

Abstract: A switched capacitor regulator in accordance with the present invention comprises a DC voltage source, a plurality of switches, a pumping capacitor, and a load capacitor. The plurality of switches may comprise semiconductor switches implemented in an integrated circuit (IC). The plurality of switches is configured to operate the switched capacitor regulator to place the regulator into a first charging stage and, alternately, a second charging stage. The switching between the first stage and the second stage results in the pumping capacitor being charged in opposing directions, while the load capacitor is always being charged in the same direction. The load capacitor is thus being charged in both the first charging stage and the second charging stage.

Abstract: A microwave generator, which includes a housing having two mutually opposite electrodes which are separated via an electrode intermediate space which is filled with a dielectric, and with the electrodes having a spark gap between them, which breaks down in order to emit microwaves when a high voltage is applied. The electrode intermediate space (13, 13a, 13b) can be at least partially filled with a second dielectric (15, 15a, 15b), which has a different dielectric constant compared with that of the first dielectric (14, 14a, 14b) which is located between the electrodes (6, 7) in order to vary the microwave frequency, whereby the second dielectric (15, 15a, 15b) is held in a reservoir (17, 17a, 17b) which communicates with the electrode intermediate space (13, 13a, 13b).

Abstract: This invention is a system and a method that uses the braking resistor, commonly used and available in electrically or hybrid-electrically propelled vehicles, to limit the precharge current during the startup of a high power ultracapacitor pack energy storage device and/or safely and rapidly discharge an ultracapacitor pack for maintenance work or storage to lengthen the life of the individual ultracapacitor cells and, correspondingly, the whole pack. The use of the braking resistor for precharging an ultracapacitor energy storage pack is an effective and less expensive method compared to other methods such as a separate DC-to-DC converter. This method includes the control logic sequence to activate and deactivate switching devices that perform the connections for the charging and discharging current paths.

Abstract: There is provided a transmission system, including a power supplying apparatus that includes an AC signal generation unit that generates an AC signal, a first resonance unit that has an induction component and/or a capacitance component and resonates the AC signal generated by the AC signal generation unit, and a power supplying electrode that externally radiates the resonated AC signal as a potential difference in an electrostatic field, and a power receiving apparatus that includes a power receiving electrode that generates an electric signal by sensing the potential difference in the electrostatic field, a second resonance unit that has an induction component and/or a capacitance component and resonates the electric signal generated by the power receiving electrode, and a rectification unit that rectifies the resonated electric signal.

Abstract: A fault-tolerant battery set and a start-up battery module are described. The fault-tolerant battery set includes a main battery module, a battery monitoring unit, a control switch unit, and a back-up battery module. The main battery module includes a battery unit and a battery monitoring circuit. When the battery unit fails, the control switch unit conducts a power supply connection path according to a failure signal sent from the battery monitoring circuit, so as to replace the failed main battery module with a back-up power provided by the back-up battery module through the power supply connection path.

Abstract: In one example embodiment, a power control system includes one or more stages, a plurality of primary busbars operatively coupled to the one or more stages, and an intelligent controller operatively coupled to the one or more stages. Each of the one or more stages is configured to generate a lead current when coupled in parallel to a power distribution system, and at least one of the one or more stages comprises a notch filter and a power tank circuit. Each of the plurality of primary busbars is configured to carry one phase of a multiple phase power signal. The controller is configured to determine when to switch each of the one or more stages one and off, to count a number of times each stage is switched on, and to track one or more electrical parameters of the power distribution system, power control system, or both.

Abstract: A frequency control circuit including a controlled oscillator and an amplifier circuit is disclosed for providing a clock signal to a switched capacitor circuit which divides an input voltage to provide an output voltage. The controlled oscillator has a frequency control input receiving a frequency control signal and an output for providing the clock signal at a frequency based on the frequency control signal. The amplifier circuit has an input for receiving the output voltage and an output providing the frequency control signal based on droop of the output voltage. In one embodiment, the amplifier circuit adjusts the frequency control signal to optimize efficiency of the switched capacitor circuit over a voltage range of the output voltage, which changes based on load level.

Abstract: An electronic ballast is provided, which includes an energy hold-up circuit that maintains operation of an AC discharge load, such as a gas discharge lamp, during at least a portion of a utility source outage.

Abstract: Provided is a power supply circuit that supplies power to a load, including a power supply section that outputs a power supply current, a driver section that receives the power supply current from the power supply section and supplies the load with a load current that is consumed by the load, a capacitor section that is charged by the power supply section and that supplies the driver section with an auxiliary current when the load current is greater than the power supply current, and a transmission path that transmits the power supply current output by the power supply section to the driver section, wherein the capacitor section is disposed between the transmission path and a reference potential. The capacitor section is disposed between a transmission path and a reference potential. Also provided is a test apparatus including the power supply circuit.

Abstract: A reservoir capacitor includes a first power supply unit and a second power supply unit, and at least two large-capacity capacitors connected in series between the first and second power supply units.

Abstract: The recycling of charge when two or more of the drive lines of a touch sensor panel are being simultaneously stimulated with the in-phase and anti-phase components of a stimulation signal is disclosed. To perform charge recycling, a discharge path can be selectively formed between drive lines being stimulated with the in-phase and anti-phase components of the stimulation signal. A multiplexer can be coupled to the driver of each drive line and the common discharge path. When charge recycling is to be performed, control logic can configure the multiplexers to isolate the driver and connect the drive lines being stimulated with the in-phase component of the stimulation signal with the drive lines being stimulated with the anti-phase component of the stimulation signal. The capacitance on the charged-up drive lines can then discharge to the capacitance on the discharged drive lines.

Abstract: In a power phase period when in normal operation, switch portions SW2H and SW2L and switch portions SW3H and SW3L are turned ON, respectively, and switch portions SW1H and SW1L are turned OFF. And floating power supply is provided from an electrostatic capacitance element CS to buses A and B, a floating control circuit 4, a transmitter circuit 5, and a receiver circuit 6, respectively. In a data phase period, the switch portions SW1H and SW1L are turned ON, and the switch portions SW2H, SW2L, SW3H, and SW3L are turned OFF. By that manner, the electrostatic capacitance element CS is charged by the power supply of a battery B, and an electrostatic capacitance element CH provides the floating power supply to the floating control circuit 4, the transmitter circuit 5, and the receiver circuit 6, respectively. By this manner, a floating switch unit 7 in which the number of the switch portions is considerably reduced can be configured.

Abstract: A description is given of a circuit arrangement for charge exchange between capacitive storage cells, and a method for charge exchange between capacitive storage cells.

Abstract: A system for generating an ideal rise or fall time includes: a first current source, for providing a first current; an adjustable capacitive component, coupled to the first current source, for generating an output signal according to a total capacitance controlled by a comparison signal; a signal conversion circuit, coupled to the adjustable capacitive component, for restoring charges stored in the adjustable capacitive component to a predetermined value when a voltage level of the output signal reaches a reference value to generate a clock-like signal; and a comparison circuit, coupled to the signal conversion circuit and the adjustable capacitive component, for comparing a period of the clock-like signal with a reference period of a reference clock signal and generating the comparison signal to adjust the total capacitance of the adjustable capacitive component when periods are not the same.

Abstract: According to an example embodiment, an apparatus is provided that produces a small-step switchable capacitor, which can have steps that are smaller in value than the smallest capacitor used in the system. In one embodiment, an input signal is connected to a switchable capacitor system that includes at least one and/or a plurality of small-step, switchable capacitors. In an example embodiment, a capacitor system may be provided that includes a first capacitance block coupled in series with a second capacitance block. In an example embodiment, the second capacitance block may include one or more switchable capacitors to provide a step in capacitance for the capacitor system between a first setting and a second setting using the one or more switchable capacitors. Also, in an example embodiment, the step in capacitance of the capacitor system may be determined based, at least in part, on a ratio of the capacitance of the second capacitance block to the capacitance of the first capacitance block.

Abstract: A capacitor array comprising a plurality of unit capacitors, each having first and second electrode plates. The first electrode plates are commonly connected via first routings. The second electrode plates are grouped and connected to a plurality of nodes via second routings. The second routings connected to one node and another do not overlap in the capacitor array. The second electrode plates connected to the same node conglomerate as a group and no second electrode plate connected to another node is located in the group.

Abstract: An embodiment of the present invention provides an apparatus, comprising at least one anti-parallel pair VVC network comprised of two parallel VVCs with one biased in the opposite polarity of the other and at least one anti-series VVC network comprised of two VVCs configured in series, one biased in the opposite polarity of the other such that the resulting AC capacitive variations produce a desired capacitance variation.

Abstract: A circuit arrangement for the time-delayed startup of electronic modules (20) connected to a module carrier (1) comprises a comparator (28) provided with a reference voltage applied thereto and an operating voltage which is applied via charging capacitors (35 to 38) with different capacitances. The terminals (4c-f to 19c-f) for the charging capacitors are integrated in different combinations into the terminals (4a,b to 19a,b) on the module carrier for the operating voltage. The startup time-delay is determined on the basis of the different time intervals resulting from the different values of the capacitances and lasting until a voltage exceeding the reference voltage is achieved, whereupon the respective electronic module is connected to the voltage source by means of the comparator in a time-delayed manner. (FIG.

Abstract: An analog power-saving apparatus and a method thereof for sharing electric charges enable the application device to entirely achieve power-saving goal by using an analog judgment mechanism. According to the judgment mechanism, in a duration when the energy-storing unit must distribute the stored electric charges to the load capacitor and an amount of the electric charges stored in the energy-storing unit is less than an amount of the electric charges stored in the load capacitor, the path for the energy-storing unit to distribute electric charges to the load capacitor is blocked; and after the load capacitor releases the electric charges thereof to the energy-storing unit for storage, the electric charges stored in the load capacitor after discharge are controlled to be not less than an amount of the electric charges stored in the energy-storing unit after storage.

Abstract: Energy stored in bypass capacitors in a portable device may be conserved when a power supply voltage is collapsed reducing the need to recharge the bypass capacitors and thereby saving power. A bypass charge saving circuit includes a bypass capacitor, a power source having an output supply voltage that is switchable, a load circuit of the portable device coupled to the output supply voltage, and the bypass capacitor operable to filter the output supply voltage. Also, a transistor switch is operable to decouple a discharge path of the bypass capacitor through the load circuit when the transistor switch is disabled. Further, a controller is operable to turn off the output supply voltage and the transistor switch in order to conserve energy stored in the bypass capacitor.

Abstract: A switching power supply apparatus generates a first output voltage with a reversed polarity of an input voltage and a second input voltage of double the input voltage with the reversed polarity, and then outputs them from the first output terminal and the second output terminal. A driver circuit includes a control unit and a first switch to a sixth switch. The driver circuit repeats three charging periods in a time-division manner. The three charging periods are a first charging period during which a flying capacitor is charged with the input voltage, a second charging period in which a low-potential-side terminal of the flying capacitor is connected to a ground terminal and a first output capacitor is charged with a voltage appearing at the other end of the flying capacitor, and a third charging period in which a high-potential-side of the flying capacitor is connected with the first output terminal and a second output capacitor is charged with a voltage appearing at the other end of the flying capacitor.

Abstract: An electric circuit includes a circuit path from a first reference voltage to a second reference voltage lower than the first reference voltage. The path includes a current generator, a capacitor, a first switching element suitable for connecting or disconnecting the capacitor with respect to the current generator. The first switching element has a triggering value and the electric circuit includes a second switching element placed in parallel to the capacitor and control elements suitable for acting on the first and second switching elements for controlling the charging and discharging of the capacitor. The control elements comprise a comparator operable during the charging of the capacitor and suitable for acting on the first switching element for blocking the charging of the capacitor when the voltage value at its terminals reaches a threshold voltage value. The threshold voltage value is lower than the triggering voltage of the first switching element and higher than the second reference voltage.

Abstract: A voltage enhanced battery module and a voltage enhanced battery assembly with the same are described. The voltage enhanced battery module includes a battery cell and a voltage enhancing circuit. The battery cell provides an original output voltage, and the voltage enhancing circuit generates a predetermined voltage difference with the power of the original output voltage to output an actual output voltage to a load. The predetermined voltage difference is superimposed on the original output voltage so that the actual output voltage equals the original output voltage plus the predetermined voltage difference. The battery cell is preferably a rechargeable Li—Fe battery cell. The voltage enhancing circuit can stop superimposing the predetermined voltage difference on the original output voltage when the original output voltage is lower than a predetermined value so that the actual output voltage equals the original output voltage.

Abstract: An integrated circuit provides high voltage isolation capabilities. The circuit includes a first area containing a first group of functional circuitry located in a substrate of the integrated circuit. This circuit also includes a second area containing a second group of functional circuitry also contained within the substrate of the integrated circuit. Capacitive isolation circuitry located in the conductive layers in the integrated circuit provide a high voltage isolation link between the first group of functional circuitry and the second group of functional circuitry. The capacitive isolation circuitry distributes a first portion of the high voltage isolation signal across the first group of capacitors in the capacitive isolation circuitry and distributes a second portion of the high voltage isolation circuitry across the second group of capacitors in the capacitive isolation circuitry.

Abstract: A power supply (1) for a load in the form of a PCMCIA card (2) has and onboard GPRS class (10) module (not shown). The module, and therefore card (2), demands a load current iload that has an average value over time and periodic instantaneous peak values (ipeak) that are significantly higher than the average value. Power supply (1) includes a pair of input terminals (3) for connecting with a power source in the form of a regulated power supply (4) that is contained within a personal computer (not shown). Supply (4) supplies a source current iinput that is less than a predetermines current limit specified for the supply and which is less than the peak load current. A pair of output terminals (5) is electrically connected with terminals (3) and card (2). A supercapacitor device in the form of a single supercapacitor (6) is in parallel with terminals (3, 5) for allowing the load to be supplied the peak load current while maintaining the source current at less than the predetermined current limit.

Abstract: A step down DC-DC converter is reduced in the cost by reducing a number of capacitors included. The DC-DC converter is provided with switches that connect (n?1) capacitors in parallel with each other and switches that connect the capacitors in series with each other. In phase 1, some switches are turned on to connect the capacitors in parallel between an output terminal and a ground voltage so that the capacitors are charged. In phase 2, other switches are turned on to connect the capacitors in series between the output terminal and an input voltage so that the capacitors are discharged. A stepped down output voltage, that is 1/n times of the input voltage, is obtained by alternating the phase 1 and the phase 2 until a stable state is reached.

Abstract: A switched-capacitor type voltage regulator is provided. The regulator includes a flying capacitor and switches, including first and second transistors which operate as switches. The switches are arranged to operate such that the flying capacitor is coupled to an input voltage during a first phase, and switched to provide an output voltage during a second phase. During the first phase, the first transistor is employed to couple the capacitor to the input voltage, and a second transistor is employed to couple (the other side of) the capacitor to another node (e.g. Ground). Additionally, another switch is coupled between the gate and the drain of either the first transistor or the second transistor. Also, during the first phase, if the input voltage is greater than the output voltage, the other switch is closed so that the transistor that the other switch is connected to operates as a diode.

Abstract: An architecture for implementing an integrated capacity includes a capacitive block inserted between first and second voltage reference. The block is formed The block is formed from elementary capacitive modules. An enable block is inserted between the first voltage reference and the capacitive block and includes switches connected to the elementary capacitive modules and driven on their control terminals by control signals. Each switch of the enable block is inserted between the first voltage reference and a first end of a corresponding elementary capacitive module. A verify and enable circuit is connected to the first voltage reference, as well as at the input of the first end of the elementary capacitive modules and at the output of the control terminals of the switches of the enable block.

Abstract: An electric supply circuit is provided for a switch actuating device containing an actuator, an electromagnetic drive for displacing the actuator from a first switching position to a second switching position, and a mechanical return device for returning the actuator from the second switching position to the first switching position. A magnetic fixing unit is provided for fixing the actuator in the second switching position and an electromagnetic releasing device is provided for releasing the fixation. The electric supply device contains a first capacitor electrically connectable to the electromagnetic drive and used for supplying electric power thereto and a second capacitor that is electrically connectable to the releasing device and supplies electric power thereto for releasing the fixation. An electric switchable connection is provided between the first and second capacitors.

Abstract: In some embodiments, a power extractor operates in a manner to obtain more power transferred from the source to the load than typically is obtained without the power extractor. The power extractor may perform universal impedance matching as this is seen from either the power source or the load. This impedance matching allows the power source to provide an optimal amount of power transfer that is greater than would be able without the impedance matching. The power extractor transfers power between two nodes and may be operated so that the power transferred is dependent on continuously detected power changes, and the voltage and current at the first and second nodes are unregulated. Other embodiments are described and claimed.

Abstract: A method for controlling a switching power converter which includes a central capacitor exchanges charge between the capacitor and plural nodes of a first terminal, and then transfers the charge between the capacitor and plural nodes of a second terminal. The charge interchanged between the capacitor and the nodes establishes the amount of power transferred during each cycle. The charge which is interchanged is controlled by selecting the electrical phase between the currents drawn from the nodes and the voltages at the nodes.

Abstract: A dual mode charge-pump circuit and associated method and apparatuses for providing a plurality of output voltages, using a single flying capacitor, the circuit including a network of switches that is operable in a number of different states and a controller for operating said switches in a sequence of the states so as to generate positive and negative output voltages together spanning a voltage approximately equal to the input voltage and centered on the voltage at the common terminal, in a first mode and positive and negative output voltages each up to substantially the input voltage in a second mode.

Abstract: A charge pump circuit and associated method and apparatuses for providing a plurality of output voltages using a single flying capacitor. The circuit includes a network of switches that are operable in a number of different states and a controller for operating the switches in a sequence of states so as to generate positive and negative output voltages together spanning a voltage approximately equal to the input voltage and centered on the voltage at the common terminal.

Abstract: A charge pump circuit, and associated method and apparatuses, for providing a split-rail voltage supply, the circuit having a network of switches that is operable in a number of different states and a controller for operating the switches in a sequence of said states so as to generate positive and negative output voltages together spanning a voltage approximately equal to the input voltage and centered on the voltage at the common terminal.

Abstract: Capacitive voltage multiplier for generating voltage pulses, preferably up to 100 V, that are higher than the supply voltage for displays, non-volatile memories and corresponding units especially in small electronic devices, such as handheld telecommunication terminals or corresponding devices, wherein the multiplier comprises a switching capacitor circuit (21) provided with capacitors and switches for charging the capacitors in parallel and discharging them in series in order to deliver a high voltage pulse. The multiplier further comprises a diode chain circuit (22) consisting of a diode-chain and pumping capacitors for delivering high voltage current. The inventive system allows the output high voltage to be switched on and held with little longtime drop and with small switching losses and able to supply a load current without significant ripple. Additionally switching the high voltage on and off does not result in efficiency loss.

Abstract: A galvanic isolator having a split circuit element, a polymeric substrate, a transmitter and receiver is disclosed. The split circuit element has first and second portions, the first portion being disposed on a first surface of the substrate and the second portion being disposed a second surface of the substrate. The transmitter receives an input signal and couples a signal derived from the input signal to the first portion. The receiver is connected to the second portion of the circuit element and generates an output signal that is coupled to an external circuit. The galvanic isolator can be economically fabricated on conventional printed circuit board substrates and flexible circuit substrates.

Abstract: An integrated circuit providing high equivalent capacitance ranging from a few tens of picofarads to a few nanofarads is presented. The integrated circuit includes active integrated circuit components, requires no external capacitor, and is substantially insensitive to transistor current gain variations. The high capacitance integrated circuit can be advantageously used to provide, for example, timing delay and servo loop compensation.

Abstract: A voltage controlled variable capacitor, formed of a larger number of fixed capacitor segments and a corresponding number of switching elements, linearly switches on each switching element, one after the other. Several techniques are disclosed to have only a minimum number of switching stages being in the active mode-of-change at any one time with a minimum overlap. The arrangement achieves a nearly linear change of capacitance versus tuning voltage change, while resulting in high Q-factor due to the low RDSon and high RDSoff of the fully switched stages.

Abstract: A programmable capacitor array does not require separate switching transistors because the capacitors themselves have a switchable capacitance, which capacitors are made in the manner of regular N channel transistors with their source/drains connected to each other. When a logic low is applied to the gate, the capacitance is relatively low and the capacitance is what is commonly called parasitic capacitance. The capacitance increases significantly when a logic high is applied to the gate because the logic high has the effect of inverting the channel. Thus, the capacitor array is made of transistors that themselves have switchable capacitance operated so that no separate switching transistors are required. This allows for construction of an array of unit capacitors to achieve monotonic operation and good linearity using conventional manufacturing of N channel transistors while achieving significant area savings and reduced power consumption.

Abstract: The superimposition of the microwave fields of an array (10) of microwave generators (11), with self-firing spark gaps (13) for the discharge of storage devices (43), which are charged up to a high voltage, results in an increase in field strength and a capacity for influencing the frequency spectrum of the emitted high-energy high-frequency field and the emission direction thereof.

Abstract: The present invention discloses an electrical power supply for providing electrical power to a load, the power supply comprising a plurality of energy storage elements each having a different operating characteristic and connected in an electrical circuit to the load, and a circuit element interposed between at least one of the storage elements and the load and operable to segregate the energy storage elements therefrom, the circuit element being selected to match supply of energy to the load to the characteristics of the storage elements.