Abstract: The method of obtaining the adjustable capacitor permits transforming all types of capacitors (including Electrolytic, Vacuum, Gas, high-voltage capacitors) into adjustable capacitors without mechanical parts inside capacitors and provides broad ranges of changing the capacity CA of an adjustable capacitor in electric circuits of direct and alternating currents.

Abstract: A power supply device of the present invention includes an electric double layer capacitor connected to, e.g., an HDD (Hard Disk Drive), CD-ROM (Compact Disk Read Only Memory) drive, floppy disk drive or similar motor-driven equipment, and another electric double layer capacitor connected to, e.g., a pulse generating device included in a radio transmitter. The capacitors each feed power when the load of the associated equipment sharply varies during operation of the equipment. This makes it needless for a main power supply to feed such power. A laminate polymer battery is connected to a low voltage IC (Integrated Circuit) and feeds power thereto. This also makes it needless for the main power to feed power to the low voltage IC, and allows a short feed line to connect the laminate polymer battery and IC. The short feed line reduces the transfer of noise to the IC and therefore malfunction ascribable to noise.

Abstract: There is disclosed a power supply system comprising capacitors that are connected switchably via a small number of switches to decrease variations of an output voltage. The switches comprise a series connection switch and first and second sets of switches. A control means controls the first set of switches, the second set of switches, and the series connection switch to switch connection of the capacitors of the first and second sets among a first state in which the first set of capacitors is connected in series with the second set of capacitors, a second state in which the first set of capacitors is connected in parallel with the second set of capacitors, and a third state in which one or more capacitors of the first set are connected in parallel with one or more capacitors of the second set.

Abstract: A control element, in particular a piezoelectrically operated fuel injection valve in an internal combustion engine, is charged, in order to compensate for stochastic reactions in the internal combustion engine, with a constant nominal voltage applied to a series circuit that includes a charge capacitor and a charge reversal capacitor, and it is discharged into the charge reversal capacitor to a prescribed voltage value. The remaining residual charge of the control element is charged into the charge capacitor via a limiter path.

Abstract: A nonreciprocal circuit device having good characteristics capable of maintaining constantly stable and reliable connections even when a high temperature is applied, and a communication apparatus incorporating the nonreciprocal circuit device. The nonreciprocal circuit device can be made compact at a low cost and can obtain a large attenuation at a predetermined frequency band. In the nonreciprocal circuit device, an upper yoke is connected to a lower yoke, a bottom grounded part of a magnetic assembly is connected to the lower yoke. In addition, ports P1 and P2 of first and second central conductors, the hot-side electrodes of first and second capacitors, and input/output terminals are connected each other, and the port P3 of a third central electrode, the hot-side electrode of a third capacitor, and the hot-side electrode of a terminating resistor R are connected to each other.

Abstract: A method and a device for controlling a controller having a capacitive element. An ohmic resistor is connected in parallel to the capacitive element. The value of the ohmic resistor is determined at certain times, and then the type and/or temperature of the capacitive element is deduced on the basis of the value of the resistor.

Abstract: A capacitive switch is presented including an oscillator, with a gauge length and an evaluation circuit. The oscillator delivers a measurement signal and the gauge length has at least one sensor with a sending electrode and a measurement electrode. The switch has a low noise emission and is especially invulnerable to incident noise due to the fact that there is a noise source and two correlators. In the first correlator, frequency-spreading of the measurement signal takes place. The frequency-spreading measurement signal is connected to the second input of the second correlator and to the sending electrode. The measurement electrode is connected to the first input of the second correlator.

Abstract: A vehicle controller is provided for supplying a driving current to a large current load. A smoothing capacitor is previously charged to reduce the ripple component in an operating current. Thereafter, a relay contact is closed and the operating current is supplied to a load from a DC power unit. Thus, the rush current to the capacitor is reduced when supplying the operating current to the load through the relay contact. It is, therefore, possible to use a relay having a contact current capacity smaller than that of a conventional relay and requiring less cost and reduce the product cost.

Abstract: A charge pump circuit having a plurality of serially-connected stages. A first stage, which operates in response to a VDD supply voltage and a clock signal, alternately charges and discharges a pair of capacitors to generate a pair of first output voltages, each having a peak voltage which is approximately twice the VDD supply voltage. The first output voltages are provided to a second stage. The second stage alternately charges and discharges a pair of capacitors using the first output voltages, thereby generating a pair of second output voltages that are approximately twice the first output voltage. Each successive charge pump stage uses the output voltages provided by the previous stage to generate output voltages that are approximately twice as large. Some voltage drop is experienced as the output voltages are transmitted from stage to stage through pass transistors. The output voltages provided by various stages can be fed back to control the charging and discharging of the capacitors within the stages.

Abstract: A mobile X-ray machine includes an improved Marx generator. The capacitors sed in the Marx generator are disc capacitors each having opposed side surfaces having electrodes formed thereon and each including a insulative coating provided on the peripheral edge thereof. The capacitors are mounted in slots in a support structure and are supported by spring contact members located within the slots. The spring contact members include spring arms which engage the electrodes on the opposed side surfaces of the associated capacitor. The spring contact members also include support elements from which are suspended the spherical electrodes of spark-gap switches individually associated with each of the capacitors.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for providing standby power from a generator. The method and apparatus includes determining a power failure condition of a primary power source, disconnecting the primary power source from a load, connecting the generator to the load, connecting a first capacitor supplied voltage to a starter system, activating the starter system to start the generator, and providing a second capacitor supplied voltage to a capacitor monitor/diagnostics controller during a transition period between the primary power source and the generator standby power.

Abstract: An apparatus and method therefore transfers electric charge between a charge storage device (25) and a first power terminal (11) having a plurality of first-nodes. The method interchanges charge between the charge storage device and a first first-node of the plurality of first-nodes through an inductive section (22); and, when a predetermined charge has been interchanged between the charge storage device and the first first-node, replacing the first first-node by a second first-node of the plurality of first-nodes. Charge is interchanged between the charge storage device and the second first-node through the inductive section. Preferably, the ratio of the charge interchanged between the charge storage device and the first first-node and the charge interchanged between the charge storage device and the second first-node is equal to a ratio of the currents drawn from the first first-node and the second first-node.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for electronically controlling an electric fence energizer. The method is characterized by the step of sending a user selectable coded signal along an electric fence line to the electric fence energizer, said coded signal causing the state of the electric fence energizer to change. The coded signal may come in a variety of forms, and in one embodiment the coded signal may comprise a number of short pulses sent predetermined times apart. Other types of signals may be sent with variations in amplitude or other differentiating characteristics. A coded signal that varies in the time domain is preferred due to signal attenuation. According to a preferred aspect of the present invention, a signalling device for interaction with a fence system is provided. The device has a power supply, signal producing means, and control means for the signal producing means.

Abstract: The method of obtaining the adjustable capacitor permits transforming all types of capacitors (including Electrolytic, Vacuum, Gas, high-voltage capacitors) into adjustable capacitors without moving parts inside capacitors and provides broad ranges of changing the capacity of adjustable capacitors in electric circuits of direct and alternating current and in all types of Marx Generators.

Abstract: An electric double layer capacitor used as a unit capacitor for forming an assembled cell type power source device by connecting a plurality of capacitor elements in series, wherein each of the capacitor elements is formed by impregnating an electrolyte in at least one pair of polarization electrode sheets between which a separator is inserted, wherein a protective circuit in which a Zener diode each having an operation resistance of 10-150 .OMEGA. at the average operation voltage of the electric double layer capacitor are connected in parallel to each of the electric double layer capacitors.

Abstract: An apparatus for producing an alternating magnetic field by arraying a plurality of charged storage elements e.g. capacitors and a plurality of connecting elements e.g. transistors spatially around a physical area of magnetic field generation and in such a series circuit that electric current flows in one direction through the storage elements and in alternating directions around the physical area; and with pairs of the connecting elements interconnected with over-voltage protection elements.

Abstract: A transmitter system having an adjustable monolithic frequency stabilization and tuning internal capacitor circuit. The transmitter system has a transmitter for generating and transmitting a transmitter oscillator frequency signal. A data generating chip is coupled to the transmitter. The data generating chip is used for adjusting and controlling the transmitter oscillator frequency signal. A variable capacitor circuit is located internal to the data generating chip and is coupled to a ground pin and one of a plurality of function pins on the data generating chip. The variable capacitor circuit is used for adjusting and setting the centerpoint of the transmitter oscillator frequency signal.

Abstract: A driving circuit for a capacitive load includes an amplifier for applying voltage with large amplitude to the capacitive load in order to reduce the power consumption of the amplifier is disclosed. The driving circuit for the capacitive load applies the voltages Vout, Vout' amplified by a first amplifier and a second amplifier Q.sub.2, Q.sub.3, Q.sub.2 ', Q.sub.3 ' to a first capacitive load C, and a second capacitive load C'. The applied voltages Vout and Vout' have the opposite phase to each other. The driving circuit for the capacitive load includes a first emitter follower circuit Q.sub.1 and a second emitter follower circuit Q.sub.1 ' for converting the supplied voltage Vcc from the power supply source of the driving circuit to the voltage which is higher by predetermined voltages E.sub.1, E.sub.1 ' than the output voltage Vout, Vout' of the first amplifier and the second amplifier respectively. The driving circuit for the capacitive load includes a switching part using diodes D.sub.1 and D.sub.2 (D.

Abstract: An battery-driven electronic apparatus incorporating battery has a source battery, a driven circuit driven by the battery, a pair of external terminals connected to the both ends of the source battery and a capacitor provided between the source battery and the external terminals.

Abstract: A capacitor array layout technique for improving capacitor array matching. A capacitor array is laid out in a geometrical configuration wherein the geometrical configuration has a centerpoint. The geometrical configuration is divided into a plurality of first sections wherein each of the plurality of first sections have a corresponding second section diagonally located from and at an approximately equal distance from the centerpoint as said first section. Each of the of second sections house a capacitor set of a predetermined value wherein each of the plurality of first sections house a capacitor set of an equal value as the corresponding second section.

Abstract: Disclosed is an integrated circuit having a plurality of combinations of an integrated unit capacitor connected in series with a controlled channel of an integrated transistor switch. The series-connected capacitor and switch combinations are connected in parallel and the switches include a control gate coupled to a bit output of a register via a control line. In this manner, the capacitance of the variable capacitor depends on what word is stored in the register. Control gates for a different number of capacitor and switch combinations are connected to each bit output, and the numbers are weighted using, e.g., a binary weighting scheme. The variable capacitor is coupled to a balanced signal line pair, with capacitor and switch combinations comprising a switch connected between two capacitors that are connected to a line of the balanced signal line pair. Such arrangement is highly linear and even order distortion is reduced.

Abstract: A system for regulating the voltage by switching capacitor banks and for preventing damage due to harmonic resonance in an AC power supply line after a capacitor bank is switched. The system includes a detector for detecting the harmonic distortion in the supply line, and multiple capacitor banks connected in parallel to the supply line. At least one switch is in series with each capacitor bank to connect or disconnect the capacitor bank to the supply line. A controller operates the switches and receives input from the detector. After a capacitor bank is switched to improve conditions in the supply line, the controller compares the total harmonic distortion to an action threshold and switches capacitor banks as programmed when the total harmonic distortion exceeds the action threshold for a predetermined period of time in order to avoid a resonant condition that could cause damage to equipment.

Abstract: The invention relates to a capacitive sensor arrangement with a charge balance frequency converter. This consists of an operational amplifier, between the output and inverting input of which an integrating capacitor is connected and the noninverting input of which is connected with a reference potential. Furthermore, the arrangement consists of a first capacitor, one electrode of which can be connected with a first potential or with the reference potential and the other electrode of which can be connected with the reference potential or with the inverting input of the operational amplifier, and a second capacitor, the one electrode of which is connected either with a second potential or with the reference potential and the other electrode of which is connected with the reference potential or with the inverting input. Finally, a comparator is connected to the output of the operational amplifier and the arrangement is provided with a clock oscillator for controlling the switching processes.

Abstract: A power supply unit has a capacitor unit for supplying electric power to a load. The capacitor unit has at least two blocks each having a plurality of electric double-layer capacitors connected in series. The manner of connection of the at least two blocks is changed over between series connection and parallel connection in dependence on an output required by the load. A switching regulator is connected to the electric charge-storing device. An electric vehicle having the power supply unit installed thereon is also provided.

Abstract: An integrated circuit capacitor ladder which uses a differential pair of capacitors for each step in the ladder. By pairing a square with a rectangle of equal perimeter, the contributions of edge and corner elements can be canceled out. This adds area and complexity, but greatly increases the precision of scaling.

Abstract: A flash charging circuit has first and second transistors (TR1, TR2) which are connected to opposite terminals of a primary coil of a transformer, a battery is connected to a center tap provided in a middle portion of the primary coil, and first and second drive pulse signals (S1, S2) are applied to the first and second transistors to drive them alternately with each other, to induce an alternating secondary current in a secondary coil of the transformer. Each of the first and second drive pulse signals have a shorter pulse duration (Pd) than a pulse separation (Ps). The phases of the first and second drive pulse signals are determined such that both the first and second drive pulse signals take a low level for a time (Ta) before and after each drive pulse of the first and second drive pulse signals, so that both the first and second transistors are OFF immediately before either of them is turned ON.

Abstract: A capacitive proximity switch which may be used as an actuating device for a variety of control applications, such as windshield wipers and door locks. According to the invention, the actuating element a contact or proximity switch to be actuated in a nonmechanical manner, and a sensor provided on an object being made as part of a capacitive proximity switch, specifically as an operating electrode of the capacitive proximity switch.

Abstract: A power supply apparatus is shown that comprises several identical individual power packs connected in parallel so as to be decoupled from one another. The individual power packs produce coupled output voltages, of which one is adjusted by a pulse duty control and the others are corrected in linear fashion. By means of a correction such that a comparison of target/actual output voltage values is done without, the mean value of all the actual current values is formed, and a mistuning of a respective target/actual current comparison is carried out, a constantly uniform current distribution to the individual power packs is achieved, with a low power loss, fault tolerance via possible redundancy, and the possibility of "hot board replacement.

Abstract: Disclosed is a high voltage generator circuit of the charge pump type. The rate of operation of this pump is set by a sequence of piloting signals produced out of a clock signal. This clock signal is itself produced by an oscillator. A frequency servo-link is set up between the clock signal produced by the oscillator and the running of the sequence in order to produce a clock signal with a frequency that is equal to the maximum permissible frequency for low supply voltages while at the same time limiting this frequency from a given supply voltage threshold onwards.

Abstract: An apparatus comprises a condenser such as a condenser for reducing power source noise to be implemented on a board, a conductor for supplying a current passing through the condenser, and a current path comprising conductors and components which are installed in the neighborhood of at least one of the condenser and conductor and the effective inductance component of the condenser is reduced by passing a current through the current path in the phase opposite to that of a current passing through the condenser and conductor.

Abstract: The present invention disclosed and claimed herein comprises a backup power system to supply current to an electromechanical actuator (50) to position a mechanical device (52) to a fail-safe position upon failure of a primary electric power source (12). A capacitor (40) is provided for storing energy. The capacitor (40) is charged by the primary electric power source (12). A relay device (35) is also provided for disconnecting the primary control signal upon failure of the primary electric power source (12) and connecting the capacitor (40) to the electromechanical actuator (50) to supply electric current to the electromechanical actuator (50) to position the mechanical device (52) to a fail-safe position. The relay device (35) comprises a transistor (32) which is kept turned off by the primary electric power source (12) and upon failure of the primary electric power source (12), turns on and energizes an electric relay coil (34).

Abstract: A driver circuit for an LED includes a switch device being connected to the LED, being controlled by an input signal, and having a current source circuit. The switch device short-circuits the LED after a transition to a first switching state, and the switch device supplies the LED from the current source circuit after a transition to a second switching state, causing a higher current to flow initially and causing a lesser current to flow after a predetermined time period has elapsed.

Abstract: The arrangement of resistors is intended for the switching of capacitive loads in an eletromagnetic switching device with main contacts (3) and auxiliary contacts (4). One of the terminals (7) of the auxiliary contacts (4) and one of the terminals (6) of the main contacts of the same phase are located above each other on the same side of the switching device. The auxiliary contacts (4) close before the main contacts (3) and open after same. A rigid resistor (8) is connected between the terminals (6) and (7) of each phase. The rigid resistor (8) facilitates upgrading of existing electromagnetic switching devices (1) with resistors (8) that are required for switching of capacitive loads.

Abstract: An electromagnetic generator for working electrically conducting objects with current and magnetic field pulses having a high rate of rise as expressed by dI/dt and dB/dt includes primary windings of a pulse transformer that are arranged in pairs so that their primary currents generate a single current pulse on the secondary side of the pulse transformer. The pulse transformer has as secondary coil comprised of a longitudinally slit pipe on which the insulated primary windings are placed. Contact blocks are attached as current outputs next to the longitudinal slit and in the middle of pipe for the connection of an external low-ohmic peak-current loop which encloses a magnetic field concentrator that is made in one or several parts and that can accept one or several metal work pieces.

Abstract: A superconducting magnetic energy storage system for applying power to a load includes a superconducting magnet, the inductor of which is supplied with current via a source which may be preset to a desired value of current, and wherein a feedback loop responsive to a sensed current adjusts the source to provide the desired current. Energy from the superconducting magnet is transferred via a series of pulses of current from the magnet to a first capacitor for charging the capacitor to a desired voltage greater than the voltage at the superconducting magnet. A further transfer of energy, via a series of pulses of current, results in a charging of a second capacitor to a voltage lower than the voltage of the first capacitor. The second capacitor feeds the load.

Abstract: A control device for heating elements, particularly for use in household electrical appliances such as cookers, cooking hobs, ovens and the like, comprising a driven switch in series with the, a first capacitor acting as a filter in parallel with the load, a second capacitor acting as a freewheeling capacitor operationally in series with the load and with the capacitor, these two being connected in parallel, and at least one inductor means in series with the load, characterised in that: a) the driven switch is a static switch hence able to assume an open state and a closed state; b) an inductor is provided in parallel with the load, or alternatively a section of the inductor means is in parallel with the load; c) a freewheeling diode is provided connected between an intermediate point between the inductor or section and freewheeling capacitor and an intermediate point between the load and static switch, so that when the static switch is in one state the freewheeling capacitor is charged via the freewheeling d

Abstract: A charge pump circuit which has a simple circuit configuration yet can boost the power source voltage 4 or 8 times. The + side electrode of a capacitor C1 is connected to an input terminal 10 via a diode D1; the - side electrode is connected to input terminal 10 via a switch S1 and is also connected to ground potential via a switch S2. The + side electrode of a capacitor C2 is connected to the + side electrode of capacitor C1 via a diode D2; the - side electrode is connected to the + side electrode of capacitor C1 via a switch S3 and is also connected to ground potential via a switch S4. Switching control signals PA, PB, PC, PD with the prescribed frequencies and phase are provided to switches S1, S2, S3, S4 from switch control circuit (14).

Abstract: An electrically controllable variable capacitor includes the interelectrode capacitance of at least one power MOSFET, a capacitance connected in series with the MOSFET and having one terminal connected to the drain or source thereof (the series capacitance), and bias control circuitry for controlling the bias voltage applied to the MOSFET. The voltage rating of the MOSFET, the peak amplitude of the applied ac signal, and the value of the series capacitance determine the range of dc bias voltages over which the MOSFET can be operated, and hence the capacitance range of the variable capacitor. Such a variable capacitance is useful as a tuning capacitor in an electrodeless HID lamp ballast.

Abstract: A capacitor type voltage divider circuit is disclosed. The divider has a plurality of reference voltage signals applied from an external source. A plurality of switching sections are provided for switching the reference voltage signals from the source in response to first and second clock signals. A plurality of dividing sections are provided which are each comprised of two capacitors for dividing the voltage signals from the switching section into a predetermined value. With the dividing circuit, precise levels of reference voltage signals are obtained and power consumption is low without an increase in size or lowering of operational speed.

Abstract: A transformer including two half capacitive transformers operating in antiphase. Each half capacitive transformer steps an input voltage down during one phase of a clock signal. Each half capacitive transformer uses a number of capacitors and switching circuitry controlled by a clock signal. According to whether the clock signal is active or inactive, the switching circuitry places the half capacitive transformer in one of two configurations. In a first embodiment, in one configuration the capacitors are coupled in parallel between the input voltage and the output port, while in the other configuration, the capacitors are coupled in series between the output port and ground. In an alternative embodiment of the half capacitive transformer, in one configuration the capacitors are coupled in series between the input voltage and the output port while in the other configuration the capacitors are coupled in parallel between the output port and ground.

Abstract: A multi-phase charge sharing technique for electrical and electronic circuits. During a first phase, I/O drivers for circuit outputs that are to change value are deactivated. During a second phase, a plurality of circuit outputs are connected together to allow for charge transfer between higher voltage outputs and lower voltage outputs. Since the output nodes generally have capacitive loads, the common connection of high voltage nodes with low voltage nodes results in charge equilibrium, where the voltage on each commonly connected node acquires the same voltage. As existing charge from high voltage nodes is being used to charge lower voltage nodes, the lower voltage nodes are partially charged without requiring additional external power. Following this charge transfer, the outputs are disconnected from one another and operated in their normal fashion.

Abstract: Portable computing and communications devices are connected with other, typically fixed devices via the use of a capacitive data connector. Each of the two mating sections of the connector includes a set of coupling plates. When the two sections are brought into contact, the coupling plates form capacitors across which data signals can be passed. Circuitry driving each section of the data connector is such as to create a bidirectional signaling path, thereby providing a connection which is functionally equivalent to an ohmic connection. Signals that are typically passed across data connectors on individual parallel leads are, in the present data connector, serialized, passed across the connector in that form and connected back to parallel form on the other side of the connection. Each section of the connector illustrately includes a permanent magnet to draw and hold the two sections in alignment, thereby providing a connector which is self-aligning.

Abstract: A multiwinding spiral generator is capable of delivering any predetermined amount of energy at any predetermined voltage. The multiple spiral combines three components into a single component. The multiple spiral functions as the primary low voltage energy store, the voltage step-up means, and the high voltage energy store. The duplication of these functions by a single multiple spiral potentially offers a factor of three in reducing the size, weight, volume, and cost compared to the conventional pulse power conditioning apparatus.

Abstract: A switched capacitor network includes a switch device alternatingly charging two first capacitors having the same capacitance from a signal voltage source with polarities being opposite relative to a ground potential and then discharging each of the two first capacitors through the input circuit of a respective differential amplifier. The switch device alternatingly charges two second capacitors having the same capacitance in phase opposition with one another from a reference voltage source with the same polarities relative to the ground potential and then discharges each of the two second capacitors through the input circuit of a respective one of the differential amplifiers, in synchronism with the charging and discharging of the two first capacitors.

Abstract: A switched capacitor (12) providing an effective resistance having a relatively long time constant. The switched capacitor (12) includes a technique for switching an input switch (14) associated with the capacitor (12) between a first input potential and a second input potential where the second input potential is proportional to the first input potential. In one specific implementation, the capacitor is a primary capacitor (30) having a three position input switch (46) that is switchable between a ground contact (48), an intermediate contact (42) and the input potential, and a three position output switch (50) that is switchable between a first ground contact (56), a second ground contact (54) and an output potential. A secondary capacitor (32) includes a two position input switch (34) that is switchable between the input voltage and a ground contact (38), and an output switch (40) that is switchable between a ground contact (44) and the intermediate contact (42).

Abstract: An electric power storage apparatus is formed of a plurality of series-connected cells to obtain a desired working voltage, each of the cells being constituted by one electric double-layer capacitor or a plurality of electric double-layer capacitors connected. The plurality of cells are series-connected so that the combined withstanding voltage is not lower than Vr+Vs where Vr represents the working voltage of the cells and Vs represents the withstanding voltage of one of the cells. The apparatus further includes connectors for detachably holding each of the cells respectively, and a circuit in which a diode is connected in parallel to each of the cells, so that a failed one of the cells can be detached and replaced by a new one while the working voltage of the cells is kept within a tolerance limit.

Abstract: A charge stacking, high voltage generating circuit is provided wherein a plurality of capacitors are charged in parallel and discharged in series through a single diode to an output terminal. A switching circuit is used to connect each of the capacitors in parallel between a first supply voltage and a second supply voltage during a first half clock cycle. This configuration allows the capacitors to charge during this first half clock cycle. During a second half clock cycle, the switching circuit connects the charged capacitors in series between the first supply voltage and the output terminal through a single diode. The series configuration of the capacitors is such that the voltage at the output terminal is approximately equal to the first supply voltage, plus the sum of the voltages of the charged capacitors, minus the threshold voltage drop across the series diode.

Abstract: An electric fence energizer including an energy storage capacitor (11), a controllable switch (17) for controlling the charge in the storage capacitor, a control circuit (15) connected to the controllable switch, and a sensor (19,20) that can relay information to the control circuit regarding the perceived electrical load on the output of the electric fence energizer. The control circuit upon receipt of the information from the sensor operates the controllable switch so that the charge on the capacitor varies so as to allow a continuously varying range of output voltages on the electric fence line once the capacitor is discharged.

Abstract: A switched capacitor circuit includes a capacitor, a MOS switch and a timing generating circuit. The MOS switch is connected with the capacitor in series for discharging electric charges which are charged into the capacitor. The MOS switch includes a plurality of MOS transistors which are parallelly connected with each other. The timing generating circuit generates timing signals to the MOS switch so that the MOS transistors are turned on one after another in response to each timing signal. Sampling noise is reduced because an ON-state resistance of the MOS switch is transiently high.

Abstract: An output capacitor array of a switched-mode power supply includes at least one substrate having a layered stack of a positive-pole metal foil, an insulating foil, and a negative-pole metal foil. A plurality of electrically parallel connected individual capacitors are disposed on the at least one substrate. The capacitors have positive poles each being electrically conductively connected to the positive-pole metal foil, and negative poles each being electrically conductively connected to the negative-pole metal foil. A solid negative-pole metal rail is electrically conductively connected to the negative-pole metal foil, and a solid positive-pole metal rail is electrically conductively connected to the positive-pole metal foil and is insulated from the negative-pole metal rail, for carrying direct current in an input and/or output range of the output capacitor array.