Abstract: A display panel and a mask for a manufacturing process of a display panel are provided. The display panel includes scan lines and data lines; the numerous data lines and the numerous scan lines are disposed to be intersected to form multiple pixel regions; each of the pixel regions is disposed with a pixel structure correspondingly. The pixel structure includes a pixel. Edges of the pixel at least include an arc section.

Abstract: In an optical display system having a waveguide and multiple diffractive optical elements (DOEs), an in-coupling DOE couples light into the waveguide, an intermediate DOE provides exit pupil expansion in a first direction, and an out-coupling DOE provides exit pupil expansion in a second direction and couples light out of the waveguide. The intermediate DOE includes grating features that are configured to rotate a state of polarization of light perturbations in the intermediate DOE that would otherwise generate optical interference through a closed-loop coupling phenomenon. The polarization state of a perturbed beam is rotated in the intermediate DOE to be orthogonal relative to the polarization state of the main beam used for image display to thereby uncouple the closed loops and make the perturbed beam non-interfering with the imaging beam.

Abstract: A spacer, disposed between first and second substrates of an electron emission display, includes a main body, a resistive layer arranged on a side surface of the main body, a secondary electron emission preventing layer arranged on the resistive layer, and a diffusion preventing layer arranged between the resistive layer and the secondary electron emission layer. The diffusion preventing layer prevents interdiffusion between the resistive layer and the secondary electron emission preventing layer.

Abstract: An image displaying apparatus which can easily fix an electrode plate to a predetermined position is provided. An electric potential of the electrode plate, a distance between the electrode plate and a first substrate, and a distance between the electrode plate and a second substrate are set so that a Coulomb attracting force acts in the direction in which the electrode plate is come into contact with a shoulder portion of a spacer.

Abstract: In an active matrix substrate, the substrate includes a pixel region and a peripheral region surrounding the pixel region. A plurality of adhesive layers arranged to form a matrix having rows and columns are arranged in the pixel region, and pluralities of active elements are formed, respectively, on the plural adhesive layers. A spacer layer is formed in the peripheral region, and a uniform pressure is applied between the active element and the adhesive layer in performing the transfer.

Abstract: By a method for manufacturing a flat image display device having a plate spacer, even if the center of the plate spacer is displaced from its initial assembly position, it can easily be corrected to the initial assembly position again, allowing stable production of high-quality image display devices. The present invention includes the process of forming a space between the plate spacer and a first substrate between the process of fixing the plate spacer to the first substrate and the process of tightly bonding the first substrate and a second substrate together.

Abstract: A spacer on which static electricity is restricted and an electron beam apparatus in which the spacer is provided. In the electron beam apparatus comprising an electron source provided with electron emission devices, a face plate provided with anodes and spacers installed between the electron source and the face plate, unevenness is formed on the surface of the spacer substrate, and further a thin film which has a smaller thickness than a roughness. This makes possible the restriction of incident angle multiplication coefficient for the primary electrons whose energy is lower than the second cross-point energy of a resistive film. The electron beam apparatus provided with the above spacer is excellent in display definition and long-term reliability since the displacement of light emission points and the creeping discharge accompanying the static electricity can be restricted due to the spacer.

Abstract: A spacer, which is an atmospheric pressure resistant structure for a vacuum container, can be easily assembled, and the manufacturing costs that accompany the installation of the spacer are reduced. A rear plate, which includes a substrate on which electron-emitting devices are mounted, is located opposite a face plate that is irradiated by electrons emitted by the electron-emitting devices, so that together these two units constitute one part of the vacuum container. A spacer is positioned as an atmospheric pressure resistant structure in the vacuum container. Blocks are bonded to both ends of the spacer, and with these blocks, the spacer is self-supported. Both ends of the spacer are tapered, and are used to reduce the stress that is imposed on the bottoms of the spacer and the blocks by the rear plate and the face plate while air is discharged from the vacuum container.

Abstract: A field electron emission material is formed by coating a substrate (221, 230) having an electrically conductive surface with a plurality of electrically conductive particles (223, 231). Each particle has a layer of electrically insulating material (222, 232) disposed either in a first location between the conductive surface of the substrate (221) and the particle (223), or in a second location between the particle (231) and the environment (237) in which the field electron emission material is disposed, but not in both of such first and second locations, so that at least some of the particles (223, 231) form electron emission sites at such first or second locations. A number of field emission devices are disclosed, utilizing such electron emission material.

Abstract: The image forming apparatus comprises an electron source having a substrate on which a plurality of electron emitting devices are arranged, a face plate provided with fluorescent substances for emitting light of different colors and serving to form a color image upon irradiation of electrons by the electron emitting devices. Rectangular spacers are arrange between the substrate and the face plate and are fixed to the face plate and contacted to the substrate via soft members.

Abstract: A flat fluorescent discharge lamp is disclosed, which includes a first glass substrate having a plurality of electrodes to apply a voltage, a second glass substrate deposited with a first phosphor film on a surface opposite to the first glass substrate, a hollow spacer formed between the first and second glass substrates, having a window on at least one side, and a second phosphor film deposited on inner and outer sides of the spacer.

Abstract: The image forming apparatus comprises an electron source having a substrate on which a plurality of electron emitting devices are arranged, a face plate provided with fluorescent substances for emitting light of different colors and serving to form a color image upon irradiation of electrons by the electron emitting devices. Rectangular spacers are arrange between the substrate and the face plate and are fixed to the face plate and contacted to the substrate via soft members.

Abstract: A spacer (140) suitable for use in a flat panel display is formed with ceramic, transition metal, and oxygen. At least part of the oxygen is bonded to the transition metal or/and constituents of the ceramic to form a uniform electrically resistive material having a resistivity of 105-1010 ohm-cm and a secondary electron emission coefficient of less than 2 at 2 kilovolts.

Abstract: A method of generating light comprising the step of applying an electric field to an excimer-forming gas such as a gas mixture containing noble gases and hydrogen or halogen, and providing free electrons in the gas. The electric field is configured to accelerate electrons to at least the energy required to form excimers, but in at least one region of the electric field, the field does not substantially ionize the gas, so that the field does not induce arcing through the gas. For example, electrons can be injected from one or more field emission electrodes (18) such as one or more a metal needle tip conductors, whereas the electric field can be a field between the field emission electrodes and a counterelectrode (13).

Abstract: An image-forming apparatus comprises a rear plate on which an electron-emitting device is provided, a face plate having an image-forming member and arranged to be opposed to the rear plate, and a spacer provided between the face plate and the rear plate. The spacer comprises a spacer base plate and a coating layer including organic resin and carbon. At least part of the carbon is exposed from the surface of the coating layer. The image-forming apparatus displays an image with a high luminance and a high color saturation over a prolonged time.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a vacuum envelope and an electron emission element, an image forming member and a spacer disposed within the vacuum envelope. The spacer, which is disposed between electrodes to which mutually different voltages are applied within the vacuum vessel, has semiconductivity on a surface thereof faced to vacuum and a conductive member arranged to encircle the surface.

Abstract: A gas discharge lamp has a tubular envelope containing tubular electrodes at opposite ends. An annular support member of a compressible ceramic fiber is supported in a groove around each electrode and is compressed against the inside surface of the envelope. Movement of the electrodes relative to the envelope is damped by the support member.

Abstract: A flat panel display (12) includes a backplate (14) and a faceplate (16) attached to the backplate (14) defining a vacuum enclosure (18) therebetween. A spacer (46, 62, 64, 78, 80, 90) is positioned between the backplate (14) and the faceplate (16). The spacer geometry is anti-symmetrical and non-integral with respect to an array of electron emitters (30, 48, 76) on a cathode plate (22) overlying the backplate (14). The spacers have a curved surface (52, 78, 82) that is characterized by a radius r, or by a length d.sub.3 of a unit shape having bend angles .alpha. and .beta., whereas the electron emitter arrays are characterized by orthogonally arranged rows (32) and columns (34). The anti-symmetrical and non-integral relationship between the spacers (46, 62, 64, 78, 80, 90) and the electron emitters reduces the number of electron emitters and pixels (49, 77, 86) that are occluded by the spacers.

Abstract: A flat panel display (300) contains a faceplate structure (320), a backplate structure (330) coupled to the faceplate structure, and a spacer (351 or 352) situated between the faceplate and backplate structures. The spacer is formed with material having a dielectric constant greater than 100 times the permittivity constant. The constituents of the spacer material typically include oxygen and aluminum, chromium, and titanium bonded to the oxygen. The titanium is present in the spacer at a level corresponding to approximately 4% titanium oxide by weight.

Abstract: The present invention provides image display panels, spacer units for the same and methods for making and using the same. The spacer units include an assembly having at least one layer of generally parallel fibers which form passageways which permit the passage of energy therethrough between the emitter and the display of an image display panel. A sealing frame has a support which is positioned about and engages the periphery or side of the spacer, the emitter and the display. The sealing frame has a sealing material for providing an essentially sealed region between the spacer, emitter and display. Methods of making and using such spacer units in image display panels are also included in the present invention.

Abstract: An electron beam apparatus includes an electron source having an electron-emitting device, an electrode for controlling an electron beam emitted from the electron source, a target to be irradiated with an electron beam emitted from the electron source and a spacer arranged between the electron source and the electrode. The spacer has a semiconductor film on the surface thereof that is electrically connected to the electron source and the electrode.

Abstract: A flat panel apparatus includes a faceplate with a backplate interior side, a backplate with a backplate interior side, and sidewalls positioned between the faceplate and backplate, all in combination forming an enclosed sealed envelope. At least one spacer is positioned in the envelope. The spacer includes a spacer backplate face, with a periphery, and it is positioned adjacent to the backplate interior side. The spacer also includes a spacer faceplate face, with a periphery, and it is positioned adjacent to the faceplate interior side. A first conductive layer, metallization, is applied to substantially cover the entire spacer backplate face to its periphery. A second conductive layer, metallization, is applied to substantially cover the entire spacer faceplate face to its periphery. A plurality of spacers can be positioned in the sealed envelope, and the spacers can be in the form of walls, posts, or wall segments.

Abstract: A plasma display panel comprising mutually opposing substrates and barrier ribs formed between adjacent pixels of a display between the substrates, wherein the barrier ribs are made of a fired product of a glass ceramic composition consisting essentially of a glass powder of P.sub.2 O.sub.5 type glass and a low expansion ceramic powder.

Abstract: The invention provides spacers for separating and supporting a faceplate structure and a backplate structure in a flat panel display, and methods for fabricating these spacers. Each spacer is typically made of ceramic, such as alumina, containing transition metal oxide, such as titania, chromia or iron oxide. Each spacer can be fabricated with an electrically insulating core and electrically resistive skins. The insulating core can be a wafer formed of ceramic such as alumina, and the resistive skins can be formed by laminating electrically resistive wafers, formed from alumina containing transition metal oxide, to the outside surfaces of the insulating core. Each spacer can also have a core of electrically insulating ceramic composition made of a ceramic containing a transition metal oxide in its higher oxide states, and electrically resistive outside surfaces made of a ceramic containing a transition metal oxide in lower oxide states.

Abstract: A flat panel display includes a faceplate and an opposing backplate. The two are sealed together and a sealed envelope is created that includes an active area of length L.sub.1. The active layer includes addressable pixels on the faceplate. Spacers are perpendicular to the faceplate and backplate. The length of a spacer is in a direction parallel to the plane of the faceplate. At least one spacer is positioned in the envelope and provides rigidity to the display. This is required because of the high vacuum which is maintained within the envelope. One or more electrodes are formed on an exterior surface of the spacer. The electrodes extend a length of L.sub.2 along a side of the spacer that is at least equal to L.sub.1. Voltages applied to the electrodes are controlled to achieve a desired voltage distribution between the backplate and the faceplate. The electrode is made of a material with a sheet resistance of less than about 10.sup.5 to 10.sup.7 .OMEGA./.quadrature..

Abstract: A flat, thin picture display device has a transparent face plate and a rear plate and a large number of electron sources and local electron transport ducts cooperating therewith. A selection plate arranged between the face plate and the rear plate has an arrangement of apertures which defines locations for withdrawing electrons from the electron transport ducts and, aligned therewith, a row of apertures defining locations for the electron sources.

Abstract: A filament support for a helically coiled filament of a tubular double-ended incandescent lamp in which the support is in the form of a wire having a first end portion extending in a loop which is circumferentially engageable with the inner wall of the envelope, a second end portion extending substantially axially of the tubular envelope and defining an inner power lead conductively coupled to a lead-in conductor, a third portion adjacent the first portion and defining several coils each of an outer diameter less than the diameter of the first portion loop and having an inner diameter dimensioned to snugly receive an end of the helically coiled filament, and a fourth portion disposed intermediate the second and third portions and having a turned section forming an abutment which limits the position of the filament relative to the filament support.

Abstract: An evacuated envelope includes front and back walls and a plurality of spaced, parallel support walls between and perpendicular thereto. The support walls form therebetween a plurality of channels. In each of the channels is at least one beam guide which confines electrons injected into the guide in a beam which travels along the beam guide but permits selective deflection of the beam out of the guide toward a phosphor screen on the inner surface of the front wall. A gun structure extends across one end of the channels for generating electrons and directing the electrons into the beam guides. The gun structure includes a thermionic emissive cathode extending across the ends of the channels and support members at spaced points along the cathode which support the cathode within the envelope but allow movement of the cathode with respect to the support members as a result of expansion or contraction of the cathode.